LIBRARY  OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 

AT  URBANA-CHAMPAICN 


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Arch. 


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A 

Half  C^entur 
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Chica^-o  Building; 


A  Half  Century 

of 

Chicago  Building 


A  PRJCTICAL 
REFERENCE   GUIDE 


All    Building   Laws   and    Ordinances 
Brought   to   Date 


Historical,  Tec/iuical  inid  Statistical  Revic\jc  of  t/ic 

Co)istrnctio)i  and  Material  Development  of 

America's  I?/ land  Metropolis 


CHICAGO...  1910 


,wun  LIBRARY  OF  ARCHITtClUKt 


Ji/SK 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


Edited  by 


Hon.  John  H.  Jonks  Hon.  Frkd  A.  Britten 

CHAIRMAN  MKMIihR 

ClTV    ColNCIL    BriLUlNG    COMMIITEE  CiTV    COL'N'CU.    BuiLDINCi    CoMMinEK 


A (iv ISO ry   Co ;// /// i tt e c 

E.  R.  GRAHAM  .  .  D.  H.  Burnham  &  Co.,  Architects 
CHAS.  S.  FROST  ....  P>ost  &  Granger,  Architects 
WILLIAM  HOLABIRD  .  .  Holabird  &  Roche,  Architects 
B.  H.  MARSHALL  .  .  .  Marshall  &  Fox,  Architects 
WM.   A.    M  UN  DIE  .       .       .         Jenney,   Mundie  &  Jensen 

N.  S.  PATTON  ....  Patton  &  Miller,  Architects 
RICHARD  E.  SCHMIDT,  Schmidt,  Garden  &  Martin,  Architects 
DWIGHT   H.    PERKINS      .       .    Architect,  Board  of  Education 

JOHN    E.   ERICSSON City  Engineer 

JOHN    M.   McEWEN Consulting  Engineer 

E.  C.  SHANKLAND  .....  Consulting  Engineer 
GEORGE  W.  JACKSON Engineer 


Pub  lie  lit  ion   Office:     Room    1010   Hartford   l3llilcliIl^^   C'hica^o 


5.*5r>41() 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


INTRODUCTION 


HIS  IS  an  era  of  construction,  and  no  city  in  the  world  better  typifies  the  age  than  Chicago. 
The  building  of  this  great  metropohs  of  two  and  a  half  million  people,  within  the  span  of 
less  than  half  a  century,  stands  as  a  marvel  of  constructive  achievement. 

For  the  Chicago  of  today,  with  its  towering  buildings  reared  on  foundations  laid  deep 
underground,  with  its  miles  of  harbor  frontage  and  inland  docks,  its  great  drainage  canals,  its  tunnels 
bored  under  the  city  and  under  the  Lake,  its  countless  factories  and  endless  miles  of  modern  homes,  its 
parks  and  circling  suburbs,  has  practically  all  been  builded  since  the  great  conflagration  of  1871  cleared 
the  ground   for  the  rebuilding  of  the  modern  metropolis. 

By  reason  of  its  new  start  and  the  progressive  character  of  its  citizens,  Chicago  has  been  particularly 
responsive  to  modern  advances  in  the  builder's  craft  and  foremost  to  adopt  and  apply  all  improvements 
and  changes  in  structural  materials  and  methods. 

The  most  adverse  conditions  confronted  Chicago's  builders.  The  site  lay  on  low,  boggy  ground 
offering  no  secure  foundation  for  buildings  and  no  solid  material  in  which  to  tunnel  beneath  the  surface; 
the  level  plain  afforded  no  natural  drainage,  yet  modern  building  science  has  set  the  great  city  securely 
in  its  place,  reached  out  beneath  the  surface  of  the  bordering  inland  sea  for  water  on  the  one  side,  and 
connected  its  drainage  system  with  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  on  the  other;  a  net-work  of  tunnels  underlies  its 
streets,  and  the  construction  of  adequate  sub-ways  to  solve  its  pressing  traffic  problems  waits  only  upon 
capital. 

The  material  accomplishments  of  the  past  are  eloquent  of  the  future.  The  great  work  of  building 
Chicago  has  only  begun,  yet  the  peculiar  nature  and  great  magnitude  of  the  problems  of  construction 
here  encountered  has  brought  correspondingly  great  advances  in  the  adoption  of  improved  materials  and 
methods.  All  true  progress  must  proceed  under  law  and  the  ever  changing  conditions  in  the  building 
world  of  Chicago  have  necessitated  repeated  revisions  of  the  city's  Building  Code  to  keep  it  abreast  with 
the  times. 

A  careful  historical  and  critical  study  of  these  developments  in  modern  building  science,  as  typified 
in  Chicago,  with  a  compilation  of  the  legal  regulations  on  the  subject  brought  down  to  date,  must  be  of 
greatest  interest,  not  only  to  those  who  are  actually  engaged  in  the  field  of  construction,  wherever  it  may 
be,  but  also  to  every  property  owner  and  citizen  whose  interest  lies  in  Chicago  and  its  future  devel- 
opment. 

The  editors  of  this  work  have  spared  no  effort  to  make  it  a  complete  and  comprehensive  treatment 
of  this  subject  in  its  broadest  sense.  To  this  end  special  articles  by  acknowledged  authorities  have  been 
secured  treating  the  most  important  developments  in  modern  materials  and  methods  of  construction,  and 
the  great  and  peculiar  problems  yet  awaiting  the  constructor  in  Chicago. 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO      BUILDING 


TABLE   OF  CONTENTS 


Title 

ICditors. 

Advisory  Committee. 

Special  Contributors. 

Introduction. 

Historical  and  Descriptive 

Site  of  Chicago. 

Geological,   Physiological   and   'rci]ii)t;;ra]iliic  d 
Features. 

I-'rench  Explorers. 

l-'irst  White  Settlers. 

I-"ort  Dearborn  Massacre. 

\'illage  of  Chicago  Incorporated. 

Early  Growth  and  Develo])nient. 

Illinois  and  Michigan  Canal. 

The  Civil  War. 

Social.  Commercial,  and   .Architectural    I'ealures 
before  the  Great  Fire. 

The  Great  Fire  of  1871. 

Chicago  .After  the  I-"ire. 

Tlie  Rebuilding  begun. 

The  Panic  of  1873. 


Inc(>r|)uration  under  ( ieneral   .\ct. 
I'henonienal  (irowth  of  City. 
Commercial  and  Railroad  Supremacy, 
llaymarkct  Riot  and  Railway  Strikes. 
Industrial  Conditions. 
WorMs  i'air. 
Drainage  Canal. 

Chicago  Today 

.Area  and  l^opulation. 

Commerce  and  Industry. 

Cioverimient. 

Political  Divisions. 

Revenue  Taxation  and  .Assessment. 

Miuiiciiial  Expenditures. 

Transportation. 

Water  Sui)ply  and  Drainage. 

Harbor  and  Docks. 

Bridges. 

Public    lm])ri)venients. 

Present   lUiildiiig  Conditions  and   .Advances 

I^'uture  Problems. 


A     HALF      CENTURY      OF    CHICAGO      BUILDING 


INDEX 


Contributors 

CiiAS.  S.  Frost 
William  llnLAiuun 

r,KN  II.  Maksuai.l 

XclKM  AND   S.    PaTTON 

Ku  iiAUii  F.  Schmidt 
Dwicin    1 1.  rKKKINS 

John  E.  Ericsson 

1(111  N  M.  E\vi:n- 

E.  C.  SlIANKLANl) 

(.  Maiiison  Pack 

I-RANK  G.   HoVNE 

IIknrv  G.  Zaniucr 
Edgar  M.  Snow 
Ali-.lrt  G.  \\hi:eli:r 
H  ERIUCRT  Darli  NtnoN 
J.  B.  Strau-ss 
G.  P..  F.  Owen 
Geo.  T.  Goodrow 


Subjects 

Railway  TcniiinaN 

l)cvcloi)nK'iU  of   l-ii-L'   Risi^tint,'   .Mali-rial    for 
P)iiil<linf,'s 

Theatres 

(  Libraries 
I  Museuins 

Reinforced   Concrete 

School  Unililins^s 

(Subway  Water  Works 
Intercepting-  Sewers 
Bridges 

1 1  arbors 

Foundations 

Problem  of  Traffic  Congestion 

Real  Estate 

Real  E>tate 

Real  Estate 

Cliicago  l-'reiglit  Subways 

The  Relation  of  Insurance  to  Substantial   Bldfi 

P.ascule  Bridges 

Mechanical  Cleaning 

The  Use  of  Wall  l-"inish. 

Chicago's  Street  Railways 

Chicago  Railways  Co. 

Chicago  City  Railways  Co. 


13 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


Chicago  =  Historical 


PH^  SICAL  environment  has  marked  effect 
upon  the  structural  growth  and  development 
of  cities,  as  well  as  upon  the  character  of  their 
peoples.  In  the  case  of  Chicago,  located  upon  a 
strikingly  level  marshy  plain,  bordering  the  head  and 
scarcely  raised  above  the  level  of  Lake  Michigan, 
and  traversed  by  sluggish  streams,  its  unusual  situa- 
tion has  had  peculiar  influence  upon  the  city's  growth 
and  development.  The  flat,  boggy  land  bordering 
the  Lake  offered  no  natural  drainage,  afforded  no  se- 
cure foundation  for  building,  and  provided  very  lim- 
ited harbor  facilities.  In  the  erection  of  a  gigantic 
city  upon  this  unfavorable  site,  it  has  been  necessary 
to  solve  the  most  difficult  problems  in  building  con- 
struction, especially  in  the  matter  of  providing  foun- 
dations for  modern  skyscrapers,  by  engineering 
works  of  immense  magnitude  to  provide  adequate 
drainage  and  water  supply  for  the  city,  while,  to 
make  Chicago  a  port,  it  has  been  necessary  to  con- 
struct an  artificial  harbor  and  make  the  shallow 
Nvinding  streams  threading  the  site  of  the  city  navi- 
gable for  the  largest  vessels. 

In  view  of  the  building  and  engineering  problems 
which  these  physical  conditions  have  occasioned,  a 
brief  description  of  the  geological  and  topographical 
formation  of  the  site  of  Chicago  will  be  of  interest. 
The  plain  on  which  Chicago  now  stands  was  at  one 
time  the  bottom  of  an  ancient  lake,  sometimes  called 
by  geologists.  Lake  Chicago,  which,  at  its  highest 
state,  seems  to  have  stood  about  sixty  feet  above  the 
present  level  of  Lake  Michigan,  and  extended  west 
to  the  ridges,  bordering  the  level  land  in  the  vicinity 
of  LaGrange.  Out  of  this  lake,  at  its  various  stages, 
rose  as  islands  those  elevations,  now  known  as  Blue 
Island,  Stony  Island,  Mt.  Forest,  etc.,  names  which 
suggest  the  early  condition  of  these  places.  The 
various  sandy  ridges  which  here  and  there  seam  the 
plain,  represent  bars  or  spits  formed  by  the  action  of 
the  waters  of  the  ancient  Lake  Chicago. 

This  lake  was  formed  when  the  immense  fields 
of  glacial  ice,  that  once  covered  the  surface  of  this 
part  of  the  country,  began  slowly  to  melt,  and  retreat 
to  the  north.  By  the  diversion  of  the  waters  of  the 
Chicago  plain  into  the  Mississippi  basin,  through  the 


building  of  the  present  Drainage  Canal,  the  former 
drainage  of  this  section  is  re-established,  for  the  wa- 
ters of  Lake  Chicago  found  their  outlet  to  the  south- 
west through  the  present  valley  of  the  Des  Plaines 
and  the  Sag,  following  the  course  of  the  modern  ca- 
nal. To  the  north,  any  outlet  for  the  waters  of  the 
lake  was  blocked  by  barriers  of  ice.  At  its  highest 
stage  the  discharge  of  the  waters  of  Lake  Chicago 
through  the  valley  now  containing  the  Des  Plaines 
River  and  the  Drainage  Canal  was  comparable  to 
the  present  flow  of  water  in  the  Niagara  River,  and 
below  Lemont,  where  the  floor  of  the  valley  de- 
scends rather  steeply,  must  have  been  imposing 
rapids. 

When  the  ice  which  co\ered  the  Chicago  plain 
had  retreated  and  allowed  the  waters  of  the  former 
lake  to  subside  from  the  site  of  the  modern  city,  they 
left  behind  them  a  loose,  level,  unconsolidated  de- 
posit of  soil,  overlying  the  pre-glacial  surface  of  the 
country.  This  deposit  varies  considerably  in  thick- 
ness over  the  bed-rock,  showing  that  the  land  where 
Chicago  now  stands  was  formerly  of  a  broken  and 
undulating  character.  At  its  deepest  point,  along 
the  North  Branch  of  the  Chicago  River  about  a  half 
mile  above  the  forks,  the  bed  rock  is  1 24  feet  below 
the  level  of  Lake  Michigan;  at  other  points  it  crops 
above  the  surface  of  the  Chicago  plain.  On  this  un- 
inviting flat  of  loose  spongy  soil,  deposited  by  the 
action  of  glaciers  and  lake,  and  intersected  by  slug- 
gish water  courses,  was  to  be  built  the  great  city  and 
port  of  Chicago. 

The  French,  who  came  by  the  Great  Lakes,  were 
the  first  white  people  to  arrive  in  the  Illinois  country. 
Father  Marquette,  a  Jesuit  missionary,  and  Louis 
Joliet,  who  represented  the  French  government  at 
Quebec,  together  explored  the  Mississippi  River  in 
I  673,  and,  early  in  the  Fall  of  that  year,  on  their  re- 
turn trip,  ascended  the  Illinois  and  Des  Plaines  Riv- 
ers, and  portaged  to  the  Chicago  River,  thus  being 
the  first  white  people  to  visit  the  present  site  of  Chi- 
cago. After  them  came  by  the  Lakes  French  trad- 
ers and  adventurers,  most  noted  among  them  La 
Salle  and  Tonty.  These  early  French  explorers 
must  have  visited  the  site  of  Chicago,  and  possibly 


15 


A     HALF     CENTURY      OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


built  there  a  temporary  fort,  but  the  place  offered 
few  attractions  to  them  and  they  established  their 
first  settlement  farther  to  the  south  along  the  Illinois 
and  Mississippi  Rivers. 

Not  for  a  century  and  a  quarter  after  the  first 
French  came  was  any  settlement  of  which  we  have 
certain  knowledge  made  where  the  city  of  Chicago 
now  stands.  August  1  7, 1 803,  Captain  John  Whist- 
ler and  a  company  of  soldiers  arrived  on  the  site  of 
Chicago,  where  he  found  three  or  four  Canadian 
French  traders,  and  began  the  construction  of  Fort 
Dearborn.  This  was  the  beginning  of  building  con- 
struction in  Chicago.  The  fort  was  named  for 
Henry  Dearborn,  then  Secretary  of  War,  and  con- 


by  the  Indians.  Capt.  Nathan  Heald,  then  in  con- 
mand,  abandoning  the  Fort  on  orders  sent  by  Gen. 
Hull,  was  attacked  by  overwhelmmg  numbers  of  In- 
dians, who  massacred  the  garrison  and  most  of  the 
accompanying  women  and  children.  Fifty-nine  per- 
sons, including  officers,  two  women  and  twelve  chil- 
dren, were  slain.  The  next  mornmg  the  Indians 
burned  the  Fort,  and  with  it  every  vestige  of  Amer- 
ican authority  disappeared  from  the  region  around 
Lake  Michigan.  Four  years  later,  after  the  conclu- 
sion of  the  war  with  Great  Britain,  Fort  Dearborn 
was  rebuilt,  but  for  many  years  thereafter  only  a 
trading  post  composed  of  scattered  uninviting  cabins 
occupied  the  site  of  the  present  city. 


sion  Chicago  Historical  Socict- 


RESIDENCE  (i.    . 

The   first   house  built 


.\    RIXZIE,    ESO. 
Chicago. 


sisted  of  four  log  houses  and  two  block  houses,  the 
whole  surrounded  by  a  twelve  foot  palisade  sur- 
mounted by  pointed  iron.  In  1804,  John  Kinzie, 
then  residing  near  Niles,  Michigan,  moved  to  Chi- 
cago having  purchased  the  property  of  one  of  the 
four  French  traders  then  here.  His  house  was  on 
the  north  side  of  the  river,  and,  for  many  years,  was 
the  only  house  of  an  English  speaking  settler  where 
Chicago  now  stands.  The  chronicle  of  the  life  ad- 
ventures of  John  Kinzie,  Chicago's  first  settler, 
would  rival  in  excitement  those  of  Capt.  John  Smith. 
Nine  years  after  its  construction  had  begun,  on  the 
1 5th  of  August,  1812,  Fort  Dearborn  was  destroyed 


In  1818,  legislation  of  immense  importance  to  the 
future  city  of  Chicago  was  enacted  by  the  Congress 
of  the  United  States.  The  Ordinance  of  I  787,  re- 
lating to  the  Northwest  Territory,  had  provided  that 
either  one  or  two  states  might  be  formed  out  of  the 
territory  lying  north  of  a  line  drawn  through  the 
southerly  bend  of  Lake  Michigan.  Had  this  pro- 
vision been  acted  upon  in  its  original  form,  Chicago 
would  have  been  located  in  some  other  state  than 
Illinois.  On  January  16,  1818,  Nathaniel  Pope, 
the  delegate  in  Congress  from  Illinois,  presented  to 
the  House  of  Representatives  a  petition  from  the 
Territorial  Legislature  praying  the  admission  of  Illi- 


16 


HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO      BUILDING 


no's  as  a  state  of  the  Union.  Shortly  thereafter  a 
bill  enabling  Illinois  to  become  a  state  was  passed  by- 
Congress  which  contained  an  amendment  vital  to 
Chicago  proposed  by  Mr.  Pope  himself.  By  that 
amendment  the  northern  boundary  of  the  new  state 
of  Illinois  was  fixed  at  its  present  line  42  30'.  dis- 
regarding the  Ordinance  of  I  787,  and  bringing  the 
present  site  of  Chicago  within  the  state  so  formed. 
TTie  reasons  advanced  by  Mr.  Pope  in  support  of 
his  amendment  were  prophetic  of  the  city's  future: — 
that  in  this  way  more  attention  would  be  drawn  to 


the  Winter  of  1833-4  amusements  of  any  kind  were 
few  and  far  between.  One  fine  moonlight  night, 
when  the  ice  was  good,  the  whole  of  Chicago  turned 
out  for  a  skate  and  a  frolic,  and  we  had  it.  There 
must  have  been  at  least  a  hundred  persons  on  the 
River  between  Wells  Street  and  the  forks."  In 
June,  1834.  the  first  steamer,  the  Michigan,  entered 
the  Chicago  River.  Population  began  now  to  in- 
crease more  rapidly,  and,  four  years  after  its  incor- 
poration as  a  village,  Chicago  was  granted  a  char- 
ter as  a  city,  March  4,  1837. 


COURT  IlOU.Sli  .\XU  .I.\1L,    18^8. 
After  painting  owned  by  Chicago  Historical  Society. 


the  plan  for  a  canal  between  Lake  Michigan  and  the 
Illinois  River  and  for  improving  the  harbor  of 
Chicago. 

Between  the  years  1818  and  1830  Chicago  ad- 
vanced very  slowly.  In  1 83 1  -2  occurred  the  Black 
Hawk  War.  This  had  little  direct  effect  upon  the 
eastern  part  of  the  State,  but  is  important  as  marking 
the  last  stand  of  the  Indian  against  the  white  man 
in  Illinois. 

In  1833,  while  still  a  small  straggling  trading 
post,  Chicago  was  incorporated  as  a  village.  Charles 
Cleaver,  who  came  to  Chicago  in  1833,  wrote:     "In 


TTie  original  city  of  Chicago  contained  a  popula- 
tion of  about  4000,  and  embraced  about  ten  square 
miles  of  territory,  extending  from  North  Avenue  to 
Twenty-second  Street  and  from  the  Lake  to  Wood 
Street.  There  were  six  wards,  two  to  each  division, 
and  the  assessed  valuation  of  its  property  was  $236.- 
842.  That  portion  of  the  city  now  embraced  within 
the  2 1  st  Ward  began  from  the  start  to  furnish  may- 
ors for  the  city;  William  Butler  Ogden,  Democrat, 
representing  the  north  diMsion,  was  elected  first 
Mayor  of  Chicago,  May  2,  1837,  over  John  H. 
Kinzie,  Whig. 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


Construction  problems  in  Chicago  early  assumed 
a  political  aspect.  The  first  bridge  over  the  Chicago 
River,  at  Dearborn  Street,  had  been  demolished  and 
communication  between  the  north  and  south  sides 
was  maintained  by  ferries  at  Clark  and  Dearborn 
Streets.  Public  sentiment  was  opposed  to  a  bridge 
so  far  down  the  River  as  Dearborn  Street,  and  the 
people  of  the  south  side  were  opposed  to  bridging  the 
river  at  all  and  thus  bringing  the  north  side  merchants 
into  easier  communication  with  visiting  traders,  who 
came  in  mainly  from  the  South.  After  a  close  con- 
test the  north  side  won,  and  a  bridge  was  built, 
1840,  at  Clark  Street,  the  expense  of  which  was  met 
largely  by  private  subscriptions  of  the  interested 
north  side  merchants.  This  bridge  was  a  floating 
swing  bridge,  the  first  of  the  kind  to  be  built  in  the 
West.  The  next  year  a  similar  bridge  was  estab- 
lished at  Wells  Street.  By  1 849  there  were  bridges 
at  Clark,  Wells,  Randolph  and  Kinzie  Streets,  all 
of  which  were  swept  away  by  the  great  flood  of 
1849. 

The  building  of  Chicago  had  an  inauspicious  be- 
ginning. The  panic  of  1837  came  on  and  business 
was  at  a  standstill;  many  merchants  abandoned  the 
city  and  returned  to  the  East,  but  many  dauntless 
settlers  remained,  putting  full  faith  in  the  future  of 
the  city,  and  reaped  their  reward  when  the  period  of 
depression  at  last  was  over.  Northern  Illinois  was 
steadily  filling  with  settlers;  the  completion  of  the 
Erie  Canal  opened  easy  communication  with  the 
East,  and  Chicago  began  to  assume  importance  as  a 
lake  port.  By  1 850  it  had  a  population  of  30,000. 
In  1848  the  Galena  and  Chicago  Union  Railroad 
ran  the  first  train  out  of  Chicago;  by  1850  this  road 
had  been  completed  as  far  west  as  Elgin.  In  1853 
the  feasibility  of  connecting  the  North  and  South 
Sides  with  a  tunnel  was  discussed  at  a  public 
meeting. 

Another  important  constructive  achievement  dur- 
ing this  period,  the  building  of  the  Illinois  and  Mich- 
igan Canal,  opened  a  water  way  between  Chicago 
and  the  older  settlements  along  the  Illinois  River, 
and  first  linked  together  the  commerce  of  the  Great 
Lakes  and  the  Mississippi  River.  The  project  of  a 
canal  connecting  Lake  Michigan  with  the  Illinois 
River  had  been  talked  of  for  years.  As  has  been 
seen,  it  was  already  in  contemplation  when  Illinois 
was  admitted  as  a  state,  in  1818,  with  its  boundary 


pushed  north  to  include  Chicago.  In  1835  the 
State  Legislature  finally  authorized  a  lean  for  the 
construction  of  the  canal.  By  1 848  the  work  was 
completed,  following  closely  the  course  of  the  pres- 
ent Drainage  Canal,  and  for  twenty  years  thereafter 
formed  an  important  highway  of  commerce.  To- 
day agitation  for  a  deep  waterway  to  the  Gulf  has 
supplanted  thoughts  of  the  old  canal. 

At  the  half-century  mark,  1850,  the  phenomenal 
growth  of  Chicago  may  be  said  to  have  begun. 
From  30,000  in  1850,  the  city  had  increased  to 
I  1 0,000  in  1 860,  and  to  nearly  200,000  at  the  close 
of  the  War.  This  remarkable  growth  was  mainly 
due  to  the  tide  of  immigration  now  setting  toward 
Chicago.  Manufacturing  industries  sprang  up,  rail- 
roads were  built,  and  commerce  grew  apace.  The 
Illinois  Central  Railroad,  encouraged  by  the  State, 
was  built,  1851-56,  giving  the  whole  interior  of  the 
state  an  outlet  at  Chicago.  February  20,  1852,  the 
first  through  train  from  the  East  entered  Chicago 
over  the  Michigan  Southern  Railway.  During  the 
decade,  1850-1860,  Illinois  did  more  railroad  build- 
ing than  any  state  in  the  Union,  and  by  1 870  ranked 
first  among  the  states  in  the  total  number  of  miles  of 
railway. 

Various  public  improvements  were  undertaken, 
but  capital  was  still  very  scarce.  There  were  no 
paved  streets  up  to  1 849,  and  the  principal  thorough- 
fares of  the  city  were  often  impassable.  In  1 849-50 
about  three  miles  of  plank  road  was  laid.  Plank 
and  cobble  stones,  both  of  which  proved  very  unsat- 
isfactory and  ill  adapted  to  physical  conditions  in 
Chicago,  remained  the  only  pavements  for  several 
years;  not  until  1857  was  macadam  used  and  plank 
and  cobble  discarded.  In  1 852  the  city  secured  a 
loan  of  $250,000  in  the  East  to  be  used  for  the  con- 
struction of  a  new  system  of  water-works.  The 
greater  part  of  the  city  was  but  a  few  feet  above  the 
level  of  the  Lake  and  drainage  early  became  one  of 
the  great  problems.  In  1855  the  legal  level  of  the 
city  was  raised  seven  feet,  not  without  loud  protest 
on  the  part  of  property  owners  affected,  making  the 
established  level  of  the  city  about  fourteen  feet  above 
Lake  Michigan. 

Still  the  remarkable  growth  of  the  city  continued. 
The  Civil  War  made  heavy  drains  upon  its  people 
and  the  tide  of  immigration  temporarily  slackened, 
but,  with  the  close  of  the  War,  the  city  grew  again 


18 


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A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


l..\K.E   AND    STATIC   STREETS,    Ls 
From   original  print  ozcncil  by  Chicago  Historical  Society. 


CirAJIBKR    OF    COMMEKlE.    \»i>: 
t-'rom   original  /riiw  otcncJ  by  Chicago  Historical  Society. 


19 


A     HALF     CENTURY      OF    CHICAGO      BUILDING 


with  unprecedented  rapidity.  In  1871,  on  the  eve 
of  the  great  fire,  Chicago  was  a  city  of  nearly  350,- 
000  inhabitants,  one  of  the  leading  manufacturing 
and  railroad  centers  of  the  country,  and  a  port  of  the 
first  importance.  Numerous  spacious  hotels  afforded 
ample  accommodation  for  the  many  transients,  and 
Chicago  was  already  famed  as  a  "convention  city." 
It  was  up  to  this  period  that  Chicago  deserved  the 
name  "Garden  City,"  or  "Urbs  in  Horto,"  which  it 
had  adopted  as  its  motto  at  its  incorporation  in  1 837. 
Most  of  its  houses  were  of  frame,  many  scattered  in 
open  cultivated  lots,  and  surrounded  with  shade 
trees  and  flowers. 


The  rebuilding  of  Chicago  was  begun  under  new 
laws  and  new  conditions.  The  constitution  of  1 870 
had  expressly  forbidden  the  granting  of  special  char- 
ters or  privileges  to  cities,  and  had  limited  cities  in 
the  amount  of  taxes  they  could  raise,  and  the  amount 
of  money  they  could  borrow.  Just  as  the  old  city  of 
Chicago  encountered  a  financial  panic  at  its  birth,  so 
the  new  city  was  confronted  by  the  panic  of  1 873. 
But  fire  and  panic  could  not  daunt  the  Chicago  spirit 
nor  check  the  growth  of  the  young  metropolis. 
\^hen  Chicago  was  finally  incorporated  under  the 
General  Cities  and  Villages  Act,  in  1875,  the  city 
contained    about    400,000    inhabitants.     From  the 


iion    Chicago    Historical   Society 


CHICAGO    IN    I-LA.MES. 


October  9,  1 871 ,  the  Great  Fire  broke  out,  and 
burned  for  three  days.  All  but  the  outskirts  of  the 
great  city  that  had  been  built  at  the  head  of  Lake 
Michigan  was  devoured  by  flames.  Over  1  7,000 
buildings  were  destroyed.  But  the  faith  in  its  cit- 
izens in  the  future  of  Chicago,  which  had  prevailed 
over  financial  disaster  in  1837,  was  manifested  in 
still  greater  degree  in  1871,  and  was  to  accomplish 
the  physical  regeneration  of  the  city.  It  has  been  the 
task  and  triumph  of  Chicago's  builders,  in  less  than 
forty  years,  to  raise,  as  if  by  magic  art,  an  imperial 
towering  city  of  two  and  a  half  million  people  upon 
the  ruins  of  its  former  self. 


great  fire  to  the  present  day,  the  phenomenal  growth 
of  Chicago  has  received  no  serious  interruption.  In 
1870  Cook  County  contained  about  one  seventh  of 
the  population  of  the  state;  in  1900  the  proportion 
was  nearly  two  fifths.  In  these  thirty  years  the  state 
outside  Cook  County  gained  only  36  per  cent,  but 
Chicago  gained  over  500  per  cent. 

Naturally,  however,  the  extremely  rapid  growth 
and  material  development  of  Chicago  brought  with 
them  unsettled  conditions  and  friction — particularly 
friction  between  Capital  and  Labor.  In  1 886,  the 
Anarchist  riots  startled  the  city  and  the  whole  coun- 
try.    In   1 894,  the  year  after  the  magnificent  cele- 


20 


A      HALF     CENTURY      OF    CHICAGO      BUILDING 


miKT    IK^USK    IX    1S(.5.   WIIKX    I.IXCOLX'S   UEMAIXS    I. W    IX    STATK   TIIKKK 
Original    photo    taken    from   south,    showing   procession    entering   south    tUior. 
Chicago  Historical  Society. 


Chicago   Historical  Society. 


CITY  HALL  AND  COUNTY  BUILDING. 
Kaze<l  to  make  room   for  present  structure. 


21 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


bration  of  the  triumph  of  the  arts  and  sciences,  Chi- 
cago, which  had  become  the  greatest  railroad  center 
in  the  world,  became  the  focus  of  the  tremendous 
railway  strike  of  that  year. 

Many  other  industrial  troubles  have  arisen  in  the 
growing,  seething  metropolis,  but  it  is  believed  that 
the  age  of  arbitration  is  practically  here,  and  that 
Chicago  will  take  the  lead,  as  in  other  things,  in  pro- 
viding wise  means  to  bring  about  the  speedy  and  just 
settlement  of  these  dispute? 

With  the  opening  of  the  Drainage  Canal,  the  vi- 
tal problem  of  drainage  for  Chicago  was  finally 
solved.  The  Sanitary  District  of  Chicago  was  or- 
ganized under  an  act  of  the  Legislature  passed  in 
1 889,  in  order  to  provide  for  the  construction  of  a 
drainage  canal,  to  carry  the  sewage  of  the  city 
from  Lake  Michigan  and  the  Chicago  River  down 
into  the  Illinois  River.  By  1900  this  monumental 
work  was  completed  at  a  cost  of  $60,000,000,  and 
once  more  the  Lake  and  the  waters  of  the  Chicago 
basin  found  an  outlet  to  the  Mississippi.  The  canal 
has  not  only  provided  drainage  for  Chicago  and 
saved  further  contamination  of  the  Lake,  whence  the 
city  draws  its  water  supply,  but  it  has  completed  the 
first  link  of  another  great  project  of  immense  import- 
ance to  the  future  Chicago — a  Deepwaterway  from 
Lake  Michigan  to  the  Gulf. 

We  have  seen  how,  in  the  early  days  of  its  history, 
the  commerce  of  Chicago  was  stimulated  by  the 
opening  of  the  comparatively  insignificant  Ilhnois  and 
Michigan  Canal;  in  like  manner,  the  future  of 
America's  great  inland  metropolis,  commanding  the 
vantage  point  on  the  Great  Lakes,  is  today  indissolu- 
bly  linked  with  the  construction  of  a  deep-water 
route  which  shall  give  free  passage  from  the  Lakes 
to  the  Mississippi,  the  Gulf,  and  the  Panama  Canal. 

We  have  traced  in  brief  outline  the  unprecedent- 
edly  rapid  growth  of  the  little  trading  post,  organ- 
ized as  a  village  in  1 833,  into  the  present  metropolis 
of  the  West,  the  fourth  city  of  the  World.  The  fu- 
ture of  Chicago  IS  hardly  less  secure  than  its  past. 
The  most  conservative  statisticians  place  the  popu- 
lation of  Chicago  at  between  five  and  six  millions  in 
1950. 

The  territory  now  embraced  within  the  city  limits 
has  an  area  of  190.6  square  miles,  and  extends  twen- 
ty-six miles  from  North  to  South  and  fourteen  and 
one-half  miles  from  East  to  West  at  its  widest  point. 


The  harbor  jurisdiction  of  the  city  extends  three 
miles  into  the  Lake  along  the  entire  water  front. 
The  geographical  center  of  Chicago  is  near  the  in- 
tersection of  Wood  and  35  th  Street,  and  the  center 
of  population  in  the  vicinity  of  1 2th  Street  and  Cen- 
tre Avenue.  The  city  now  contains  at  least  2,250,- 
000  persons,  and  nearly  300,000  dwellings.  It  has 
4,227  miles  of  streets  and  alleys,  300  public  schools, 
and  1 ,077  churches;  there  are  1 ,350  miles  of  surface 
and  elevated  roads,  which  carry  a  daily  average  of 
1,354,000  passengers.  The  daily  clearings  of  Chi- 
cago's banks  are  $35,000,000,  and  manufactured 
goods  to  the  value  of  nearly  one  billion  dollars  are 
produced  annually  in  over  4,000  plants.  The  Union 
Stock  Yards  embrace  five  hundred  acres  of  ground, 
in  which  are  contained  25  miles  of  streets  and  300 
miles  of  track;  300,000  persons  are  directly  or  in- 
directly dependent  upon  the  labor  at  the  Yards.  An 
average  of  1 ,000  cars  of  stock  are  received  daily, 
and  the  annual  volume  of  business  connected  with 
the  stock  and  packing  industry  is  $600,000,000. 
Chicago  is  the  largest  grain  market,  the  largest  lum- 
ber mraket,  and  the  largest  wholesale  dry  goods  mar- 
ket in  the  world,  but  its  aggregate  business  as  a  live 
stock  market  exceeds  the  total  of  these  three. 

The  Mayor,  who  now  holds  office  for  four 
years,  is  the  chief  executive  officer  of  the  city  of  Chi- 
cago. He  presides  over  the  Council,  and,  with  its 
consent,  appoints  the  heads  of  nearly  all  the  import- 
ant city  departments,  including  the  General  Super- 
intendent of  Police,  the  Fire  Marshal,  the  Corpor- 
ation Coutisel,  Commissioner  of  Public  Works, 
Commissioner  of  Health,  Building  Commissioner, 
and  numerous  other  officials.  Aside  from  the 
Mayor,  only  the  City  Clerk  and  City  Treasurer, 
among  the  city's  executives,  are  elected.  The  legis- 
lative body  for  Chicago  is  the  Common  Council, 
composed  of  seventy  aldermen,  two  from  each  of 
the  thirty-five  wards.  The  Act  of  the  State  Legis- 
lature, known  as  "The  Cities  and  Villages  Act," 
under  which  Chicago  holds  its  charter,  gives  to  the 
city  certain  enumerated  powers,  and,  acting  within 
these  powers  so  granted,  the  Council  passes  ordi- 
nances for  the  regulation  of  the  city's  internal  affairs. 

The  Cities  and  Villages  Act  also  limits  very 
strictly  the  taxing  and  borrowing  power  of  all  munici- 
palities organized  under  its  provisions.  In  the  case 
of  Chicago,  where  so  many  public  improvements  are 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OK     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


By  fcrmission  Chuti,o   Hislorunl  .S.- 


IIIC.\i;0,  AS  SEEN  AI-TER   THE  (.KEAT  O  )\l'I.Ai;KATIOX. 
View   north    frnm   Harrison   Slrccl. 


From   ori£iitol  fl'otografll    olvixcii  by   Chicago    Historical  Society. 


23 


HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


essential  to  its  full  development  and  to  enable  it  to 
keep  pace  with  its  unprecedented  growth  in  popula- 
tion, these  restrictions  upon  its  power  to  raise  money 
have  been  particularly  felt.  The  modest  limit  of 
the  city's  borrowing  power  was  long  ago  reached, 
and  meanwhile  permanent  public  improvements, 
such  as  new  bridges,  new  police  stations,  and  many 
other  badly  needed  public  works  have  remained  un- 
built because  the  city  was  forbidden  by  law  to 
pledge  its  credit  further  in  order  to  raise  the  neces- 
sary funds  for  beginning  their  construction.  The 
necessities  of  Chicago  in  this  respect  had  become  so 
apparent  that  the  last  legislature  passed  certain  Acts 
which  will  enable  the  city  by  the  issuance  of  bonds 
to  borrow  in  all  a  further  sum  of  about  sixteen  mil- 
lion dollars,  or  six  millions  less  than  the  ordinary  an- 
nual running  expenses  of  the  city.  This  power,  how- 
ever, is  limited  by  a  referendum  act  which  requires 
the  question  of  issuing  any  of  these  bonds  to  be  first 
submitted  to  the  people  of  the  city  for  their  approval. 
By  reason  of  Chicago's  inability  to  provide  funds 
for  the  purpose,  public  improvements  in  the  past 
have  not  kept  pace  with  the  city's  material  growth 
and  development.  On  the  other  hand,  as  pointed 
out  in  the  Mayor's  last  annual  message,  the  city  of 
Chicago  has  come  to  its  present  proud  position  with 
the  expenditure  of  less  money,  and  with  the  creation 
of  less  debt  in  proportion  to  its  area,  population,  and 
wealth,  than  any  other  large  city  in  the  country. 
The  bonded  debt  of  Chicago,  which  is  less  than 
$29,000,000,  is  only  about  one  third  that  of  Phila- 
delphia, and  one  quarter  that  of  Boston.  The  city 
of  New  York  pays  annually  as  interest  on  its  debt 
a  sum  practically  equal  to  the  bonded  debt  of 
Chicago. 

In  spite  of  its  financial  limitations,  the  city  of 
Chicago  under  its  present  efficient  administration, 
has  found  the  means  to  provide  adequately  for  the 
running  expenses  of  the  municipality,  to  pay  its  debts 
as  they  have  fallen  due,  to  begin  the  construction  of 
a  magnificent  new  City  Hall  to  cost  about  $5,000,- 
000.00,  and  to  provide  other  minor  pressing  im- 
provements. The  long  vexed  traction  question  has 
been  settled  and  excellent  transportation  facilities 
provided,  while  the  city  is  more  than  an  equal  part- 
ner in  the  financial  returns  therefrom.  A  special 
fund  has  been  provided  for  street  improvements,  and 
a  general  tone  of  financial  soundness  is  seen  and  felt 


in    all    departments    of  the  city  government.     The 
city  is  now  able  to  borrow  money  at  an  exceedingly 
low  rate  of  interest,  and  judgments  against  the  city, 
for  the  first  time  in  its  history,  are  sold  at  par.     A 
commission  of  experts  m  municipal   affairs  has   re- 
cently been  appointed  by  the  Mayor  to  examine  the 
whole  field  of  the  city's  expenditures  and  make  rec- 
ommendations looking  to  economy  along  that  line. 
The  project  for  a  great  Chicago  Harbor  is  receiv- 
ing attention.     Since   1 889  the  volume  of  shipping 
at  the  Chicago  Harbor  has  been  decreasing,  while 
the  volume  at  the  Calumet  has  been  growing.     A 
special  commission  is  making  a  careful  study  of  Chi- 
cago's needs  in  the  way  of  harbor  and  navigation 
facilities,  with  the  view  to  the  adoption  of  a  definite 
course  of  action  regarding  this  question  by  the  city. 
A  wise  authorization  to  the  city  by  the  voters  to  use 
its  credit,  within  the  restrictions  of  the  recent  law,  to 
raise   money    for    needed    permanent    improvements 
will  go  far  to  make  Chicago  what  destiny  decreed  it 
should  be,  the  first  city  of  the  Western  Hemisphere. 
One  of  the  pressing  needs  of  Chicago  is  an  in- 
crease   in    its  park  facilities.     On  becoming  a  city, 
Chicago    chose    as  its    motto    "Urbs  in  Horto,"  al- 
though in   1 839  the  entire  park  system  of  Chicago 
consisted  of  a  half  square  where  the  Public  Library 
now  stands.     At  various  intervals  a  number  of  small 
parks  were  added,  mainly  through  the  public  spirit 
of  private  citizens.      In   1 864  the  City  Council  se- 
cured a  portion  of  the  land  that  came  to  be  named 
Lincoln  Park  and  appropriated  $10,000  for  park 
improvement.     In   1 869  the  movement  for  the  con- 
necting chain  of  parks  surrounding  the  city  started. 
This  movement  succeeded  and  Chicago  soon  became 
the  second  city  in  America  in  respect  of  park  area. 
But    the    movement    for    parks  stopped  practically 
there,  forty  years  ago,  and  the  city  is  now  seventh 
so  far  as  park  area  is  concerned,  and,  when  relative 
density  of  poulation  is  considered,  Chicago  is  thir- 
ty-second among  American  cities  in  its  park  facili- 
ties.    There  are  here  590  persons  for  each  acre  of 
park  space.     The  movement  for  parks  has,  however, 
again  been  started.     State  authority  for  certain  park 
improvements  has  been  granted,  and  it  is  not  believed 
that    Chicago,    whose    greatness    has    largely    been 
founded  in  the  public  spirit  of  her  citizens,  will  long 
lag  behind  in  this  important  development. 


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A      HALF     CENTURY      O?    CHICAGO      BUILDING 


The  city  was  never  more  prosperous  and  flourish- 
ing than  today.  This  is  particularly  manifest  in  the 
building  line.  Four  of  the  largest  and  costliest  pri- 
vate structures  ever  built  in  the  city,  involving  an  out- 
lay of  $12,000,000.00.  are  at  present  under  con- 
struction, while  new  ones  are  about  to  be  com- 
menced. In  the  year  1908  there  were  built  within 
the  city  a  total  of  10,771  buildings,  representing  a 
value  of  over  $68,000,000.00  and  an  increase  of 
more  than  15  per  cent  over  the  preceding  year.  If 
the  buildings  constructed  during  1 908  were  placed 
in  one  continuous  row,  they  would  present  a  solid 
frontage  of  55.23  miles.  For  the  first  eight  months 
of  the  present  year,  1909,  the  figures  are  even  more 
impressive.  In  those  eight  months  building  permits 
have  been  taken  out  representing  a  proposed  outlay 
of  over  $61,000,000.00,  practically  equalling  the 
total  of  building  operations  during  1 892,  the  year 
before    the    World's    Fair.      The    total    for    1909 


should  approach  $90,000,000.00,  exceeding  by 
many  millions  the  total  of  building  operations  dur- 
ing any  previous  year  in  Chicago's  history.  Real 
Estate  transfers  for  the  same  period  show  a  corre- 
spondingly vigorous  increase.  By  whatever  stand- 
ard it  be  measured,  it  is  evident  that  the  permanent 
substantial  growth  of  Chicago  is  proceeding  more 
rapidly  than  ever  before,  and  the  most  enthusiastic 
predictions  for  its  future  are  fast  being  realized. 

Many  constructive  problems  of  vast  magnitude 
still  await  solution — foremost  among  them,  the  open- 
ing of  a  waterway  for  the  commerce  of  Chicago 
to  the  Mississippi  and  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  the 
solution  of  the  local  traffic  problem  through  the  con- 
struction of  an  adequate  system  of  subways.  To  the 
solution  of  these  great  undertakings,  however.  Chi- 
cago, as  ever  in  the  past,  will  bring  to  bear  the  united 
support  of  its  citizens  and  meet  them  in  the  spirit  of 
its  motto  "I  Will." 


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A     HALF     CENTURY      OF     CHICAGO      BUILDING 


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HALF     CENTURY 


CHICAGO      BUILDING 


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A     HALF     CENTURY      OF    CHICAGO      BUILDING 


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A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


A  RADICAL  departure  in  apartment  construc- 
tion and  one  which  marks  a  distinct  advance 
in  this  character  of  improvement  is  the 
apartment  being  erected  at  No.  5825  Washington 
Avenue  by  Marshall  &  Fox  for  Mr.  Frederick  Bode. 

The  history  of  this  apartment  is  rather  interesting, 
inasmuch  as  it  shows  a  broad  minded  business  man's 
solution  of  the  apartment  house  encroachment  into  a 
residence  neighborhood.  Mr.  Bode,  in  order  to 
protect  the  residence  character  of  this  block  on 
Washington  Avenue,  entered  into  a  combination 
with  a  number  of  other  property  owners  to  control 
100  feet  of  vacant  property  on  the  east  side  of  the 
street,  adjoining  on  the  north  a  residence  occupied 
by  himself.  The  death  of  the  holder  of  one  of  the- 
pieces  of  property  in  this  vacant  stretch  threw  the 
property  into  the  market,  and  the  association  woke 
up  to  find  an  apartment  building  in  the  course  of 
construction  in  the  conserved  district. 

The  die  having  been  cast,  Mr.  Bode  decided  that 
the  thing  to  do  was  to  set  an  example  in  apartment 
construction  which,  instead  of  detracting  from  the 
value  of  the  property,  would  materially  add  to  and 
increase  the  attractiveness  and  beauty  of  the  block. 

With  this  end  in  view,  he  has  constructed  a  three- 
story  fireproof  building,  designed  in  the  modern 
French  Renaissance  style,  which  in  design,  material 
and  construction  probably  surpasses  anything  of  the 
kind  which  has  been  attempted  in  Chicago. 

Each  floor  is  occupied  by  a  single  apartment  of 
twelve  rooms,  an  exposure  of  I  1 4  feet  of  south  front- 
age, with  50  feet  frontage  on  the  street.  Each 
chamber  is  provided  with  a  bath  and  equipped  with 
all  the  modern  conveniences  of  telephone,  vacuum 
cleaners,  etc.  An  automatic  push-button  elevator 
serves  the  various  apartments.  The  apartments  are 
arranged  so  that  each  is  divided  into  three  sections : 
The  main  or  living  portion  of  the  apartment  con- 
sists of  living  room,  dining  room,  reception  hall  and 
entrance  hall,  occupying  the  west  or  street  frontage 
portion  of  the  building;  the  service  portion  of  the 
house,  consisting  of  pantries,  servants'  hall,  servants' 
chambers,  etc.,  occupying  the  north  or  court  side; 
the  chambers,  four  in  number,  occupy  the  south 
side  of  the  building.  Each  of  these  sections  is  dis- 
tinct and  separate,  being  isolated  from  the  remaining 
portion  of  the  house;  so  that  while  each  apartment 
is  spread  over  a  single  level,  all  the  privacy  of  a 
residence  is  afforded  to  its  occupants. 


The  facade  of  the  building  is  finished  in  Bedford 
stone  and  red  pressed  brick,  with  slate-covered  man- 
sard, making  a  most  attractive  exterior.  The  en- 
trance to  the  building  is  on  the  ground  level,  the 
entire  first  or  ground  Hoor  being  given  over  to  jani- 
tor's apartments,  storerooms,  laundries,  heating  plant, 
etc.,  corresponding  to  the  ordinary  below-ground 
construction.  By  this  arrangement  the  first  apart- 
ment is  located  at  a  height  of  1 0  feet  above  the  side- 
walk, giving  a  privacy  which  is  entirely  lacking  in  the 
first  floor  apartment  when  the  standard  Chicago  ar- 
rangement of  apartment  building  construction  is  fol- 
lowed. 

This  beautiful  building  will  be  ready  for  occu- 
pancy March  1st,  1910. 


.\PARTMEXT    BUILDING    OWXED    BY    FREDERICK    BODE, 
5825    Washington    Avenue. 


36 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDIN^ 


SIMONUS  MFG.  CO.'S  SAW  WORKS,  K.NIKK  FACTORY  AND  CKUCIBLE  STEEL  PLANT,  AT  CHICAGO    ILL. 


W 


7hat.  .(.   Comiikcy,   /'resident. 


S\M     IK. Ml-;     (lll(A(;i)     ■WIHIK    S(i\-    mask    I!AI.I,    CLl'M, 
Thiilyl'iflh   Sirci-t  aiu!  WinHvoi  Ih  Avi-mu-. 


37 


HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


38 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


V^ 


Chicago  Stock  Exchange  Building 

This  building  stands  on  the  southwest  corner  of  La  Salle  and  Washington  Streets  on  property  1 80 
by  100  feet.  The  site  is  an  historical  one,  as  in  1837  on  the  corner  was  erected  a  large  brick  dwelling, 
said  to  be  the  first  brick  building  constructed  in  Chicago  and  at  that  time  the  finest  residence  in  the 
City.  Subsequent  to  the  fire  of  1 87 1 ,  the  Union  Building,  five  stories  and  basement,  was  erected  on  the 
corner.  In  1893  the  new  Chicago  Stock  Exchange  Building  \vas  built,  thirteen  stories  high,  with  410 
rooms,  twelve  stores,  and  two  large  Banking  Rooms.  This  building  is  of  steel  construction,  with  terra 
cotta  exterior,  finished  throughout  in  marble,  mosaic,  mahogany  and  oak.  Ten  elevators  carry  the  1 ,280 
occupants  to  and  from  their  offices.  As  the  life  of  a  modern  steel  constructed  building  has  not  yet  been 
determined,  under  normal  conditions  the  present  building  should  continue  its  services  for  many  years  to 
come. 

It  IS  interesting  to  note  that  in  1836  the  land  on  which  the  building  stands  was  valued  by  the  City 
Valuators  at  $3,937.50.  In  1908  the  Board  of  Review  valued  the  same  ground  at  $1,290,000.  This 
shows  an  increase  in  value  of  the  ground  since  1836  of  32,700  per  cent,  or  448  per  cent  per  annum, 
and  is  a  convincing  demonstration  of  the  marvelous  appreciation  of  Chicago  Real  Estate. 


39 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


MARSHALL  FIELD   &  CO.'S  STORES  (old  and  new) 

D.  H.  Burnham  &  Co.,  Architects 

40 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILD 


ING 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


PLANT  OF  CHICAGO   RAILWAY  EQUIPMENT  CO. 


46th.  ROBEY  AND  LINCOLN 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


Columbus  ]y[emorial  Building 


THE  year  1892  vsas  one  of  inspiration  to  the 
city  of  Chicago.  The  atmosphere  was 
charged  with  the  enthusiasm  that  conceived 
and  constructed  that  marvel  of  beauty  and  art,  the 
White  City,  or  Columbian  Exposition.  Nor  was 
it  limited  to  the  White  City  alone.  A  new  era 
had  set  in.  The  materialism  represented  by  brick 
and  mortar  at  so  much  a  cubic  yard  gave  way  to 
interpretations  of  architecture  as  art.  Nowhere  was 
this  more  excellently  illustrated  than  in  the  Columbus 
Memorial  Building,  built  and  named  in  honor  of 
the  historic  event  then  celebrated. .  Located  at  State 
and  Washington  Streets,  it  stands  a  monument  to  the 
public  spirit  of  its  projector,  the  genius  of  its  archi- 
tect, and  the  sincerity  of  its  builders.  It  is  one  of 
the  first  of  steel  structures  to  rear  its  towering  height 
fourteen  stones  skyward.  The  first  two  floors  are  of 
solid  bronze,  specially  designed  for  this  use,  and 
are  richly  ornamented  with  bas-reliefs.  The  en- 
trance to  the  building,  two  stories  in  height,  is  orna- 
mented with  a  frieze  of  eleven  panels,  being  pictures 
in  bronze  bas-relief  of  the  life  of  Columbus,  and 
above  the  entrance,  extending  through  another  story, 
is  a  niche  containing  the  colossal  statue  of  that  his- 
toric character.  Then,  for  twelve  stories,  specially 
designed  brown  terra  cotta  carry  lines  of  great  beauty 
to  a  roof  of  tile  surmounted  by  an  imposing  tower. 
The  tower  is  capped  with  a  great  globe  to  typify  the 
round  world  of  Columbus,  and  from  the  front  cor- 
nice a  colossal  American  Eagle,  with  out-stretched 
wings,  ornaments  and  symbolizes  the  building.  *  The 
corridor  is  entirely  of  rich  Sienna  marbles,  built  in 
columns,  and  with  panels  of  mosaic  containing  the 
narrative  of  the  principal  events  in  the  life  of  Colum- 
bus, and  from  this  corridor  a  marble  staircase  and 
five  elevators,  surrounded  by  bronze  grills,  lead  to  the 
floors  above.  The  floors  and  ceilings  are  of  ex- 
quisite patterns  of  mosaic,  of  such  delicate  shades  of 
colors  that  they  seem  mere  like  oriental  rugs.  The 
lighting  effect,  with  incandescent  lamps  in  bronze 
fixtures,  is  a  part  of  the  decorative  scheme.  There 
is  evidence  everywhere  of  that  co-operation  of  inter- 
est in  constructive  architecture,  of  that  wise  foresight 
in  regard  to  real  needs,  that  give  the  building  an  air 


of  having  grown  to  perfection.  The  basement  was 
set  apart  for  safety  deposit  vaults.  Rare  marbles, 
beautiful  furniture,  and  comfortable  fittings  were  in- 
stalled to  make  them  attractive.  There  are  sections 
set  apart  for  men  and  for  women.  Divans,  rugs,  and 
other  creature  comforts  make  these  vaults  a  Mecca 
for  busy  women,  and  many  organizations  constantly 
avail  themselves  of  their  hospitality.  Marble  and 
bronze  statuary,  real  works  of  art,  help  to  add  the 
sense  of  luxury  to  comfort.  There  are  twenty-five 
hundred  safety  deposit  boxes,  and  any  number  of 
small  private  rooms,  where  one  can  undisturbedly 
attend  to  his  own  affairs.  The  ground  floor  is  de- 
voted to  business  purposes.  The  corner,  a  jewelry 
store,  decorated  and  furnished  by  the  projector  of 
the  building,  is  probably  the  most  beautiful  and  ex- 
travagantly furnished  of  any  in  America.  Its  walls 
are  mostly  of  marbles  from  the  Pyranees.  in  dove 
color,  with  ceilings  and  coves  of  mosaic  in  tones  of 
blue,  with  gold  bronze  trimmings.  Incandescent 
lamps  set  in  festoons  of  gold  bronze  are  set  in  these 
coves  of  mosaic,  while  colunmns  of  verde  antique 
marble  surrounded  by  electric  lights  and  with  pen- 
dants of  Malachite,  Lapis-lazula,  and  other  semi- 
precious stones  meet  the  eye.  The  furniture  and 
fixtures  are  of  heavy,  rich  mahogany,  ornamented 
with  gold  bronze,  all  designed  by  the  artist  design- 
ing the  interior  decoration  of  the  building,  and  in 
color  and  tone  suited  to  set  off  the  rich  displays  usu- 
ally exhibited  m  fine  jewelry  establishments.  The 
second  and  third  stores,  the  former  a  confectionery 
shop,  and  the  latter  a  children's  outfitting  establish- 
ment, are  equally  excellent  in  their  appointments. 
The  rear  walls  of  these  establishments  are  covered 
with  two  rare  mosaic  pictures  by  a  master  artist. 
The  pictures  were  painted  and  done  in  mosaic  in 
Italy,  and  assembled  on  these  walls.  They  are  life- 
sized  human  figures  representing  Columbus'  discov- 
ery of  America  and  the  raising  of  the  Spanish  stand- 
ard, and  his  return  with  gifts  and  friendly  Indians 
to  the  court  of  Ferdinand  and  Isabella  of  Spain. 
The  colors  are  rich  and  beautiful,  and  being  of 
mosaic  are  perpetual  memorials  rarely  or  never  used 
as  a  commercial  asset,  and  fit  ultimately  to  find  their 


A3 


A     HALF    CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


Columbus  Memorial  Building 
COLUIVIBUS     SAFE     DEPOSIT     CO. 


44 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


way  in  some  public  or  national  museum.  A  constant 
stream  of  people  pays  homage  to  these  works  of  art. 
Mounting  the  marble  staircases  for  a  leisurely  exam- 
ination of  details,  one  is  struck  by  the  fact  that  every- 
where the  corridors  are  of  marble,  the  floors  and 
ceilings  are  of  mosaic,  and  what  little  wood-work  on 
doors  and  jambs  is  of  the  finest  of  mahogany.  The 
second,  third,  fourth  and  fifth  floors  are  devoted  to 
commercial  pursuits.  From  the  sixth  up,  the  medical 
profession  fairly  monopolize  the  space,  and  a  splen- 
did room  on   the   fourteenth   floor  is  devoted   to   a 


medical  library  and  reading  room.  The  appoint- 
ments throughout  are  perfectly  conceived  and  exe- 
cuted, and  the  standard  set  has  been  many  times 
imitated  in  the  last  sixteen  years,  but  never  excelled. 
In  the  rush  of  business  and  because  it  is  a  commer- 
cial building,  the  merits  of  the  Columbus  Memorial 
Building  may  be  overlooked,  but  it  will  richly  repay 
anyone  who  is  at  all  interested  in  the  subject  to  de- 
vote himself,  without  stint,  to  exploring  its  nooks  and 
corners  from  the  medallions  on  the  outside  columns 
to  the  tracery  of  the  roof.     The  result  will  be  joy. 


CIIICAnO  Pr.AXT  of  the  NATI0X.\L  .MALLE.\nLE  CASTINGS  CO., 
Twenty-sixth  and  Rockwell   Streets. 


45 


A     HALF    CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


Problem  of  Traffic  Congestion 

and  J.  Madison  Pace's  Relief  Plan  by  Boulevard  Connection 
Between  the  North  and  South  Sides 

"Proposed  July   llth,    1908,    by 
J.  MADISON  PACE,  WM.  H.  PRUYN,  JR. 

Real  Estate  Appraiser,  Chicago,  111.  Architect,  Chicago,  111. 


IT  IS  stated  from  careful  estimates  based  upon  act- 
ual count  that  there  are  over  237  pedestrians  and 
102  vehicles  traversmg  the  streets  m  the  limited 
space  betv\^een  Randolph  Street  and  Rush  Street 
bridge  on  Michigan  Avenue  and  its  intersecting 
streets,  every  minute  of  the  day  between  the  hours 
of  7:00  A.  M.  and  6:00  P.  M. 

It  IS  almost  beyond  comprehension  how  the  resi- 
dents of  the  North  Side  could  have  tolerated  so 
great  an  inconvenience  for  more  than  25  years. 

The  suffering  from  the  haitus — the  rough  and  hid- 
eous blank  that  exists  between  the  North  and  South 
Side  Boulevards  is  by  no  means  confined  to  the 
North  Side  Residents;  it  is  borne  by  a  great  major- 
ity of  the  business  people  in  communicating  with 
their  places  of  business. 

All  Chicago  agree  that  some  plan  for  a  Connect- 
ing Boulevard,  should  be  developed  and  executed; 
what  the  people  demand  is  an  adequate  uninterrupted 
means  of  communication  that  can  be  expeditiously 


executed  at  the  least  possible  cost  to  the  Citizens  of 
our  Great  Metropolis.  It  therefore  behooves  us  to 
bring  before  you  a  possible  and  expedient  measure 
of  relief. 

Look  at  the  picture  of  Grant  Park,  and  the  Lake 
Front  Parkway,  as  shown  opposite,  with  their  at- 
tractive and  practical  connections  with  Michigan  Av- 
enue, by  artistically  designed  viaducts  over  the  Illi- 
nois Central  Railroad  Tracks  (which  railroad  we 
hope  will  be  electrified  in  the  near  future)  at  12th 
Street,  Peck  Court,  Harrison,  Van  Buren,  Monroe 
and  Randolph  Streets,  in  order  to  fix  clearly  in  your 
mind  the  relation  as  embodied  in  the  plan,  which  pre- 
sents one  of  the  most  magnificent  highways  in  the 
world. 

Outlet  for  Grant  Park 

Note  particularly  also,  that  the  design  here  shown 
furnishes  an  inexpugnable,  permanent,  simple,  eco- 
nomical and  highly  efficient  connection  between  the 


1  ! 

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Proposed  TunriELjBouLEVARD  Linic 

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A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


North  and  South  Park  Systems,  possesses  innumer- 
able artistic  possibihties  with  its  practical  utility  pre- 
eminent, and  secures  results  for  the  people  without 
legal  delays,  or  needless  procrastination. 

\  ou  will  also  see  that  without  the  connection  as 
shown  in  this  plan;  Grant  Park  entirely  excluded 
from  Park  Boulevard  Systems,  and  the  attractive 
and  expensive  (Ohio  Street)  Lake  Shore  Drive  ex- 
tension of  the  Lincoln  Park  Boulevard  Systems  is 
left  inaccessible  and  without  an  outlet  to  the  South. 

The  plan  provides  an  adequate  front  door  to  Lin- 
coln and  Grant  Parks  and  eliminates  entirely  the  in- 
felicitous hinderance  of  light  traffic  which  now  so 
commonly  occurs  by  open  bridges  and  traffic  conges- 
tion in  the  vicinity  of  Rush  Street  Bridge. 

Chicago's  Best  Opportunity 

This  plan  opens  up  and  develops  a  permanent  and 
much  needed  public  improvement  which  has  for 
many  years  past  been  neglected  and  is  the  most  prac- 
tical, economical  and  feasible  opportunity  that  Chi- 
cago possesses  for  this  purpose. 

Two  Thirty  Foot  Driveways 

The  design  contemplates  a  double  tunnel  76  feet 
in  width,  commencing  a  little  south  of  Randolph 
Street,  and  receding  northward  at  a  grade  of  2  per 
cent  and  emerging  on  Lake  Shore  Drive  near  Ohio 
Street  on  the  North  Side  at  a  like  grade,  each  bore 
to  contain  a  separate  dirveway  of  30  feet  each  in 
width  and  20  feet  in  height,  with  a  6  foot  sidewalk 
for  the  accommodation  of  pedestrians.  The  two 
bores  to  be  connected  by  a  series  of  arches  between 
them,  separated  by  piers  4  feet  in  diameter. 

Reinforced  Concrete  Construction 

In  the  construction  of  the  boulevard  as  shown  the 
author  recommends  the  use  of  reinforced  concrete 
as  structural  material,  and  white  glazed  terra  cotta 
for  lining  and  finishing;  and  cresote  blocks  for  pav- 
ing driveways. 

Perfect  Lighting  System 

The  lighting  as  planned  throughout  will  be  after 
the  style  of  the  Reverse  Lighting  System,  composed 
of  numerous  clusters  of  electric  lights  artistically  ar- 
ranged throughout  the  driveways  so  as  to  throw  the 
light  toward  the  ceiling,  which  will  act  as  a  reflector, 
thus  giving  a  diffused  effect.     This  will  also  be  re- 


inforced with  large  light  shafts  situated  300  feet 
apart  and  lined  with  white  glazed  terra  cotta,  thereby 
giving  an  abundance  of  light  and  ventilation  and 
making  the  bore  absolutely  sanitary. 

The  plan  also  contemplates  a  railing  between  the 
driveway  and  sidewalks  and  between  the  piers  sep- 
arating the  driveways  throughout  the  tunnel  boule- 
vard, and  around  the  approaches  at  the  grade  level, 
all  of  white  glazed  terra  cotta  with  balustrade  ef- 
fect. A  grade  of  less  than  2  per  cent  is  made  pos- 
sible by  reason  of  the  unobstructed  route. 

Architecturally  Beautiful 

The  architectural  problem  is  so  thoroughly  and 
satisfactorily  worked  out  that  it  makes  the  tunnel  ab- 
solutely sanitary  and  gives  proper  light  and  ventila- 
tion, and  so  attractively  ornaments  the  interior  that  it 
will  make  the  traversing  of  the  bore  safe  and  pleas- 
ant. Continuous  traffic  would  not  be  interfered  with 
as  in  the  case  of  a  bascule  bridge. 

No  Condemnation  Necessary 

Note  particularly  that  the  plan  as  shown  here  does 
not  require  the  condemnation  of  valuable  property, 
as  IS  necessary  for  the  completion  of  other  plans  here- 
tofore submitted. 

It  does  not  obstruct  the  proposed  widening  and 
deepening  of  the  Chicago  River,  but  is  in  line  with 
such  an  improvement  as  the  roof  of  the  bore  is  40 
feet  below  the  surface  and  the  airshafts  are  so  ar- 
ranged that  the  river  could  be  widened  to  a  width  of 
250  feet  and  a  depth  of  40  feet,  should  the  future 
developments  demand  it. 

Freight  Traffic  Increasing 

The  Boulevard  will  not  retard  traffic  en  route  to 
the  proposed  outer  harbor  system,  but  is  the  only 
plan  yet  submitted  that  eliminates  the  congestion  of 
pleasure  traffic  at  the  cross  streets  connecting  with 
the  Lake  Front,  thus  leaving  the  East  and  West 
Streets  clear  for  so  called,  heavy  teaming. 

It  does  not  obstruct  the  street  crossing  between  the 
loop  district  and  the  railroad  freight  houses,  the  docks 
and  large  ware  and  storage  houses.  To  the  careful 
student  of  industrial  conditions  it  is  clear  that  heavy 
teaming  can  not  be  dispensed  with  on  any  of  the 
East  and  West  Streets  between  Randolph  and  Ohio 
Streets  or  at  the  crossings  of  the   East  and  West 


47 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


Streets  on  Michigan  Avenue  or  Pine  Street,  with  the 
factory  district  developing  on  the  North  Side,  and 
the  immense  railroad  terminals  with  more  than  100 
acres  of  freight  cars,  both  east  of  Michigan  Avenue, 
and  these  conditions  being  permanent  ones,  with  a 
healthy  increase  in  traffic,  and  the  rapid  building  up 
of  Michigan  Avenue,  with  office  buildings,  clubs, 
hotels,  retail  stores,  public  institutions,  etc.,  renders 
the  Grant  Park  and  Ohio  Street  connection  a  most 
possible  and  practical  plan  of  relief. 

It  is  closely  estimated  that  over  2,500,000  tons  of 
freight  in  and  out  bound,  are  handled  at  these  freight 
houses  east  of  Michigan  Avenue  annually.  At  two 
tons  per  wagon  would  mean  1 ,250,000  loads,  most 
of  which  must  cross  Michigan  Avenue.  In  addition 
to  the  immense  traffic  in  this  vicinity  it  is  closely  esti- 
mated that  there  are  3,500,000  so  called  pleasure 
and  light  business  vehicles,  that  traverse  Michigan 
Avenue  and  its  intersecting  streets  between  Ran- 
dolph and  Kinzie  Streets;  80  per  cent  of  which 
could  conveniently  and  profitably  use  the  tunnel  bou- 
levard shown  here,  thereby  relieving  the  congestion 
on  Michigan  Avenue  to  a  very  large  degree.  The 
extra  distance  caused  by  the  deflection  of  traffic  to 
the  East  would  be  more  than  offset  by  the  ease  and 
speed  with  which  the  business  district  could  be 
reached  by  the  North  Siders. 

Anyone  engaged  in  lake  traffic,  and  located  some 
distance  up  the  Chicago  River  will  readily  appre- 
ciate the  importance  of  dispensing  with  bridges  as 
far  as  possible  and  the  development  of  subway  con- 
nections between  the  North,  South,  East  and  West 
Sides. 

Cost  Less  Than  Other  Plans 

The  construction  of  this  Boulevard  if  adopted  can 
be  commenced  at  once  and  rushed  to  completion 
without  condemnation  suits  (which  would  necessar- 
ily take  place  in  the  carrying  out  of  any  other  plan 
yet  submitted  to  the  Board  of  Local  Improvements). 
This  is  the  only  plan  that  is  in  strict  harmony  with 
the  improvement  of  Grant  Park,  the  proposed  Pas- . 
senger  and  Freight  Subway,  and  with  the  future 
Outer  Harbor,  River  and  Deep  Waterway  Devel- 
opment. By  the  addition  of  large  conduits  on  the 
west  side  of  the  bore,  (which  could  be  used  for  tele- 
phone, electric  light,  cables  also  water  mains)  would 
no  doubt  earn  a  sufficient  revenue  to  meet  the  charges 


of  maintenance.     It  stands  last  but  not  least,  hand  in 
hand,  with  the  making  of  a  Greater  Chicago. 

Surface  Boulevard  Connection 

The  Author  of  the  Tunnel  Boulevard,  also  has 
under  consideration  two  other  possible  relief  plans 
of  which  space  here  would  not  permit  the  printing  of 
sketches. 

First  the  connection  of  Michigan  Avenue  with 
Pine  Street  by  the  construction  of  single  decked 
bridge  with  a  240  foot  span  (either  bascule  or  lift 
type)  diagonally  from  the  end  of  Michigan  Avenue 
at  its  present  width  (Plus  the  accretion  attainable  by 
narrowing  the  sidewalks  on  each  side  of  Michigan 
Avenue  sufficient  to  give  a  40  foot  driveway)  north- 
easterly to  connect  with  the  south  end  of  Pine  Street 
extended  at  its  present  width.  The  grades  and  other 
engineering  details  to  be  worked  out  in  accordance 
with  the  engineer's  requirements. 

Rush  Street  Bridge  Remains 

Rush  Street  Bridge  is  to  be  left  as  it  is  for  heavy 
traffic  as  the  new  bridge  will  not  in  any  way  inter- 
fere with  its  operation. 

Condemnation  Cost  Small 

Taxpayers  will  be  relieved  of  the  enormous  cost 
of  condemnation  of  property  and  the  unwarranted 
delay  that  would  necessarily  follow  any  of  the  other 
plans.  This  plan  contemplates  an  inexpensive  con- 
nection, the  total  cost  will  not  exceed  $750,000,  as 
there  is  no  condemnation  of  property,  (except  a  small 
piece  of  property  joining  the  River) .  Michigan  Av- 
enue and  Pine  Street  can  be  boulevarded  so  as  to 
get  a  forty  foot  driveway  without  any  expense  what- 
soever, (with  the  exception  of  paving)  to  the  tax- 
payers. By  the  adoption  of  this  plan,  work  can  be 
commenced  at  once.  The  result  will  be  the  rehabit- 
ulation  of  an  old  shabby  quarter  of  the  city,  thereby, 
resulting  in  the  conversion  of  the  street  to  retail  uses 
and  accruing  great  benefit  at  a  minimum  expense  to 
the  people  at  large. 

Grant  Park  Surface  Connection 

The  other  plan  not  illustrated  here  is  a  surface 
boulevard,  connecting  Grant  Park  with  the  new  Ex- 
tension of  Lake  Shore  Drive  at  Ohio  Street,  via  the 
same  route  as  proposed  for  the  tunnel  connection. 


48 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


^ 


iw> 


B1KI)SEM<;  MEW   OF  tiKANT   I'AKK   AND   I'KOPOSEU  TUNNEL. 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


This  connection  can  be  accomplished  at  about  the 
same  expense  as  the  proposed  tunnel  boulevard  as 
shown  in  the  picture. 

We  give  preference,  however,  to  the  Tunnel  Con- 
nection, which  we  believe  will  provide  for  the  peo- 
ple that  which  they  are  continually  demanding,  "An 
uninterrupted  connection  at  a  minimum  expense." 


We  respectfully  submit  that  it  is  conceded  by  the 
Commercial  Club  Plan  Committee,  the  Michigan 
Avenue  Improvement  Association,  and  a  great  many 
property  owners  and  business  people,  that  a  connect- 
ing Boulevard  at  the  Lake  Front,  connecting  Grant 
Park  with  Lake  Shore  Drive  Extension  on  the  North 
Side  is  inevitable. 


Die 


Confusion  of  True  Basis  of 
Land  Values 


3«/  Edgar  M.  Snow 


A  COMMON  error  is  made  by  confusing  the 
value  of  land  with  the  value  of  the  landlord's 
estate  in  land.  Thus,  conveyances  of  re- 
versions carrying  with  them  ground  rents  are  fre- 
quently referred  to  as  establishing  a  present  market 
value  of  the  land.  This  is  a  mistake.  Such  trans- 
actions simply  show  the  value  of  the  landlord's 
estate  in  the  land  thus  conveyed. 

For  example,  a  conveyance  was  made  some  time 
since,  at  $125,000,  of  IO51/2X  171  feet  m  Michi- 
gan Avenue,  38  feet  north  of  Jackson  Boulevard, 
subject  to  a  long  term  ground  lease,  made  years  ago, 
at  a  fixed  annual  rental  which,  on  the  basis  of  present 
value,  is  too  low.  This  transaction  did  not  mean 
that  land  at  that  point  was  worth  less  than  $1,200 
a  foot  at  that  time,  as  indicated  by  this  transfer — it 
was,  in  fact,  worth  several  thousand  dollars  a  foot, 
— but  it  meant  merely  that  $1,200  a  foot  was  the 
value  of  the  landlord's  estate  in  the  land,  incum- 
bered by  such  lease,  and  ascertained  by  capitalizing 
the  yearly  ground  rental  upon  a  percentage  basis 
satisfactory  to  the  investor,  and  acceptable  to  the 
seller. 

On  the  other  hand,  it  is  sometimes  found  that  land 
is  leased  for  a  long  term  of  years,  upon  a  basis  con- 
siderably in  excess  of  its  present  value,  but  because 
the  lessee  of  the  land  has  erected  thereon  valuable 
buildings,  affording  an  abundant  security  for  the 
ground  rent,  the  owner  of  this  "fee"  (that  is,  this 
land  and  the  lease)  is  able  to  find  a  purchaser  at  a 
price    determined    upon    the    basis    of    the    ground 


rental.  This  price,  thus  secured,  is  not  the  value  of 
the  land,  but  is  the  value  of  the  land  and  the  lease, 
and  is  in  excess  of  the  value  of  the  land  alone,  and 
affords  no  proper  criterion  thereof.  It  is  merely  the 
value  of  the  landlord's  estate  in  the  land  and  the 
lease.  Nor,  in  fact,  does  the  landlord's  title  to  the 
land  itself  without  the  lease — that  is,  the  probable 
value  of  the  land  at  the  end  of  the  lease — cut  much 
figure  in  a  transaction  where  the  ground  lease  has, 
say,  fifty  years  or  more  to  run.  It  is  really  the 
secured  lease  which  is  the  landlord's  asset.  Without 
the  ground  rent,  the  present  value  of  such  land 
alone,  (that  is,  the  reversion,  the  possession  of  it  at 
the  end  of  99  years)  is  merely  a  nominal  speculative 
sum. 

The  difference  between  the  value  of  the  land- 
lord's estate  in  a  "fee"  and  the  true,  or  market,  value 
of  such  land  is  represented  by  a  profit  or  loss,  as 
the  case  may  be,  to  the  lessee  of  the  land.  Certainly 
no  appraiser,  asked  to  give  the  value  of  land,  con- 
siders that  this  means  other  than  its  market  value 
upon  a  free  and  clear  basis,  and  this  only  is  the  true 
value. 

There  can  obviously  be  no  such  thing  as  various 
values  at  the  same  time  for  adjoining  land  of  equal 
desirability.  Hence,  to  quote  "ground  rent"  trans- 
actions as  proper  cntenons  of  actual  values  of  land, 
is  clearly  wrong,  as  it  is  apparent  that  the  market 
value  of  land  may  be  in  excess  of,  or  may  be  below, 
that  shown  by  the  sale  of  a  "ground  rent." 


50 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


Taxation 

Si/  Frank  G.  Hoyne 


OCTOBER  9th.  1871.  the  Great  Chicago 
Fire  laid  in  waste  the  entire  business  district 
and  the  territory  from  Harrison  Street  on 
the  South  to  Lincoln  Park  on  the  North.  Chicago 
in  ruins,  property  gone,  insurance  companies 
bankrupt,  left  with  nothing  but  that  un- 
quenchable spirit  I  WILL  burnt  upon  her 
virgin  breast.  Had  Chicago  citizens  not  been  pos- 
sessed of  that  spirit  I  WILL.  Chicago  would  not 
have  risen  from  its  ashes  and  become  the  Great  Me- 
tropolis she  is  today.  With  this  same  spirit  she  over- 
came the  panic  of  1873  and  was  able  in  1893  to 
bring  to  her  shores  that  glorious  Exposition  which 
has  never  been  equalled  and  in  my  opinion  never  will 
be  equalled,  and  for  all  ages  will  be  known  as  the 
WORLD'S  FAIR.  Chicago's  growth  and  prog- 
ress has  been  phenomenal  and  has  today  the  smallest 
bond  issue  outstanding  of  any  of  the  large  cities  of 
this  country.  And  do  you  know  why  Chicago  has 
such  a  small  bond  issue?  It  is  because  Chicago  cit- 
izens know  what  a  mortgage  the  paying  of  interest 
and  providing  a  sinking  fund  means.  After  the  fire 
of  1871  the  owners  of  property  with  practically  no 
insurance  money  to  rebuild  were  obliged  to  mortgage 
their  holdings  to  put  their  property  in  shape  to  earn 
incomes  and  it  is  not  so  very  long  ago  that  these  mort- 
gages and  debts  were  liquidated  and  their  properties 
cleared.  ^  ou  can  not  convince  an  old  Chicago  cit- 
izen that  he  is  in  a  better  financial  condition  with  a 
mortgage  upon  his  property  than  he  would  be  with- 
out the  incumbrance,  or  that  a  city  is  more  prosper- 
ous because  of  a  large  bond  issue.  America  is  the 
greatest  country  on  the  face  of  the  globe  not  because 
she  has  the  largest  national  debt,  but  because  she  has 
the  smallest  national  debt.  Bond  issues  are  a  drain 
upon  the  income  of  an  individual  as  well  as  upon  the 
revenue  of  a  municipality.  I  am  decidedly  opposed 
to  shifting  upon  the  next  generation  an  indebtedness 
you  had  not  the  courage  or  honesty  to  meet.  I  call 
it  contemptible  and  cowardly;  pay  your  bills  as  you 
go;  if  you  have  not  the  money  on  hand  for  pressing 
needs,  get  it  in  hand  before  you  spend  it;  keep  your 
City  in  repair  by  revenue  only  and  impress  upon  the 


officials  whose  duty  it  is  to  provide  and  collect  reve- 
nue that  they  secure  all  the  revenue  the  law  contem- 
plates and  from  the  sources  you  know  to  be  equitable 
and  fair.  My  theory  is,  a  city  should  as  carefully 
avoid  bond  issues  as  an  individual  endeavors  to  avoid 
mortgaging  his  holdings;  revenue  and  income  is  what 
a  city  and  the  individual  needs,  not  bond  issues  (a  la 
Yerkes)  to  eat  into  and  reduce  net  incomes. 

The  Chicago  citizen,  generally  speaking,  is  prac- 
tical and  upon  most  propositions  he  votes  wisely  and 
well.  The  citizens  of  Chicago  have  overcome  many 
obstacles;  the  City  is  gradually  but  surely  growing 
better  every  year.  There  are  many  reforms  and  im- 
provements yet  to  be  made  and  I  am  optimistic 
enough  to  believe  that  they  will  be  made.  Our 
method  of  taxation  is  constantly  improving  and  if 
politics  could  only  be  eliminated  when  this  question 
is  being  considered  it  would  make  much  faster  strides 
forward.  Still  we  have  made  some  little  headway, 
for  Chicago  has  outlived  and  overcome  the  vicious 
system  of  Town  assessment  boards  and  is  now  trying 
to  impro\e  upon  her  improved  system  of  taxation. 
Taxation  is  a  necessary  evil  and  has  been  such  from 
the  first  formation  of  recognized  governmental  organ- 
ization. The  great  problem  is  and  always  has  been 
how  can  this  evil  be  best  regulated  and  made  least 
burdensome  and  most  equitable.  Unjust  taxation 
and  the  rapacious  greed  and  methods  of  tax  gather- 
ers was  one  of  the  principal  causes  of  the  downfall 
of  the  Roman  Empire,  the  same  causes  brought 
about  the  American  Revolution.  In  every  country 
and  at  all  times  it  has  been  the  cause  of  much  tur- 
moil, violent  uprisings  and  has  brought  ruin  and  de- 
struction to  whole  communities.  A  just  tax  would 
be  hard  to  prescribe  and  to  levy  and  collect  such  a 
tax  during  the  present  generation  would  be  almost 
the  impossible. 

An  absolutely  fair  tariff  act  (and  I  have  had  prac- 
tical experience  in  administering  the  law  under  four 
different  acts)  has  never  been  placed  upon  the  stat- 
ute books  and  in  my  opinion  never  will  be.  A  rev- 
enue system  for  our  local  government  equitable  and 
satisfactory  to  all  interests  has  not  yet  been  found. 


51 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


for  in  all  communities  it  has  been  opposed  by  the 
spirit  of  aggression,  oppression,  self-interest  and  m- 
justice.  Marcus  Licinius  Crassus,  the  great  friend 
of  Caesar  and  the  wealthiest  Roman  of  his  day,  Plu- 
tarch tells  us  accumulated  the  greater  part  of  his  for- 
tune from  war  and  fines,  making  public  misfortunes 
the  source  of  his  wealth.  "Observmg  the  accidents 
that  were  indigenous  and  familiar  at  Roman  confla- 
grations and  tumbling  down  of  houses  owing  to  their 
weight  and  crowded  state,  he  bought  slaves  who  were 
architects  and  builders.  Having  got  these  slaves  to 
the  number  of  more  than  five  hundred  it  was  his  prac- 
tice to  buy  up  houses  on  fire,  for  the  owner  owing  to 
fear  and  uncertainty  would  sell  them  at  a  low  price, 
the  slaves  would  set  to  work  and  extmguish  the  fire 
and  Crassus  at  small  cost  would  repair  the  damage, 
and  thus  the  greatest  part  of  Rome  fell  into  the 
hands  of  Crassus." 

I  am  sorry  to  say  that  the  spirit  of  Crassus  is  not 
entirely  extinct  today.  If  he  were  alive  he  would  be 
one  of  the  many  asking  that  taxes  be  assessed  upon 
the  amount  he  paid  the  owner  of  the  burning  build- 
ings. While  this  character  of  citizen  still  exists  who 
seeks  to  escape  paying  his  just  share  of  governmental 
cost,  I  sincerely  believe  it  to  be  true  that  the  great  ma- 
jority of  objections  made  is  not  because  of  the  tax 
nor  the  amount  but  because  the  individual  thinks  his 
share  proportionally  is  greater  than  his  neighbor.  I 
am  sure  the  large  majority  of  our  citizens  are  willing 
to  pay  their  share  of  the  taxes  to  maintain  our  City, 
but  with  some  justice  do  they  rebel  against  paying 
$200.00  when  their  neighbor  with  probably  double 
the  value  and  more  elegant  furnishings  is  taxed  but 
$100.00.  How  can  the  Board  of  Assessors  equal- 
ize the  assessment  throughout  Chicago  unless  some 
plan  IS  adopted  for  comparison  of  all  assessments 
which  is  not  possible  under  the  present  system  and 
within  the  time  taken  to  make  assessments?  Under 
the  present  custom  the  Board  of  Review  can  give 
but  slight  consideration  to  the  whole  assessment 
and  the  inequalities  still  remain.  As  the  late 
Mr.  Galloway  truly  said,  as  now  conducted 
the  Assessors  and  Board  of  Review  are  like 
football  teams,  kept  on  the  rush  for  a  short  season 
and  then  laid  off  for  the  next  year.  The  Assessors 
rush  the  ball  one  way  and  the  Reviewers  the  other, 
neither  giving  heed  to  the  other  while  the  great  body 
of  taxpayers  stand  on  the  side  lines  yelling  and  gen- 


erally ignorant  of  the  rules  of  the  game  though  they 
pay  the  bills. 

Still  with  this  great  handicap  and  even  under  this 
old  habit  of  rushing  the  assessment  each  year  and 
the  wear  and  tear  upon  the  grey  matter  of  the  mem- 
bers of  the  Board  of  Review  we  have  progressed. 
The  increase  in  assessed  value  of  personal  property 
since  the  passage  of  the  Juul  law  in  1 898  from  thirty 
millions  to  one  hundred  millions  shows  that  we  have 
made  headway  and  I  would  like  to  ask  the  oppo- 
nents of  the  personal  property  tax  what  system  can 
they  advocate  to  take  its  place  and  produce  a  like 
revenue.  If  the  advance  we  have  made  can  be  done 
under  this  rushing  process,  what  an  advance  could 
be  made  if  it  was  discontinued ;  the  law  was  designed 
expressly  to  avoid  this  trouble;  why  not  follow  the 
intent  of  the  law? 

To  bring  about  a  fair  assessment  of  realty  is  a  dif- 
ficult proposition  and  to  search  out  the  amount  of 
personal  property  which  should  be  assessed  and  then 
fairly  assess  it  under  our  present  system  is  much  more 
difficult,  but  the  greatest  difficulty  of  all  is  to  suggest 
a  remedy  that  will  cure  and  there  are  as  many  dif- 
ferent prescriptions  for  our  ills  as  there  are  M.  D.'s 
in  the  community. 

In  lieu  of  a  personal  property  tax  the  "habitation 
tax"  certainly  has  some  merit.  This  tax  suggested 
by  Professor  Taussig  of  Harvard  University  to  the 
Massachusetts  Tax  Commission,  provided  for  the 
levying  of  a  tax  on  all  persons  occupying  dwellings 
of  an  annual  rental  of  more  than  $400,  at  the  rate 
of  ten  per  cent  on  the  excess  of  rental  value  over  that 
sum.  The  act  of  the  Province  of  Ontario  providing 
for  a  "business  assessment"  of  25  to  75  per  cent  on 
the  value  of  the  property  occupied  or  used  for  bus- 
iness purposes,  such  assessment  to  be  computed  by 
reference  to  the  assessed  value  of  the  land  so  occu- 
pied. This  IS  irrespective  of  any  assessment  of  land; 
this  also  has  some  strong  features,  and  recommenda- 
tion, but  in  both  of  these  methods  the  correct  rentals 
and  honest  values  must  be  ascertained  and  the  ques- 
tion is  here  as  with  our  method,  will  the  law  be  con- 
scientiously carried  out  and  will  honest  values  be  re- 
turned and  made. 

I  am  sure  that  every  one  will  admit  that  the  basis 
of  a  fair  and  equal  assessment  must  be  the  correct 
and  complete  listing  of  property  subject  to  taxa- 
tion.    Under  our  present  system  more  or  less  prop- 


52 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


erty  escapes  taxation;  although  the  law  requires  the 
scheduling  of  personal  property,  the  law  is  not  en- 
forced as  the  only  penalty  of  disobeying  the  law  is 
an  increased  assessment,  a  small  penalty  and  not  car- 
ried out  to  any  great  extent.  In  my  opinion  every 
resident  should  be  required  to  furnish  the  Assessors 
with  a  complete  list  of  all  his  property,  personal  and 
real.  Failure  to  file  such  a  list  should  be  punished  by 
a  heavy  fine  or  some  other  more  stringent  method  used 
to  compel  the  filing  of  a  complete  list  of  all  taxable 
property.  If  this  could  be  brought  about  and  all  the 
personal  and  real  property  of  the  residents  of  Chi- 
cago were  properly  listed  and  taxed  and  the  City 
received  only  its  share  and  a  fair  compensation  from 
the  companies  enjoying  or  asking  franchises  from 
the  City,  and  the  Legislature  brought  to  see  the  in- 
justice of  exempting  from  taxation  by  the  City  of 
Chicago  of  all  the  valuable  railroad  termi- 
nals within  the  City,  or  in  other  words  to  give 
Chicago  what  properly  and  fairly  belongs  to 
her,  the  amount  of  revenue  would  be  increased  to 
such  an  extent  that  there  could  be  no  cry  for  an  in- 
creased bond  issue  and  lack  of  revenue,  but  instead 
the  City  would  be  so  overburdened  with  riches  that 
every  street  and  alley  could  be  paved  with  the  most 
extravagent  pavement  at  the  City's  expense  and  spe- 
cial assessments  abolished.  Even  under  the  present 
mode  and  this  year's  assessments,  Chicago  should  be, 
can  be  and  I  am  sure  will  be  made  a  City  beautiful. 


Now  in  closing  I  will  say  I  heartily  endorse  Prof. 
Merriam's  suggestion  for  a  Central  Body  of  Control 
to  insure  unity  of  action  in  regard  to  revenue  and  ex- 
penditure but  I  think  you  will  agree  with  me,  admit- 
ting our  laws  are  not  perfect  and  in  many  ways  can 
be  improved,  still  the  fault  does  not  wholly  lie  there 
but  also  to  a  large  extent  with  a  spirit  uppermost  in 
many  minds  to  evade  or  overcome  the  real  meaning 
and  intent  of  our  laws  and  I  will  say  further  that  no 
greater  work  can  be  done  than  to  preach  strict  ob- 
servance of  the  law  and  then  be  sure  to  practice  what 
you  preach. 

The  first  suggestion  I  think  on  record  by  any  man 
for  the  establishment  in  each  or  our  collegiate  insti- 
tutions of  a  professorship  to  occupy  a  chair  of  integ- 
rity for  the  teaching  of  that  ancient  and  important  ac- 
complishment HONESTY,  was  contained  in  an 
address  by  the  late  Hon.  Wm.  B.  Ogden,  an  old  and 
respected  citizen  of  Chicago  before  the  Trustees  of 
the  Old  Chicago  University.  I  know  of  no  such 
chair  in  any  of  our  present  day  colleges  and  I  heart- 
ily second  his  suggestion.  Such  a  professorship 
might  be  able  to  impress  upon  the  rising  generation, 
using  some  of  the  recent  exposures  in  the  Insurance 
world  and  other  lines,  that  no  matter  what  walk  of 
life  a  young  man  may  choose  to  follow,  that  honesty, 
pure  and  unadulterated,  is  the  only  SAFE  and  sure 
principle  to  follow  if  he  anticipates  to  pass  the  clos- 
ing years  of  his  life  in  a  SAFE  and  contented  man- 
ner and  free  from  all  regrets. 


3UC 


Subdivisions  and  Their  Development 


Henry  G.  Zander  of  Koester  &  Zander 


THE  subdivision  is  the  first  step  in  the  expansion 
of  the  city.  From  the  time  when  the  first  plat 
of  our  city  was  filed,  until  the  present  day, 
the  subdivider  has  been  the  pioneer  in  its  expansion, 
buying  the  vacant  area  on  the  outskirts  of  the  grow- 
ing city  and  developing  same  according  to  the  de- 
mand of  the  growing  population  and  not  infrequently 
far  beyond  the  immediate  necessity. 

The   first    Chicago   subdivision    (Kinzie's   Addi- 
tion) was  filed  for  record  February  22,   1833,  over 


four  years  before  the  map  of  the  "Town  of  Chicago" 
was  filed  on  May  30,  1837.  The  canal  commission- 
ers were  authorized  to  lay  out  subdivisions  m  canal 
lands  in  1829,  and  either  in  the  fall  of  that  year  or 
in  the  spring  of  1 830  the  original  town  was  platted. 
The  earliest  sale  of  lots  was  in  1 830  but  it  was  not 
until  1837  that  the  plat  was  recorded.  In  the  mean- 
time three  subdivisions  or  additions  had  been  laid 
out — Kinzie's  in  1833,  Russell,  Mather  &  Roberts' 
was  filed  on  January  22,   1 835  and  Wolcott's  on 


53 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


July  2,  1835.  The  official  record  therefore  shows 
the  subdivider  to  have  preceded  even  the  official 
platting  of  the  original  town. 

The  development  of  the  city  may  well  be  traced 
by  the  recorded  history  of  its  subdivisions.  The 
carefully  planned  residence  district  of  a  few  years 
ago  is  the  business  or  factory  section  of  today.  The 
spirit  of  progress  has  driven  the  residences  further  and 
further  from  the  center  of  the  city,  giving  the  subdi- 
vider full  opportunity  for  the  display  of  his  ingenu- 
ity. The  treeless  prairie,  sand  hills  and  swamps  sur- 
rounding original  Chicago  had  very  little  of  natural 
beauty.  The  homey  park-like  appearance  had  to  be 
created  from  a  barren  waste. 

To  the  credit  of  the  early  subdivider  be  it  said 
that  his  first  thought  was  trees,  and  this  is  true  to  the 
present  day.  The  nursery  man  nearly  invariably  fol- 
lows the  surveyor.  When  it  is  decided  that  the  farm 
is  ready  to  be  turned  into  a  subdivision  and  the  pre- 
liminary steps  of  determining  width  of  streets  and  al- 
leys, size  and  frontage  of  lots,  have  been  completed ; 
trees  and  shrubs  are  set  out  and  the  plowed  fields 
sowed  in  grass.  Streets  are  graded,  side-walks  laid 
and  in  very  many  instances  all  of  the  underground 
work,  such  as  sewer,  water  and  gas  mains,  are  laid, 
"stubbed"  into  the  lots  and  the  streets  paved.  Ex- 
perience has  taught  the  subdivider  to  safeguard  his 
interests  by  prescribing  building  lines  and  m  many  in- 
stances restricting  the  occupancy,  in  fact  very  few 
subdivisions  are  filed  today  without  restrictions  of 
some  kind.  In  recent  years  the  subdivider  has 
sought  to  establish  the  character  of  the  neighbor- 
hood by  erecting  the  first  buildings,  and  conveying 
the  vacant  only  upon  conditions  prescribing  the  cost 
and  nature  of  the  improvements. 

Subdivision  building  is  divided  into  two  classes, 
that  which  is  done  with  the  view  of  developing  the 
land  and  that  which  is  done  with  the  view  of  profit 
on  the  building  only. 


The  larger  operator  in  subdivisions  today  confines 
himself  mainly  to  building  with  the  view  of  develop- 
ing the  land,  and  makes  his  profit  out  of  the  en- 
hanced value  of  the  remaining  vacant.  This  plan 
is  feasible  only  with  a  tract  of  considerable  size,  pref- 
erably in  an  undeveloped  district  where  the  establish- 
ment of  desirable  surroundings,  will  not  only  make 
the  subdivision  easily  marketable  but  largely  enhance 
its  value.  There  have  been  many  pronounced  suc- 
cesses in  this  line  of  work  and  more  failures.  In 
building  a  house  for  sale  a  number  of  things  must  be 
taken  into  consideration.  First  an  attractive  exterior 
is  absolutely  necessary.  The  interior  must  be  so  ar- 
ranged as  to  suit  the  greatest  number  of  people. 
While  it  IS  important  that  the  builder  and  architect 
work  as  much  of  their  individuality  as  possible  into 
each  building,  great  care  is  necessary  to  avoid  any- 
thing bordering  upon  the  eccentric. 

If  an  interior  is  worked  out  that  seems  to  meet  the 
requirements  of  the  greatest  number  of  people  in  the 
locality  being  developed,  great  care  must  be  taken 
to  avoid  duplication  of  exterior  design  and  this  is  by 
no  means  an  easy  matter.  It  does  not  require  a  build- 
ing expert  to  pick  out  the  work  of  the  same  architect 
in  a  row  of  houses.  No  matter  how  competent  he 
may  be  or  how  different  his  plans  look  upon  paper, 
there  is  a  similarity  in  little  things  which  must  be 
avoided.  For  that  reason  several  architects  are  em- 
ployed to  design  exteriors,  which  confine  them  to  the 
same  general  floor  plan. 

Articles  in  magazines  and  newspapers,  "plan- 
books,"  sold  at  a  moderate  price,  and  particularly 
the  opportunity  to  examine  a  great  many  buildings 
offered  for  sale,  has  made  the  average  home  seeker 
an  excellent  judge.  He  or  she,  and  generally  the 
wife  is  the  best  posted,  have  learned  of  the  pitfalls  of 
poor  construction.  They  inquire  and  examine 
closely  and  woe  to  the  continued  prosperity  of  the 
builder  who  attempts  to  cover  up,  with  paint  or 
fresco,  defective  or  shoddy  construction. 


54 


A     HALF    CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


Deals  Halted  by  Taxes 


^y  Edgar  M.  Snow 


IN    the  multiplicity   of  details  that   constitute  the 
various  elements  in  real  estate  transactions,  no 
one  item,  other  than  the  price,  contributes  to  the 
upsettmg  of  real  estate  sales  so  much  as  the  matter 
of  taxes. 

The  usual  procedure  is  to  leave  this  important 
matter  unadjusted  until  the  last  moment,  after  weeks, 
or  perhaps  months,  have  been  spent  by  the  buyer  and 
seller  in  getting  together  upon  the  other  features  of 
the  transaction. 

This  is  due,  perhaps,  to  the  thought  of  each  that 
the  other  will  not  let  "the  little  matter  of  taxes" 
break  the  deal,  after  all  other  matters  have  been  un- 
derstood and  agreed  to,  or  perhaps  it  is  because  each, 
being  in  doubt  as  to  how  to  approach  the  matter,  in 
the  absence  of  a  correct  understanding  of  the  sub- 
ject, procrastinates  until  a  time  ^\'hen  the  subject 
must  be  met. 

Taxes  becomes  a  hen  upon  the  first  day  of  April. 
They  are  assessed  in  June,  and  are  acted  upon  by  the 
board  of  review  in  September,  and  by  the  board  of 
equalization  at  Springfield  in  October.  The  col- 
lector's books  are  then  made  up  in  November  and 
December  and  are  turned  over  to  the  county  col- 
lector in  December  or  January,  and  taxes  may  be 
paid  without  penalty  to  May  1  following,  but  be- 
come in  default  from  May  1 ,  and  are  advertised  in 
May  or  June,  and  judgment  thereon  is  taken  in  the 
county  court  in  July.  The  tax  sale  commences  thirty 
days  after  judgment,  which  is  around  August  15, 
and  the  tax  sale  continues  until  all  the  property 
delinquent  is  disposed  of — either  sold  or  forfeited. 

Now,  the  occasion  of  the  disagreement  which  the 
matter  of  taxes  causes  is  more  particularly  because 
there  is  no  uniformity'  of  understanding  as  to  the 
period  for  which  any  year's  taxes  apply,  and  there 
IS,  perhaps,  no  specific  law  fixing  it. 

Many  persons  suppose  that  they  apply  from  May 
I  of  the  year  in  which  they  are  assessed  to  May  1 
of  the  following  year;  first,  for  the  reason  that  until 
a  comparatively  recent  date  taxes  became  a  lien 
upon  May  1  :  and,  second,  because  they  may  be  paid 
without  penalty  until  May  I  the  following  year;  and. 


thud,  because  leases  more  generally  run  from  May 
to  May. 

Others  suppose  that  taxes  apply  from  April  I  to 
April  I  on  the  theory  that  April  I  is  the  date  upon 
which  taxes  becomes  a  lien. 

But  the  consensus  of  opinion  among  lawyers  and 
and  real  estate  men  is  that  taxes  apply  from  Jan.  I 
of  the  year  in  which  they  become  a  lien,  to  Jan.  I 
of  the  following  year. 

It  IS  to  this  confusion  as  to  what  period  taxes 
apply  that  the  difficulty  exists  in  getting  buyer  and 
seller  together  on  the  matter  of  taxes. 

Generally  speaking,  it  might  be  said  to  be  the 
custom  that  if  a  sale  is  negotiated  earlier  in  the  year 
than  July  I ,  the  purchaser  assumes  the  general  taxes 
for  that  year,  but  even  prior  to  that  date,  it  is  fre- 
quently difficult  or  impossible  to  induce  buyers  to 
do  so. 

After  July  I ,  and  for  a  period  of  perhaps  three 
months  thereafter,  buyers  usually  urge  that  the  seller 
shall  pay  all  the  way  from  one-half  the  taxes  to  all 
the  taxes  for  the  year,  and  after  Oct.  1  buyers  are 
disposed  to  insist  that  the  seller  shall  pay  the  whole 
tax  for  the  year,  though  this  latter  is  by  no  means 
always  conceded  by  the  seller. 

Such,  in  a  general  way,  might  be  said  to  be  the 
practice,  though  the  experience  and  observation  of 
different  brokers  may  vary  some  in  this  regard. 

If  it  were  universally  conceded  that  the  taxes  of 
any  given  year  apply  from  January  to  January,  it 
would  appear  that  little  difficulty  would  be  experi- 
enced to  establish  a  custom  that  the  seller  shall  pay 
the  taxes  for  that  proportion  of  the  year  during 
which  he  recenes  the  income  from  the  property,  and 
that  the  purchaser  shall  pay  for  the  remainder  of 
the  year. 

In  the  absence  of  this  definite  undertsandmg  as  to 
just  what  period  taxes  apply,  and  with  the  various 
contentions  that  they  apply  from  January,  April,  or 
May,  sellers  making  a  sale  prior,  for  example,  to 
July  I,  often  contend  either  that  the  purchaser  shall 
assume  the  taxes  for  the  whole  year,  or,  in  any  event, 
that  the  seller  should  be  called  upon  to  pay  the  taxes 
for  but  two  or  three  months,  depending  upon  the 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


seller's  notion  as  to  whether  taxes  apply  from  April  1 
or  May  1 .  The  purchaser,  claiming,  perhaps,  that 
they  apply  from  Jan.  1 ,  demands  that  the  seller  pay 
for  SIX  months. 

In  the  case  of  vacant  property  the  seller  should 
pay  the  taxes  for  that  proportion  of  the  year  that 
applies  prior  to  the  date  of  the  contract  of  sale — that 
is,  from  the  date  the  bargain  is  made — and  the  pur- 
chaser the  proportion  of  the  year  thereafter. 


The  difficulty  in  having  adjudicated  how  taxes 
apply  is,  perhaps,  m  part  due  to  the  fact  that  the 
fiscal  year  of  the  different  taxing  bodies  whose  levies 
go  to  make  up  the  total  taxes  is  from  different  dates, 
whereas  the  fiscal  year  of  all  taxing  bodies  should  be 
uniform  and  correspond  to  the  calendar  year.  This 
lack  of  uniformity  of  dates  of  the  various  taxing 
bodies  is  one  of  the  many  arguments  in  favor  of  their 
consolidation. 


The  Relation  of  Insurance  to 
Substantial  Building 


^y  Herbert  Darlington 


NOWHERE  is  the  relative  value  of  an  ounce 
of  prevention  greater  than  in  the  precautions 
taken  to  protect  our  modern  buildings  and 
their  contents  from  the  ever-present  danger  of  de- 
struction by  fire;  and  it  is  an  essential  function  of 
a  properly  equipped  insurance  office  to  co-operate 
with  property  owners  and  their  representatives  to 
this  end.  The  average  life  of  a  Chicago  building 
can  no  longer  be  estimated  at  twenty  years;  but 
we  cannot  build  for  permanency  unless  we  safeguard 
our  structures  against  the  most  destructive  of  the 
elements. 

And  nowhere  is  the  high  class  of  trained  expert 
advice  available  without  expense  as  in  the  matter  of 
fire  protection.  The  evolution  of  modern  industrial 
activities  requires  the  constant  adaptation  of  build- 
ings to  conditions  forever  changing;  new  processes 
are  being  introduced,  new  hazards  are  created,  and 
new  safety  devices  are  brought  forward  daily.  The 
Underwriters'  Laboratories  maintain  a  paid  force 
to  investigate  these  hazards  and  these  devices,  and 
thoroughness  and  impartiality  give  scientific  value  to 
their  conclusions.  No  architect  and  no  underwriter, 
personally,  can  always  keep  abreast  of  the  very  latest 
knowledge,  during  the  present  period  of  substantial 
progress  in  so  many  of  these  lines ;  but  a  modern  in- 
surance office,  if  properly  equipped  for  its  ultimate 
purpose,  will  have  experts  in  the  different  branches, 
and  be  able  to  give  every  possible  assistance  to  build- 
ers, to  the  end  that  our  modern  structures  shall  be  as  , 


free  from  the  danger  of  fire  as  human  foresight  can 
provide;  and  be  ready  to  promote  and  encourage 
every  device  for  safety,  to  the  end  that  the  cost  of 
indemnity  shall  be  as  small  a  tax  on  the  community 
as  the  financial  permanency  of  the  Insurance  Com- 
panies will  warrant.  The  wise  are  always  alert  to 
learn  from  any  source,  and  the  competent  architect 
of  today  is  not  deterred  by  a  misplaced  professional 
pride  from  availing  himself  of  the  valuable  assist- 
ance of  the  Underwriter,  whose  practical  experi- 
ence in  his  own  broad  field  is  at  his  service,  gratuit- 
ously. 

The  theory,  once  boldly  announced,  that  the 
underwriter  should  charge  for  the  hazard  as  he 
finds  it,  that  he  has  no  responsibility  for  dangerous 
conditions — no  concern  about  the  conservation  of 
this  important  part  of  the  wealth  of  the  country — is 
as  shocking  today  as  would  be  a  parallel  claim  by 
the  medical  profession,  that  they  should  deal  only 
with  cures,  and  not  interest  themselves  m  causes  and 
prevention  of  disease.  Like  the  physician,  the  un- 
derwriter owes  a  duty  to  his  country  and  to  human- 
ity which  he  cannot  avoid,  and  which  he  does  not 
seek  to  evade. 

The  frank  co-operation  between  the  architect  and 
the  underwriter,  which  is  such  a  gratifying  feature 
of  present  construction  work,  affords  grounds  for 
sincere  faith  that  the  Chicago  of  the  future  will  be 
not  only  the  City  Beautiful,  but  also  the  Beautiful 
City  Permanent. 


56 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


Libraries  and  lyfuseums 


^y    NORMAND    S.    PaTTON 


IN  the  development  of  a  new  community,  the 
foundmg  of  libraries  and  museums  is  not  to  be 
expected  in  the  early  years,  and  the  erection  of 
suitable  buildings  for  such  institutions  must  await  the 
growth  of  the  institutions  and  the  accumulation  of  a 
certain  amount  of  public  and  private  wealth.  It  is 
not  surprising,  therefore,  that  all  the  library  and  mu- 
seum buildings  of  note  in  Chicago  have  been  erected 
within  the  past  twenty  years  and,  that  some  of  the 
most  notable  exist  as  yet  only  in  the  architects'  de- 
signs. 

Previous  to  the  great  fire  of  1 87 1  there  were  only 
two  libraries  open  to  the  public  in  Chicago.  One  of 
these  was  that  of  the  Young  Men's  Christian  Asso- 
ciation organized  in  1841.  The  other  was  the  Chi- 
cago Historical  Society  library,  founded  in  1 856. 
The  latter  institution  had  its  collection  of  100,000 
books,  manuscripts  and  pamphlets,  destroyed  by  the 
great  fire  of  1871,  and  the  beginnings  of  a  second 


collection  burned  in  the  fire  of  1874.  A  third  col- 
lection was  begun  in  1877,  which  in  1890  was 
placed  in  the  fireproof  building  on  the  corner  of 
Dearborn  Avenue  and  Ontario  Street.  This  build- 
ing, designed  by  Architect  Henry  Ives  Cobb,  has  an 
exterior  of  Aberdeen  red  granite  in  the  Romanesque 
style,  and  an  interior  in  which  there  is  no  combustible 
material  either  in  construction  or  furniture.  The  cost 
of  the  building  was  $190,000. 

The  Chicago  Historical  Society  was  organized 
"to  collect  and  preserve  the  materials  of  history,  and 
to  spread  historical  information  especially  concerning 
the  Northwestern  States."  This  purpose  has  been 
extended  to  cover  the  Mississippi  Valley. 

The  main  hall  of  the  building,  two  stories  in 
height,  IS  devoted  to  portraits  and  relics  of  the  rep- 
resentatives of  the  French  regime  in  the  Mississippi 
Valley.  Here  is  a  fireplace  built  of  relics  of  the 
great  fire — stones  taken  from  the  old  Illinois  Cen- 


CHlC.XCiO   IllbToKIC.M-  SOCIKTN 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


tral  Depot,  Cook  County  Court  House,  and  the 
Nixon  Building.  On  the  right  of  the  entrance  is  the 
John  Crerar  Hall,  the  lecture  room  of  the  society. 
The  library  contains  manuscripts,  books,  maps  and 
newspapers  relating  to  the  early  history  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi Valley,  and  other  historical  relics,  now  placed 
beyond  all  peril  from  fire  and  made  accessible  to  the 
public. 

The  Chicago  Public  Library 

There  is  no  telling  how  long  the  founding  of  the 
Chicago  Public  Library  might  have  been  delayed 
had  not  the  calamity  of  the  great  fire  aroused  the 
sympathy  of  Thomas  Hughes  of  England,  the  fa- 
mous author  of  "Tom  Brown's  School  Days."  Mr. 
Hughes  and  those  associated  with  him  made  an  ap- 
peal to  authors,  publishers,  scientific  societies,  and 
literary  institutions  of  Great  Britain,  which  resulted 
in  the  donation  of  about  7,000  volumes.  These 
books,  each  of  which  bore  a  book  plate  stating  that  it 
was  presented  to  the  City  of  Chicago  toward  the  for- 
mation of  a  free  library  after  the  great  fire  of  1 87 1  — 
as  a  mark  of  English  sympathy,  formed  the  nucleus 
of  the  Chicago  Public  Library.  For  a  period  of 
twenty-five  years,  the  library  occupied  various  quar- 
ters meanwhile  increasing  rapidly  in  size  and  repu- 
tation. In  September,  1897,  it  moved  into  its  present 
magnificent  building,  which  occupies  the  entire  front- 
age on  Michigan  Avenue,  from  Washington  to  Ran- 
dolph Streets,  and  extending  back  to  Garland  Court 
on  the  west.  The  extreme  dimensions  are  3521/2  x 
146  1-3  ft.,  and  the  height  from  the  sidewalk  to  the 
top  of  the  cornice  is  90  feet. 

The  design  is  in  a  renaissance  style  of  markedly 
Greek  character  by  Shepley,  Rut^n  and  Coolidge, 
Architects.  The  exterior  is  of  Bedford  limestone 
with  a  granite  base  and  the  foundation  rests  on  piles 
driven  to  a  depth  of  74  feet  below  the  sidewalk. 

The  entrances  are  on  the  ends  of  the  building. 
That  on  Washington  Street,  leads  directly  to  the 
main  staircase  hall  of  nearly  white  statuary  Carrara 
marble,  illummated  by  sparkhng  mlays  and  panels 
of  glass  mosaic,  mother  of  pearl  and  shells.  The 
mosaic  floors  are  of  marble.  A  magnificent  marble 
stairway  leads  to  the  upper  floors. 

The  delivery  room  on  the  second  floor,  and  ex- 
tending across  the  whole  width  of  the  building,  is 
1 34  by  48  feet  in  size,  with  a  vaulted  ceiling  and  a 
central  dome  of  stained  glass. 


The  books,  which  on  January  1,  1909,  numbered 
355,000  volumes,  and  60,000  unbound  pamphlets, 
are  stored  in  steel  book  stacks  with  glass  floors. 
These  stacks  open  direcdy  from  the  delivery  room. 

The  floor  above  the  stacks  is  occupied  by  the  ref- 
erence and  reading  rooms.  The  former,  1 38  feet 
long,  38  feet  wide  and  30  feet  high,  with  accommo- 
dations for  225  readers,  is  situated  on  the  east  front 
of  the  building  and  directly  connected  with  the  stack 
below  by  means  of  automatic  electric  lifts. 

The  north  entrance,  from  Randolph  Street,  leads 
to  the  Grand  Army  Memorial  Hall  on  the  second 
floor,  and  to  the  great  Periodical  and  Newspaper 
Reading  Rocm  on  the  fourth  floor.  This  reading 
room  IS  1 42  feet  long  and  55  feet  wide,  seating  450 
readers.  It  occupies  the  entire  north  front  of  the 
building  and  adjoins  the  reading  and  reference  room, 
previously  mentioned. 

In  addition  to  these  main  rooms,  there  are  ample 
rooms  for  administrative  purposes,  storage  of  public 
documents,  books  for  the  blind,  etc. 

In  a  room  on  the  upper  floor,  almost  unknown  to 
the  public,  IS  one  of  the  most  significant  evidences  of 
the  growing  national  position  of  Chicago.  The  geo- 
graphical location  of  this  city,  which  marks  it  as  the 
national  center  of  trade  and  manufactures,  marks  it 
also  as  a  center  of  art  and  learning  and  in  some  de- 
partments as  The  National  Center.  In  the  matter  of 
libraries,  Chicago  is  already  the  National  Head- 
quarters, for  the  room  referred  to  on  the  upper  floor 
of  the  Public  Library  is  the  headquarters  of  the 
American  Library  Association,  removed  here  from 
Boston  in  September,  1909. 

The  construction  of  the  Chicago  Public  Library 
building  IS  strictly  fireproof,  and  the  total  cost  was 
about  $2,125,000.  A  description  of  this  building 
IS  not  complete  without  a  comment  upon  the  interior 
decorations  which  mark  an  epoch  in  Chicago  archi- 
tecture by  their  rich  and  permanent  character.  The 
main  material  is  white  marble,  which  has  become  the 
standard  finish  for  our  down-town  buildings  where 
light  is  of  the  utmost  importance.  The  special  inno- 
vation in  this  library  is  the  inlaying  of  the  marble 
with  designs  in  mosaic  of  colored  glass,  mother  of 
pearl  and  semi-precious  stones,  that  add  richness  and 
brilliance  of  effect  without  detracting  from  the  gen- 
eral lightness  of  the  marble. 


58 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDINi 


Till-:  (iinAco  rriu.R-  i.inRAin 


■\&H1 


T    I!.    I'.I.Al  KSIDNK   MKMOKI  \|.   I.1I•.U\K^ 


59 


A     HALF    CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


In  Europe  the  use  of  marble  and  mosaic  for  in- 
terior decoration  has  been  common  from  the  days  of 
ancient  Greece  and  Rome  to  the  present  time.  In 
this  country  such  materials  have  only  come  into  gen- 
eral use  in  connection  with  the  development  of  fire- 
proof buildings.  The  earlier  use  of  marble  in  the 
United  States  could  best  be  described  under  the  title 
of  "the  abuse  of  marble."  Therefore  it  is  a  matter 
of  interest  to  learn  the  impression  made  by  our  later 
Chicago  buildings  on  a  European  observer  familiar 
with  the  best  work  of  the  old  world. 

Dr.  A.  B.  Meyer,  the  distinguished  director  of 
The  Royal  Museum  in  Dresden,  Germany,  com- 
ments thus  on  the  general  arrangement,  construction 
and  decoration  of  the  Chicago  Public  Library: 

"In  Modern  Europe,  I  would  not  know  where  to 
find  anything  similar  in  this  line.  The  new  German 
library  buildings  certamly  cannot  compare  with  it. 
I  am  quite  unable,  within  the  limits  of  this  report,  to 
give  a  description  of  the  lavish  magnificence  here  dis- 
played. I  must  curtail  myself  with  saying  that  as 
a  whole  whatever  might  be  said  of  single  portions, 
the  structure  is  an  imposing  artistic  creation,  to  which 
justice  cannot  be  done  in  a  few  words." 

The  T.  B.  Blackstone  Memorial  Branch 
Library 

This  building,  erected  as  a  memorial  to  T.  B. 
Blackstone  and  presented  to  the  city  by  his  widow, 
is  said  to  be  the  most  beautiful  and  costly  library 
building  of  its  size  in  the  world.  It  is  notable  also 
as  marking  the  beginning  of  a  series  of  branch  libra- 
ries which  are  to  be  built  in  various  sections  of  the 
city  so  as  to  bring  the  great  collection  of  books  into 
closer  touch  with  the  people. 

This  branch  library,  located  at  the  intersection  of 
Lake  and  Washington  Avenues,  and  49th  Street,  is 
100  by  45  feet  in  size.  It  is  constructed  of  white 
granite  in  pure  Grecian  Ionic  style,  from  the  designs 
by  S.  S.  Beman,  Achitect. 

The  interior  contains  a  book  room  on  the  left,  with 
a  capacity  of  20,000  volumes,  a  reading  room  on  the 
right,  and  a  small  reading  room  at  the  rear,  all  open- 
ing from  a  rotunda  which  is  finished  in  Italian  stat- 
uary marble. 

The  interior  finish  is  of  the  finest  mahogany  and 
marble  and  the  book  stacks  are  of  bronze  with 
shelves  of  mahogany. 


Newberry  Library 

On  the  "North  Side"  of  the  city,  between  Clark 
Street  and  Dearborn  Avenue,  and  three-quarters  of 
a  mile  north  of  the  river,  is  Washington  Square. 
Facing  this  square  on  the  north  stands  a  build- 
ing of  pink  Milford,  Conn.,  granite,  Romanesque  in 
style,  massive,  dignified,  and  yet  graceful  in  design. 
This  is  the  Newberry  Library,  the  gift  to  the  city  of 
one  of  its  citizens,  Walter  Loomis  Newberry. 

Mr.  Newberry  died  in  1 868,  leaving  by  his  will 
one-half  of  his  property,  after  the  death  of  his  direct 
heirs,  for  a  free  public  library  in  the  northern  part  of 
the  city.  After  the  direct  heir  died  in  1885,  the 
property  amounted  to  over  two  million  dollars. 

The  Newberry  Library  is  solely  for  works  of  ref- 
erence. In  1896,  a  scheme  of  co-operation  was  en- 
tered into  with  the  John  Crerar  Library,  by  which  the 
Newberry  books  on  science  and  the  useful  arts  were 
transferred  to  the  Crerar  Library  and  the  two 
libraries  arranged  to  cover  the  field  jointly. 

The  arrangement  of  the  building  is  somewhat  un- 
usual, in  that  the  books  on  each  subject  are  placed  in 
a  separate  room,  with  space  for  the  readers  immedi- 
ately adjacent.  This  scheme  was  laid  out  by  the 
librarian,  Mr.  W.  F.  Poole,  and  the  design  of  the 
building  by  Henry  Ives  Cobb,  Architect. 

The  present  building,  erected  in  1 890,  and  which 
is  but  one  wing  of  the  ultimate  design,  cost  $545,000 
and  has  a  shelving  capacity  of  a  million  volumes. 

The  John  Crerar  Library 

The  latest  established  of  the  free  public  libraries 
of  Chicago  owes  its  existence  to  the  bequest  of  the 
late  John  Crerar,  for  many  years  a  prominent  citi- 
zen of  this  city. 

Mr.  Crerar  died  in  1 889,  leaving  a  fund  estimated 
at  $2,500,000,  for  the  erection  of  a  library  building 
that  shall  be  "tasteful,  substantial  and  fireproof," 
and  a  collection  of  "books  and  periodicals  selected 
with  a  view  to  create  and  sustain  a  healthy,  moral 
and  Christian  sentiment  m  the  community."  The 
fund  has  increased  in  value  until  it  is  now  estimated 
at  $3,400,000. 

The  directors  of  the  library  adopted  at  the  outset 
the  policy  that  the  whole  of  the  bequest  was  not  too 
great  for  an  endowment  fund,  and  therefore  the  en- 
dowment should  not  be  encroached  upon  either  for 


60 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


land,  buildings,  or  books.  A  building  fund  was 
started  that  now  amounts  to  $900,000.  Because  of 
this  conservative  policy  of  the  directors,  the  building 
for  the  John  Crerar  Library  cannot  be  chronicled 
among  the  achievements  of  the  past  half  century;  but 
if  a  site  shall  be  secured  on  the  Lake  Front  Park, 
the  building  will  follow  not  long  after  the  publication 
of  this  book. 

Meanwhile,  the  library  has  been  started  in  the 
Marshall  Field  Building,  as  a  reference  library  to 
cover  such  departments  of  knowledge  as  are  not  fully 
covered  by  the  other  great  libraries.  The  books  now 
number  about  260,000  volumes. 

The  Chicago  Academy  of  Sciences 

In  the  year  1857,  an  association,  "to  promote  sci- 
ence," was  organized  under  the  name  of  "The  Chi- 
cago Academy  of  Natural  Sciences."  It  began  at 
once  to  make  collections,  but  in  the  great  fire  of  1871 
their  building,  supposed  to  be  fireproof,  was  de- 
stroyed. In  1891.  a  gift  was  obtained  of  $75,000 
from  Mr.  Matthew  Laflin,  of  Chicago,  to  which  the 
Lincoln  Park  Board  added  $25,000,  and  gave  a 
site  in  Lincoln  Park. 

The  $100,000  thus  obtained  was  put  into  the 
building  that  now  stands  in  Lincoln  Park,  facing 
Center  Street.  The  architects  chosen  were  the  Chi- 
cago firm  of  Patton  &  Fisher    (now  Patton  &  Mil- 


ler). The  small  amount  of  money  available  was 
sufficient  only  to  erect  the  present  building  133  feet 
long,  61  feet  wide  and  70  feet  high,  planned  so  that 
it  may  form  part  of  a  larger  structure. 

The  exterior  is  designed  in  the  Renaissance  style 
of  Bedford  limestone,  with  cornice  of  terra  cotta  and 
a  roof  of  red  tile.  The  construction  is  strictly  fire- 
proof. 

In  spite  of  its  small  style,  compared  with  the  mu- 
seums in  other  cities,  this  building  has  received  spe- 
cial commendation  from  Dr.  Meyer,  director  of  the 
Dresden  Museum,  on  account  of  the  rational  plan- 
ning by  the  architects  to  meet  the  needs  of  a  museum. 
Dr.  Meyer  remarks:  "Examples  are  odious,  but  it 
would  be  really  hard  to  mention  a  museum  at  the 
erection  of  which  the  proceedings  were  as  judicious 
as  at  the  erection  of  the  Academy  of  Sciences  in 
Chicago." 

The  first  floor  contains  the  library  at  one  end  and 
the  offices  of  the  Lincoln  Park  Commissioners  at  the 
other  end.  The  museum  proper  occupies  the  whole 
of  the  second  floor  and  consists  of  a  central  hall,  two 
stories  in  height,  surmounted  by  a  domed  ceiling  and 
lighted  from  above.  Surrounding  this  hall  on  all 
sides  IS  a  gallery  supported  by  columns  spaced  to  cor- 
respond with  the  exhibit  cases,  which  run  from  each 
column  to  the  outer  wall,  thus  dividing  the  space  be- 
low the  gallery  into  alcoves,  each  of  which  is  lighted 
by  a  broad  window. 


NEWBERRY   LIBR.\RY. 
61 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


The  space  in  the  gallery  is  similarly  divided  by 
low  cases  and  a  graceful  colonnade  supports  the 
domed  ceiling  of  the  central  hall.  The  gallery  rail- 
ing is  designed  to  carry,  as  a  part  of  its  structure, 
cases  in  the  form  of  a  counter. 

The  essential  feature  of  this  museum  design  is  that 
the  architects  first  determined  the  proper  length  and 
depth  of  the  exhibit  cases,  and  the  most  economical 
spacing  of  such  cases.  Then  with  these  dimensions 
as  a  unit  of  measure,  the  windows  on  the  exterior 
were  spaced  to  correspond  with  the  alcoves  formed 


erected  on  the  Lake  Front  opposite  the  end  of  Ad- 
ams Street.  This  building  was  constructed  in  con- 
nection with  the  "World's  Fair,"  which  contributed 
$200,000,  that  it  might  have  a  central  location  for 
the  holding  of  Congresses.  The  Art  Institute  gave 
$500,000  for  the  building  and  the  city  furnished  the 
site. 

The  building  was  designed  by  Shepley,  Rutan  & 
Coolidge,  Architects,  in  the  Italian  Renaissance 
style,  and  as  originally  built  was  350  feet  long  and 
225  feet  wide. 


THE  ART  INSTITUTE  OF  CHICAGO— JIAIN  ENTRANCE. 


by  these  cases,  and  the  columns  placed  opposite  the 
end  of  the  case.  Thus  the  exhibits  and  the  archi- 
tecture are  blended  into  one  design,  and  the  exhibits 
accentuate  the  architectural  details.  In  this  way  the 
exhibits  are  not  only  interesting  individually  but  help 
to  decorate  the  interior. 

Art  Institute 

The  "Art  Institute  of  Chicago,"  beginning  with 
an  art  school  founded  in  1866,  received  its  present 
name  in  1883.  In  1886  it  erected  a  museum  build- 
ing which  soon  became  too  small,  and  in  1 893  it  was 
sold  to  the  Chicago  Club  and  the  present  building 


The  exterior  is  of  Bedford  limestone.  The  broad 
steps  of  the  entrance  are  flanked  by  magnificent 
bronze  lions  by  E.  Kemeys.  The  building  contains 
two  lofty  stories  of  galleries  for  paintings,  sculpture 
and  other  works  of  art,  above  a  lofty  basement  de- 
voted to  the  art  school.  The  galleries  on  the  first 
floor,  devoted  to  sculpture,  are  lighted  by  windows, 
while  those  for  paintings  on  the  second  floor  are 
lighted  from  the  roof. 

Of  special  interest  from  an  architectural  point  of 
view  are  the  Fullerton  Memorial  Hall,  which  seats 
500   and   IS   used   for  lectures,    and     the     Ryerson 


62 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


M  \l.\     K.\  IK 


.-  I  I  I  I     II-,     II   \l    I       I  I  I'  MsiXi  .     MM     III 


INTKRIOK    \1K\V   UK    KVKKSON    LIltKAUI.    ART    INSTITITK.    lllUA(;o. 


r.3 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


Library,  which  contains  a  splendid  collection  of 
books  on  art. 

Another  notable  room  is  the  Blackstone  Hall  for 
architectural  casts,  208  feet  long,  58  feet  wide,  and 
33  feet  high,  where  are  displayed  full  size  casts  of 
many  interesting  details  of  European  buildings. 

This  collection  of  casts,  the  gift  of  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
T.  B.  Blackstone,  is  unique  in  this  country.  Some 
of  the  casts  are  35  feet  long  and  more  than  30  feet 


the  building  and  will  cost  probably  not  less  than 
$80,000. 

The  Art  School,  maintained  in  connection  with 
the  Art  Institute,  is  the  most  comprehensive  and  prob 
ably  the  largest  fine  art  school  in  the  United  States. 

In  concluding  this  description  of  the  Libraries  and 
Museums  of  Chicago,  we  quote  again  from  Prof. 
Meyer  of  Dresden.  He  says  of  Chicago:  "Its 
architecture  exhibits  more  evidence  of  an  American 


MAIN   STAIRWAY,  ART  IXSTITLITE. 


high.  The  largest  pieces  are  portals  of  the  cathedrals 
of  Bordeaux,  Charlieu,  and  St.  Gilles,  and  the  choir 
gallery  of  Limoges. 

The  various  additions  to  the  building  have  brought 
the  present  cost  up  to  over  a  million  dollars  and  the 
value  of  the  art  collections  is  estimated  at  an  equal 
amount.  There  remains  to  be  built  the  monumental 
staircase  of  marble,  which  will  occupy  the  center  of 


national  style  than  is  seen  in  the  other  great  cities  of 
the  eastern  part  of  the  country.  In  originality,  in 
youthful  vigor,  and  in  the  astonishing  rapidity  of  its 
development  Chicago  excels  all,  with  a  prospect  of 
a  yet  greater  future.  The  motto  'I  will'  is  often 
found  on  the  allegorical  figure  of  the  city,  and  the 
words  appear  to  me  most  suitable  to  indicate  the  en- 
ergetic, aspiring  character  of  its  citizens." 


64 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


The  Proposed  Field  Museum 
Grant  Park,  Chicago 

The  Field  Museum  of  Natural  History  was 
founded  at  the  close  of  the  World's  Columbian  Ex- 
position and  from  that  time  until  his  death,  Marshall 
Field  was  one  of  its  chief  supporters. 

For  a  number  of  years  before  his  death  occurred, 
the  question  of  a  new  building  had  been  under  con- 
sideration as  the  Museum  had  grown  far  beyond  its 
present  quarters  in  the  old  Art  Building  of  the  Ex- 
position— quarters  which  had  never  been  suitable  for 


Front,  where  it  would  serve  as  the  culminating  feat- 
ure of  the  decoration  of  Grant  Park  and  at  the  same 
time,  be  the  pivot  or  center  of  the  whole  park  and 
boulevard  system  of  the  city.  It  was  thought  that 
a  very  high  standard  should  be  set  m  the  design  of 
the  new  building  in  order  to  influence  the  design  of 
all  the  buildings  overlooking  the  park,  so  that  the  final 
appearance  of  the  park  and  its  surroundings  should 
be  as  noble  and  monumental  as  is  possible  under  our 
lax  methods  of  regulating  these  matters.  The  col- 
lections of  the  Museum  being  educational  in  their 


CALI.ERY   OF   KRF.XCII    Srrr.PTURF.— ART   TN'STITUTE. 


the  exhibition  of  Natural  History  collections.  The 
temporary  character  of  the  building  and  its  non-fire- 
proof construction  were  also  strong  reasons  for  pro- 
viding safer  and  more  permanent  quarters. 

In  the  discussion  of  the  new  building  with  the 
architects,  D.  H.  Burnham  &  Company,  it  was  de- 
cided that  the  building  should  be  made  primarily  to 
house,  exhibit  and  protect  the  great  collections  in  the 
best  possible  manner,  and  according  to  the  latest 
ideas  in  Museum  practice — in  addition  to  this,  the 
building  was  to  be  made  monumental  in  character  as 
would   benefit   its    probable    location    on    the    Lake 


effect  on  the  people,  it  was  thought  that  the  designers 
of  the  building  should  also  help  in  this  educational 
work  by  creating  a  monumental  work  of  art  at  the 
same  time  they  fulfilled  adequately  all  the  needs  of 
a  modern,  up-to-date  museum. 

The  building  was  planned  to  be  erected  in  Grant 
Park,  with  its  principal  entrance  on  the  center  of 
Congress  Street  prolonged  beyond  the  Illinois  Cen- 
tral tracks — the  west  elevation  to  be  about  1,000 
feet  from  the  buildings  on  Michigan  Avenue.  The 
length  of  this  elevation  is  approximately  1 ,000  feet 
and  consists  of  a  great  central  pavilion,  two  end  pa- 


65 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


vilions,  each  one  on  the  center  of  Van  Buren  and 
Harrison  Streets,  respectively,  and  two  great  colon- 
nades connecting  these  pavilions  with  the  central  one. 

The  central  pavilion  consists  of  a  portico  of  monu- 
mental proportions,  forming  the  main  entrance  to  the 
museum — this  portico  is  crowned  by  an  attic,  decor- 
ated with  heroic  figures  above  the  Ionic  columns,  and 
by  a  pediment — two  flanking  stair  pavilions  com- 
plete the  central  pavilion  as  a  whole,  and  a  great 
flight  of  steps  takes  up  the  height  of  the  stylobate  on 
which  the  orders  of  the  central  and  side  colonnades 
are  placed.  The  side  colonnades  consist  of  free 
standing  Ionic  columns  placed  very  close  to  the  wall 
so  that  the  light  will  not  be  barred  from  entering  the 
great  windows  between  them.  In  height  these  col- 
umns mark  the  two  public  floors  of  the  museum,  it 
being  the  intention  to  use  the  third  and  ground  floors 
for  working  floors.  In  length,  these  colonnades  mark 
the  long  exhibition  halls  of  the  interior,  side-lighted 
and  placed  with  their  long  axes  lying  north  and  south 
as  best  for  side-lighting  in  this  latitude. 

The  central  pavilion  is  carried  back  into  the  build- 
ing to  the  center  in  the  form  of  a  great  interior  nave — 
another  hall  of  similar  proportions  is  carried  through 
the  building  from  north  to  south  and  at  the  intersec- 
tion of  these  great  interior  halls  or  naves,  a  dome  is 
placed  as  the  crowning  feature  of  the  whole  com- 
position— in  dimensions  this  dome  will  be  compara- 
ble with  the  greatest  domes  in  the  world  and  com- 
bines the  elements  of  several  of  them. 

The  elevation  of  the  building  toward  the  east  is 
similar  to  that  toward  the  west  and  the  two  end  ele- 
vations are  alike,  consisting  of  a  great  colonnade 
with  a  central  pavilion  marking  the  center.  The  ma- 
terial of  these  elevations  will  be  granite,  with  two 
roofs  of  terra  cotta  tile  matching  the  granite. 

The  cost  of  the  building  will  be  cared  for  by  the 
bequest  of  Marshall  Field  of  $4,000,000  with  the 


interest  which  has  since  accrued.  A  sum  of  $4,000,- 
000  was  also  left  for  the  maintenance  of  the  build- 
ing and  for  carrying  on  the  museum  work. 

It  IS  the  intention  to  connect  the  museum  and  its 
setting  of  terraces,  balustrades,  etc.,  with  Michigan 
Avenue  by  a  great  plaza,  similar  to  the  Place  de  la 
Concorde  and  others  in  Europe.  This  is  to  be  done 
by  covering  over  the  Illinois  Central  tracks  for  a 
space  of  several  blocks  and  appropriately  framing 
in  the  great  space  so  created,  by  walks,  balustrades, 
planting,  etc.,  and  forming  a  composition  of  museum, 
plaza,  boulevard  and  park  which  will  be  worthy  of 
its  location  in  the  heart  of  the  city. 

In  the  interior  the  building  consists  of  the  great 
cross,  formed  by  the  two  naves  and  dome  and  in  the 
four  corners  left,  are  placed  the  long  exhibition  halls. 
These  halls  are  so  designed  that  the  cases  fit  in  be- 
tween the  windows  and  form  alcoves  on  each  side  of 
the  hall,  leaving  a  broad  aisle  down  the  center — in 
each  alcove  is  a  large  window  throwing  light  into  the 
cases — these  halls  are  separated  by  light  courts,  and 
are  connected  at  the  ends  by  transverse  halls,  similar 
in  width  and  arrangement  to  them. 

The  elevators  and  main  stairways  are  placed  near 
the  entrance  and  smaller  stairways  are  conveniently 
located  at  the  ends  of  the  long  exhibition  halls.  The 
Directors'  offices  are  placed  near  the  main  entrance 
— the  Curators'  offices  are  on  the  third  floor,  in  con- 
nection with  the  working  forces  of  the  different  de- 
partments. 

Several  lecture  halls  are  placed  in  the  building, 
the  two  principal  ones,  seating  600  and  1 ,200  each, 
being  on  the  ground  floor,  with  a  separate  exterior 
vestibule  and  entrances  at  the  south  end  of  the 
building. 

The  rest  of  the  ground  floor  is  given  up  to  work- 
shops for  the  rough  work  of  the  departments,  for 
storage  and  for  the  heating  plant. 


66 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


Chicago  Theatres 

fiy  Benjamin  H.  Marshall 


THE  first  public  entertainment  in  Chicago  for 
which  an  admission  fee  was  charged  and  of 
which  any  record  has  been  preserved  occurred 
shortly  after  the  village  was  incorporated.  Febru- 
ary 18,1834,  the  Chicago  Democrat  announced  the 
coming  appearance  of  Mr.  Bowers,  Professor  "de 
Tours  Amusant"  in  a  series  of  fire-eating  feats,  ven- 


l()\  KI<-UL\M1'U 


triloquism  and  legerdemain.  This  performance  was 
to  commence  at  "early  candle  light,"  "tickets  to  be 
had  at  the  bar,"  and  was  given  at  the  Mansion 
House  on  Lake  Street. 

Following  this  early  public  offering,  at  brief  in- 
tervals we  find  mention  of  other  similar  entertain- 
ments, concerts  and  diminutive  circus,  and  church 
fairs,  but  not  until  after  Chicago  was  incorporated  as 
a  city  was  any  attempt  made  to  open  a  theatre  or  pre- 
sent a  dramatic  production.  The  first  attempt,  how- 
ever, failed.  May  29,  1837,  Messrs.  Dean  &  Mc- 
Kinney,  well  known  in  theatrical  circles  in  the  East, 
applied  to  the  Common  Council  for  a  license  "to 
open  a  theatre  in  some  suitable  building  for  the  term 
of  one  or  more  months  as  business  may  answer." 
The  council,  however,  apparently  saw  no  reason  to 
greatly  encourage  the  project  and  named  $100.00  as 
the  license  fee.  Evidently  the  promoters  considered 
this  too  much  to  pay,  and  they  left  the  city  without 
giving  a  performance. 


But  in  the  fall  of  that  year  a  license  to  produce 
plays  in  Chicago  was  finally  secured.  Witness  the 
following  petition: 

"Chicago,  October  17,  1837.  The  subscribers 
respectfully  petition  the  Honorable  the  Mayor  and 
Council  of  the  City  of  Chicago  for  a  license  to  per- 
form plays  in  said  city.  They  respectfully  represent 
that  this  establishment  is  intended  to  afford  instruction 
as  well  as  amusement;  that  they  are  encouraged  and 
patronized  by  the  leading  portion  of  the  inhabitants 
of  the  city  who  are  interested  in  their  success;  that 
they  propose  to  remain  here  during  the  Winter,  and 
that  they  make  no  calculation  to  receive  more  in  the 
city  than  what  they  will  expend  during  their  stay, 
and,  therefore,  they  trust  that  in  offering  a  rate  for 
license  these  facts  may  be  taken  into  consideration. 
Isherwood  &  McKenzie.  the  Petitioners,  request  this 
license  for  six  months,  if  agreeable  to  the  Board." 

The  license  fee  was  fixed  at  $125.00,  and  after 
protest  by  the  petitioners,  it  was  finally  paid.  Isher- 
wood &  McKenzie  now  needed  only  a  suitable  place 
and  they  were  ready  to  begin  their  theatrical 
ventures. 


l-OVKk     Mt\KK!:R'S    Tl  I  i:.\Tui:. 


The  place  selected  for  the  first  dramatic  produc- 
ticn  in  Chicago  was  the  then  deserted  Sauganash  Ho- 


67 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


tel,  which  stood  on  the  lot  where  was  erected  in  1 860 
the  "Wigwam"  in  which  Abraham  Lincoln  was  first 
nominated  for  the  presidency  of  the  United  States. 
Mark  Beaubien  had  erected  a  log  house  on  the  East 
side  of  Market  Street,  about  1 00  feet  south  of  Lake 
Street,  which  he  afterward  converted  into  a  tavern 
and  called  the  "Sauganash"  after  a  famous  Indian 
chief  of  that  name.  Messrs.  Isherwood  &  McKen- 
zie  secured  the  Sauganash  and  converted  the  din- 
ing room  into  a  theatre  seating  about  200  persons. 
The  opening  production  in  Chicago's   first  theatre 


on  the  American  stage,  William  Warren,  afterward 
the  favorite  of  the  Boston  public,  and  a  flaxen  haired 
boy  of  nine,  who  was  destmed  to  become  the  dean 
and  greatest  favorite  of  the  American  stage,  Joseph 
Jefferson.  September  23,  1903,  when  Chicago  was 
celebrating  her  centennial,  Joseph  Jefferson  stepped 
before  the  curtain  at  Powers'  Theatre  and  said  "I 
played  in  Chicago  sixty-five  years  ago." 

In  1 838  the  Sauganash  was  abandoned  as  a  thea- 
tre and  the  place  of  production  transferred  to  the 
"Rialto"  at  8  and  1 0  South  Dearborn  Street,  nearer 


PRINCESS    THEATRE. 


bore  the  extremely  melodramatic  title — "The  Idiot 
Witness  of  a  Tale  of  Blood,"  to  which  an  admission 
fee  of  seventy-five  cents  was  charged.  It  is  worthy 
of  remark  that  Alexander  McKenzie,  the  junior 
partner  in  this  first  enterprise,  was  an  uncle  of  Joseph 
Jefferson. 

The  company  which  played  in  Chicago  during  the 
first  season  was  an  excellent  one,  but  no  complete  rec- 
ord of  the  plays  presented  has  been  found.  In  1 838 
the  company  returned.  Among  its  members  were 
two  who  afterward  achieved  the  highest  distinction 


the  center  of  Chicago.  The  casts  in  these  early  plays 
were  of  exceptional  quality,  but  the  returns  were 
small.  Among  the  players  of  this  period  was  I.  M. 
Singer,  afterward  famous  as  the  inventor  of  the 
Singer  Sewing  Machine. 

August  31,1 839,  the  third  theatrical  season  was 
opened  by  Joseph  Jefferson  (father  of  "Rip")  who 
had  become  the  partner  of  McKenzie  in  the  enter- 
prise. During  this  season  the  first  presentation  of  a 
Shakespearean  play  was  given  in  Chicago,  October 
7,    1 839.      "Romeo  and  Juliet"  was  the  play  se- 


68 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


lected,  Mrs.  McCIure  appearing  as  Juliet  and  Mr. 
Charles  Kemble  Mason  as  Romeo.  This  was  fol- 
lowed by  "Macbeth,  "  "Hamlet,"  and  "The  Mer- 
chant of  Venice."  October  30,  1839,  "The  Ri- 
vals" was  first  produced  in  Chicago.  A  glance  at 
the  cast  in  the  play  will  show  how  greatly  the  dram- 
atic art  in  the  early  days  of  Chicago  was  indebted 


Rialto  passed  through  various  vicissitudes  and 
changes  of  name  and  finally  burned  February  1 , 
1847. 

The  year  1847,  however,  that  saw  the  destruction 
of  the  Rialto,  was  also  to  see  the  building  of  the  first 
actual  theatre  in  Chicago.  The  city  then  contained 
15,000  inhabitants;  the  dire  effects  of  the  panic  had 


PRIXCKSS    TIIICATRE. 


to  the  Jefferson  family — it  included  Joseph  Jeffer- 
son, senior,  his  wife,  his  two  sisters,  his  niece,  his 
stepson,  his  cousin  and  his  niece's  husband. 

But  the  results  of  the  panic  of  1837  were  now 
making  themselves  painfully  felt  in  Chicago.  The- 
atrical ventures  as  well  as  other  business  enterprises 
languished,  and  no  dramatic  company  of  special  re- 
pute appeared  in  the  city  for  several  years.     The  old 


passed  and  it  was  the  year  of  the  great  River  and 
Harbor  Convention  which  would  bring  here  thou- 
sands of  people  from  all  over  the  country.  Under 
these  conditions  Mr.  John  B.  Rice,  later  destined  to 
become  the  mayor  of  this  city,  came  to  Chicago  from 
Buffalo  and  entered  into  a  contract  for  the  erection  of 
a  building  to  be  used  as  a  theatre.  Mr.  Rice  received 
local  support  in  his  project  and  a  theatre  building 


69 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


costing  $4,000.00  was  completed  in  less  than  two 
months  and  formally  opened  June  28,  1847.  It 
was  a  very  plain  wooden  structure,  two  stories  high, 
and  stood  where  the  Unity  building  now  is.  But  at 
least  it  was  arranged  like  a  theatre  and  every  part 
of  the  house  afforded  a  good  view  of  the  stage. 

Many  actors  well  known  to  the  American  stage 
trod  the  boards  of  Rice's  Theatre  in  those  early 
days.  Edwin  Forrest  and  Junius  Brutus  Booth  both 
appeared  there  in   1848,  also  Mr.  James  H.   Mc- 


This  period  saw  the  opening  of  another  theatre 
in  Chicago  which  deserves  more  than  passing  men- 
tion. November  5,  1857,  McVicker's  Theatre  was 
opened.  No  other  theatre  has  so  long  preserved  its 
name  and  popularity.  All  the  great  actors  of  the 
day  played  at  McVicker's.  Joseph  Jefferson  pro- 
duced "Rip  Van  Winkle"  for  the  first  time  here  at 
this  theatre  in  1 868.  In  1871,  McVicker's  was  en- 
tirely remodeled  at  an  expense  of  $90,000.00  and 
six  weeks  later  destroyed  by  the  great  fire.     Again 


INTERIOR  OF  THE  BEAUTIFUL  CORT  THEATRE, 
ing  mural  painting  on  steel  curtain.      Dearborn,   near   Randolph. 


Vicker.  But  the  career  of  the  theatre  was  short;  in 
1 850  it  was  destroyed  by  fire.  However,  the  theatre 
was  now  an  established  institution  in  Chicago. 
Early  in  1 85 1  Mr.  Rice  had  completed  a  new  and 
more  pretentious  play  house  on  practically  the  same 
spot  as  the  old  one.  An  innovation  was  made  in  this 
new  Rice's  Theatre  by  abolishing  the  pit  with  its 
noisy  occupants,  and  providing  a  gallery  at  the  top 
of  the  house.  In  1861  this  theatre  was  converted 
into  a  business  house. 


the  theatre  was  rebuilt  and  reopened  August  15, 
1872;  again  remodeled  in  1885  and  again  destroyed 
by  fire,  August  26,  1890.  The  present  McVick- 
er's Theatre  was  opened  March  31,  1 892,  when 
Joseph  Jefferson,  William  J.  Florence,  Mrs.  John 
Drew,  Miss  Viola  Allen,  and  Frederick  Paulding 
appeared  in  "The  Rivals."  On  many  occasions  Mr. 
McVicker  appeared  in  his  own  theatre,  either  at  the 
head  of  his  company,  or  in  support  of  some  of  the 
visiting  stars. 


70 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


.\i.\.ii..->i  II    i 111-;. \ IKE. 
71 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


Many  theatres  were  built  in  Chicago  during  the 
decade  before  the  fire;  Wood's  Museum  on  Ran- 
dolph Street,  Aiken's  Theatre  on  Dearborn  Street, 
Crosby's  Opera  House,  famous  in  its  day,  on  the 
north  side  of  Washington  Street  between  Dearborn 
and  State  Streets,  Bryan  Hall,  87-89  Clark  Street, 
transposed  by  Mr.  Hooley  into  Hooley's  Opera 
House  in  1870.  After  the  fire  this  theatre  was  re- 
built, and  after  being  called  the  Coliseum  and  Ham- 
lin's Theatre,  was  remodeled  in  1 880,  and  leased  to 
Mr.  John  A.  Hamlin  as  the  Grand  Opera  House 
with  Mr.  Will  J.  Davis  as  active  manager.  Other 
places  of  amusement  opened  during  this  period  were 
the  first  Academy  of  Music  and  the  first  Olympic 
Theatre.  The  Globe  Theatre  on  Desplaines  Street 
between  Madison  and  Washington  Streets,  a  frame 
structure  was  the  only  theatre  in  Chicago  to  escape 
destruction  by  fire. 

Of  the  more  prominent  theatres  built  after  the 
fire,  Hooley's  was  opened  October  1  7,  1 872.  In 
1876  and  1877  it  was  known  as  Haverly's.  It  then 
became  Hooley's  again  and  so  remained  until  it 
passed  into  the  hands  of  Mr.  Harry  J.  Powers  in 
1 898.  The  theatre  was  then  reconstructed  in  ac- 
cordance with  the  designs  of  Mr.  Benjamin  H.  Mar- 
shall, afterward  architect  of  the  Illinois  and  Colon- 
ial Theatres,  and  was  reopened  as  Powers'  Theatre. 
Haverly's  Theatre  was  built  in  1875,  the  walls  of 
the  old  postoffice  destroyed  in  the  fire,  being  used  in 
its  construction.  This  theatre  was  demolished  in 
1880.  In  1881  another  theatre  was  built  on  Monroe 
Street  between  Dearborn  and  Clark  and  called  Hav- 
erly's. January  31,  1885,  during  the  engagement 
of  Irving  and  Terry,  Ellen  Terry  rechristened  this 
theatre  the  "Columbia."  Mr.  Will  J.  Davis,  for- 
merly connected  with  the  old  Haverly's  and  the 
Grand  Opera  House,  became  the  lessee  of  this  theatre 
in  1 889  and  remained  in  control  of  it  until  March  30. 
1900,  when  it  was  destroyed  by  fire. 


The  Chicago  Opera  House  was  opened  in  1 883 ; 
the  new  Chicago  Theatre  in  1875,  which  became 
the  Olympic  in  1 885 ;  the  Haymarket  in  1 887 ;  the 
Auditorium  in  1889,  the  Schiller,  later  the  Dear- 
born and  now  the  Garrick  Theatre  in  1892;  the 
Great  Northern  Theatre  in  1 896 ;  the  Studebaker  in 
1898. 

The  opening  of  the  Illinois  Theatre  October  15, 
1900,  marked  a  new  era  in  theatre  building,  inas- 
much as  this  was  the  first  building  in  Chicago  to  be 
constructed  and  employed  solely  for  theatrical  pur- 
poses. Hyman  &  Davis  Company  were  the  builders 
of  the  new  theatre  and  Will  J.  Davis  the  manager. 
On  the  suggestion  of  Mr.  Charles  Frohman  it  was 
called  the  Illinois.  Like  Chicago's  first  theatre  this 
twentieth  century  theatrical  temple  bore  an  Indian 
name.  The  Iroquois  was  the  third  Chicago  theatre 
with  an  Indian  name.  The  unfortunate  calamity 
which  befell  this  house  so  soon  after  its  opening  is 
alas,  too  well  remembered.  That  it  was  properly 
constructed  and  meant  by  its  owners,  builders  and 
architects  to  be  a  model  theatre,  is  attested  in  the 
fact  that  its  structural  and  decorative  equipment  was 
scarcely  injured  by  the  fire  which  was  confined  to  the 
scenic  investitures  of  the  spectacle  which  occupied 
the  stage.  The  loss  of  life  was  occasioned  by  the 
spontaneity  of  the  fire  which  consumed  all  the  oxy- 
gen m  the  upper  tiers  of  the  theatre. 

And  as  the  year  1910  approaches,  Chicago  has 
in  the  last  year  built  something  like  twenty-five  first 
class,  modern  neighborhood  theatres,  besides  com- 
pleting the  New  Cort  Theatre  on  Dearborn  Street, 
the  American  Music  Hall  on  Wabash  Avenue  and 
Peck  Court  and  the  new  Blackstone  Theatre  on 
Hubbard  Court  and  Wabash  Avenue,  just  starting, 
and  which  will  open  September  1 ,  1 9 1 0,  as  the  finest 
theatre  architecturally  west  of  New  York. 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


<  « 

U  E 
S  S 


74 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 

Chicago  School  Buildings 

3t/  DwiGHT  H.  Perkins 


ONE  may  observe  progress  of  various  kinds  by 
studying  Chicago  elementary  school  build- 
mgs.  The  growth  of  the  city,  the  changes  m 
buildmg  methods  and  materials,  the  development  of 
educational  requirements  and  the  increase  in  size  as 
well  as  expenditure  have  been  constant  from  year  to 
year  are  clearly  apparent  to  anyone  who  studies  the 


(18)  schools  in  Chicago;  today,  there  are  two  hun- 
dred and  seventy-eight  (278)  elementary  schools. 
The  first  high  school  was  built  in  1855-1856  and 
served  for  the  entire  city  until  1875,  while  today 
there  are  seventeen  (17)  high  schools  and  one  Nor- 
mal School  for  the  training  of  teachers  for  the  pub- 
lic school  system. 


MOSKLKV   SCHOOL. 


schools  of  today,  reflecting  the  expansion  of  the 
community  as  they  do. 

It  is  possible  to  make  a  survey  practically  com- 
plete from  existing  buildings.  But  few  have  been 
burned  or  razed  and  such  as  ha\e  been  may  be 
studied  by  their  counterparts  still  standing. 

The  north  building  of  the  Moseley  School  was 
built  in   1856.     At  that  time  there  were  eighteen 


To  give  a  fairly  complete  history  of  Chicago  pub- 
lic school  buildings,  one  would  have  to  describe  the 
following  twenty-six  schools  in  the  order  named: 

1,  Moseley;  2,  Jones;  3,  Goldsmith;  4,  Skinner; 
5,  Sexton;  6,  Raymond;  7,  McLaren;  8,  Haven; 
9,  Van  Vlissingen;  10,  Tennyson;  II,  Franklin; 
12,  Yates;  13,  Willard;  14,  Dewey;  15,  Coonley; 
16,  Armour;  17,  Hamilton;  18,  Fiske;  19,  Graham; 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


20,  Harvard;  21,  Hayt;  Tl,  Penn;  23,  Rogers; 
24,  Moos;  25,  Tilton;  26,  Nobel.  Each  of  these  is 
typical  or  a  duplicate  of  many  others  and  the  list 
represents  the  entire  city. 

No  reference  will  be  made  to  school  buildings  m 
annexed  portions  of  the  city,  as  none  of  these  is  dis- 
tinctive or  valuable  and  they  are  being  torn  down  as 
rapidly  as  circumstances  permit. 

As  it  is  not  feasible  within  the  limits  of  such  an 
article  as  this  to  describe  all  these  buildings,  the 
writer  will  compare  the  Moseley  and  the  completed 
Tilton  School  without  showing  all  of  the  gradual 
steps  by  which  the  latter  was  developed  from  the 


former.  The  Nobel  is  later  than  the  Tilton,  but  is 
in  construction  at  this  time,  (October,  1909),  and 
cannot  be  photographed. 

The  five  views  of  elementary  schools  other  than 
the  Moseley  and  Tilton — shown  herewith  of  the 
Jones,  McLaren,  Willard,  Graham,  and  Hamilton 
schools,  fairly  represent  the  twenty-six  listed  above 
and  illustrate  the  various  kinds  and  styles  of  schools 
as  well  as  the  work  of  the  different  Chicago  School 
Architects. 

There  are  also  shown  three  views  of  high  schools. 
The  original  "Chicago"  High  School  on  West  Mon- 
roe Street  contained  a  few  ordinary  class  rooms  only. 
They  were  for  "academic"  studies  and  no  provision 


was  made  for  laboratory  work  in  the  sciences  nor  for 
technical  work,  such  as  is  common  now.  Nor  were 
there  any  provisions  for  physical  culture  then,  while 
gymnasiums  are  considered  essential  now. 

It  would  be  interesting  to  illustrate  the  Normal 
School,  but  as  there  is  but  one  such  institution  in  Chi- 
cago, no  comparative  exposition  can  be  made. 

The  comparison  of  the  Moseley  and  Tilton 
schools,  above  referred  to,  is  presented  in  the  follow- 
ing parallel  columns.  It  is  also  given  by  the  illus- 
trations which  include  cuts  of  the  plans.  The  en- 
deavor has  been  made  to  reproduce  the  plans  at  sim- 
ilar scales  so  that  their  differences  in  size  are  prac- 
tically proportional  to  the  differences  in  the  dimen- 
sions of  the  actual  buildings: 


MOSELE  Y  SCHOOL 

Common  Combustible 

Construction 


TILTON  SCHOOL 

(  when  completed) 
Fireproof  Throughout 

Cost $40,000.00 $320,000.00. 

Cubic  contents 307,600  cu.  ft 2,125,000  cu.  tt. 

Cost  per  room $3,333.00   $8,400.00. 

Cost  per  pupil $66.00 $168.00. 

Breadth 58  teet 146  ft.,  6  in. 

Length 78  feet 258  ft.,  0  in. 

Height 3  stories  and  basement .  .  4  stories  and  no  basement. 

Number  of  rooms 12 40. 

Number  of  pupils 600 2,000. 

Assembly  hall None     700  seats. 

Gymnasium None One. 

Manual  training  dept. .  .  .  None One. 

Domestic  science  dept. .  .  None One. 

Library None One. 

Construction  room None One. 

Teachers'  rooms None Six. 

Principal's  office None One. 

Assistant  principal's 

office None One. 

Heating Direct  steam    Indirect  steam. 

Ventilation None Mechanical  system. 

Ejrterior Brick Brick. 

Floors Wood  throughout Wood  top  surface  in  class 

rooms.  Asphalt  for  all 
corridors,  stairs  and  toilets, 
all  on  fire  clay  tile  arches. 

Toilet  rooms 2  basement  toilets Tower  toilets,  one  for  each 

sex  in  each  story. 

Toilet  room  walls Plaster Enamel  brick. 

Flexibility  of  plan None May  be  20,  30,  or  40  class 

rooms. 

Playgrounds Not  described  as  not  being  a  part  of  the  buildmg. 

The  modern  practice  is  to  provide  large  playgrounds 
for  every  school. 

Stair  capacity 800  pupils 2.200  pupils. 

Size  of  class  rooms 27  ft.  x  32  ft 26  ft..  6  in.  x  33  ft. 

Window  glass  area  in 

each  class  room 126  sq.  ft 160  sq.  feet. 

Unilateral  light  in  class 

rooms None All  rooms. 

Cross  light  in  class  rooms .  All  rooms None. 

Wardrobes Large  Area Small  area. 

Not  ventilated Ventilated. 

Accessible  from  halls  .  .  .  Accessible  from  rooms 
only. 

Blackboards Composition Natural  slate. 

Corridor  wainscot Wood  ceiling Glazed  brick. 


76 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO      BUILDING 


These  columns  show  not  only  the  increased  cost 
due  to  changes  in  building  methods  and  cost  of  la- 
bor and  material,  but  they  also  show  the  very  great 
change  in  educational  demands.  Formerly,  the 
class  room  was  everything;  now,  it  is  only  a  little 
more  than  half  of  the  facilities  demanded  for  the 
pupils. 


and  planned  originally  and  wholly  for  high  school 
purposes.  The  development  is  best  shown  by  the 
two  photographs  of  the  Wendell  Phillips,  and  Al- 
bert G.  Lane  high  schools.  These  schools  show 
the  absence  and  the  presence  of  technical  or  man- 
ual training  courses  for  two,  three  or  four  years 
in  addition  to  the  usual  academic  courses.     In  manv 


D.  H.  Perkins,  ArcUiU-ct. 


TILTOX  SCHOOL. 


A  comparison  of  "yard  improvements"  would  also 
be  interesting  although  not  strictly  a  part  of  school 
building.  Formerly  an  ordinary  yard  with  a  wood 
fence  was  sufficient.  Now  it  must  be  paved  and 
then  fenced  with  concrete  and  iron.  Provision  must 
also  be  made  for  planting  and  for  gardening,  but,  as 
all  of  these  relate  to  "education"  rather  than  to 
"building,"  they  are  not  included  here. 

There  are  seventeen  high  schools  m  Chicago  at 
this  date.    Of  these  but  seven  were  built  at  one  time 


particulars  the  differences  in  construction  pointed  out 
between  the  Moseley  and  Tilton  Schools  apply  to 
the  early  and  late  high  schools. 

A  type  of  school  not  referred  to  above  nor  shown 
in  the  illustrations  has  been  developed  by  the  con- 
struction of  additions  to  existing  buildings.  It  has 
been  found  advisable  to  modernize  a  large  number 
of  old  buildings  while  increasing  their  class  room  ca- 
pacity. This  has  been  done  by  constructing  fireproof 
extensions    including    assembly    halls,    gymnasiums. 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


manual  training  and  domestic  science  rooms  with  the 
class  rooms.  Typical  instances  are  the  Jackson, 
Brentano,  Cornell  and  Farragut  schools.  In  each 
of  these  cases — while  making  a  complete  modern 
plan — the  exterior  design  has  been  made  to  conform 
exactly  to  the  old  building,  becoming  a  natural  or 
corresponding  extension  of  the  original  structure. 


Viewing  all  the  photographs  will  give  the  differ- 
ences and  the  development  in  exterior  effect  or  arch- 
itectural design.  Similar  study  would  reveal  in  like 
manner  the  changes  m  construction  and  the  greater 
requirements  of  the  later  buildings  and  all  would  il- 
lustrate clearly  and  typically  "A  Half  Century  of 
Chicago  Building,"  as  well  as  a  half  century  of  mu- 
nicipal change  and  growth. 


■FIE5T    FLOOK     I'L.AM 


TfLTON     SCHOOL. 


TlLTOri    SCHOOL. 


78 


A     HALF     CENTURY      OF    CHICAGO      BUILDING 


ASSEMIiLV   HALL.   TILTOX   SCHOOL. 


W.  B.  Mutidie.  Architect. 


AI.KXANDKR   MAMILTOX   SCHOOL. 

79 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


JONES  SCHOOL. 


Norman,/  S.  Palton,   Architect. 


FRANCES  WILLARD  SCHOOL. 

80 


^J^^L^Burunv    or  CHICAGO    bu.ldi 


NG 


CKAil  \,\l    SCHOOL. 


McLAREX  SCHOOL. 

81 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


WOOD-WORKING  SHOP,  ALBERT  G.  LANE  TECHNICAL  HIGH  SCHOOL. 


MACHINE  SHOP,   ALBERT  G.    LANE  TECHNICAL   HIGH    SCHOOL. 

82 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


\vi-:ni)1-:ll  piiii.i.ips  iiici:  siik.x)!.. 


m5m'mw?mw-m 


83 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


Railway  Terminals 


3i/  Charles  S.  Frost 


THE  first  railroad  chartered  from  Chicago  to 
the  West  was  the  Galena  &  Chicago  Union 
Railroad. 
On  October  10,  1848,  the  brig  "Buffalo"  arrived 
at  Chicago  with  the  first  locomotive  "The  Pioneer." 
One  month  later  the  road  then  extended  10  miles 
west  and  its  rolling  stock  consisted  of  6  freight  cars, 
one  passenger  coach  and  the  "Pioneer." 

In  1 867  one  through  passenger  train  each  way 
daily  furnished  ample  accommodations  for  passen- 
gers travelling  between  Chicago  and  Council  Bluffs. 
From  this  nucleus  the  present  great  system  has  been 


Union  Railroad  in  1848.  It  stood  on  what  is  now 
a  triangular  piece  of  vacant  ground  west  of  Canal 
Street  south  of  Kinzie  and  but  a  short  distance  west 
of  the  west  abutment  of  the  City  bridge  that  crosses 
the  north  branch  of  the  Chicago  River  at  Kinzie 
Street. 

In  those  days  there  was  a  narrow  street  named 
West  Water  Street  that  ran  close  along  the  north 
branch  of  the  Chicago  River  at  the  east  of  what  is 
now  Canal  Street.  This  depot  ran  east  and  west 
and  its  east  end  was  entered  from  this  West  Water 
Street.      Building   faced  the  railroad   tracks  which 


GALENA    &   CHICAGO    UiMUX    DEFUT.  CANAL   AND   KINZIE   STREETS.  CHICAGO. 


developed,  which  for  the  year  ending  June  30,  1909, 
had  about  900  passenger  trains  a  day  and  carried 
over  its  rails  more  than  27,000,000  passengers. 

It  IS  not  my  purpose  to  give  here  the  history  of  the 
development  of  a  railway  system,  neither  to  discuss 
or  even  touch  the  railway  terminal  problem,  but 
rather  to  trace  briefly  the  growth  of  the  terminal  pas- 
senger station  in  Chicago  of  this  one  system  which  is 
typical  in  many  ways  of  the  numerous  other  systems 
having  terminals  in  Chicago.  From  a  history  of  the 
road  published  in  1905  entitled  "Yesterday  and  To- 
day" I  am  able  to  quote  description  of  the  early 
buildings,  and  to  give  here  a  few  illustrations. 

The  first  railroad  station  that  was  built  in  Chicago 
was  a  one  story  wooden  affair  built  by  the  Galena  & 


were  south  of  the  station.  Whatever  package  freight 
the  railroad  had  to  handle  in  Chicago  at  this  time 
was  handled  at  this  place. 

In  1 849  this  building  was  enlarged  and  a  portion 
of  it  was  set  aside  for  freight,  while  the  original  east 
end  was  still  used  for  passengers.  The  second  story 
was  added  to  the  structure  and  that  was  surmounted 
with  a  sort  of  observatory.  The  second  story  was 
used  by  the  officers  of  the  road  as  its  general  office 
and  m  it  John  D.  Turner,  the  president  of  the  road 
and  his  associates  planned  the  extension  of  the  road 
and  controlled  its  destiny.  West  of  the  station  was 
what  was  substantially  an  open  praine  and  from  the 
observatory  Mr.  Turner  often  watched  for  the  in- 
coming of  his  trains  with  the  aid  of  a  long  old  fash- 


84 


A     HALF     CENTURY      OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


ioned  marine  telescope  that  he  possessed  and  thus 
could  annnounce  the  coming  of  a  tram  while  it  was 
yet  as  far  away  as  Austm,  6  miles.  In  those  days  the 
use  of  the  telegraph  was  not  even  dreamed  of  on  any 
western  railroad. 

In  1851  the  Galena  &  Chicago  Union  Railroad 
began  to  purchase  station  ground  east  of  the  north 
branch  of  the  Chicago  River  and  in  1852  and  1833 
built  a  pontoon  or  floating  bridge  across  the  river  on 
practically  the  same  ground  where  the  Chicago  & 
Northwestern  Railway  bridge  now  stands.  In  those 
days  a  street  ran  along  and  not  far  north  of  the  main 


other  story  and  in  the  room  so  made  a  portion  of  the 
general  offices  of  the  company  were  located.  This 
building  remained  in  use  until  destroyed  by  the  Chi- 
cago fire  in  1871 . 

The  third  station  scarcely  deserves  to  be  named 
but  to  make  this  history  full  it  must  be  referred  to. 
In  1851  this  road  bought  land  east  of  the  north 
branch  of  the  Chicago  River  and  on  part  of  this  pur- 
chase, erected  on  the  east  side  of  North  Dearborn 
Street  and  south  of  Kinzie  Street  a  two  story  build- 
ing, the  lower  story  of  which  was  intended  for  freight 
purposes,  while  in  the  upper  rooms  some  of  the  Gen- 


WELLS  STREET  STATION. 

n,-slroyi-d  iii  tliu  Gr.-at  Fir,-.  Octoh.-r.  IS71. 


Chicago  River  and  was  named  North  Water  Street. 
The  second  passenger  station  was  built  in  1852  and 
1853,  east  and  west  along  this  North  Water  Street 
with  its  east  end  on  Wells  Street.  It  was  built  of 
brick  and  was  two  stories  high.  The  passenger  en- 
trance was  from  Wells  Street  but  a  sort  of  private  al- 
ley or  perhaps  a  vacant  lot  ran  south  from  Kinzie 
Street  and  this  was  used  to  reach  the  station  through 
the  baggage  room. 

After  the  building  had  been  occupied  for  some 
time  Wells  Street  was  filled  in  and  raised  about  eight 
feet,  and  this  caused  the  Galena  Company  to  add  an- 


eral  Officers  of  the  road  were  to  have  their  offices. 
For  some  time,  but  for  reasons  now  not  known,  the 
passenger  trains  of  the  Galena  Road  ran  to  and 
from  this  building  and  while  this  was  done  neither  of 
the  first  or  second  depots  were  used.  The  records  of 
the  company  that  were  burned  in  the  great  fire  of 
1871  doubtless  contained  a  full  explanation  of  these 
facts.  That  this  building  was  used  as  the  road's  pas- 
senger station  is  established  beyond  any  question. 

The  next  passenger  station  of  the  Chicago  & 
Northwestern  Railway,  which  now  had  become  the 
successor  of  the  Galena  Company,  was  the  one  that 


85 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


was  built  on  the  then  North  Wells  Street  in  the  late 
fall  of  1871  to  take  the  place  of  the  one  that  was 
burned  in  the  great  fire.  It  was  a  modern  wooden 
structure  and  faced  south  with  an  entrance  from 
Wells  Street. 

What  is  now  a  portion  of  the  Chicago  &  North- 
western Railway  in  Chicago  was  begun  under  the 
corporate  name  of  the  Illinois  &  Wisconsin  Railway 
Company.  This  afterward  by  consolidation  with  the 
Rock  River  Valley  Union  Railroad  became  the 
Chicago,  St.  Paul  &  Fond  du  Lac  Railroad  and  that 
by  bankruptcy  and  reorganization  became  the  Chi- 
cago &  Northwestern  Railway.  This  railroad  while 
under  the  second  of  the  corporate  titles  built  in  1 854 
and  occupied  a  passenger  station  in  Chicago.  It 
stood  with  its  gable  end  to  Kinzie  Street  and  its 
greatest  length  west  of  and  quite  close  to  and  parallel 
with  the  north  branch  of  the  Chicago  River.  It  was 
quite  a  pretentious  structure  of  wood  and  had  a  large 
train  shed  that  was  shut  off  from  Kinzie  Street  by 


slatted  gates.  After  the  Chicago  &  Milwaukee  and 
the  Milwaukee  &  Chicago  Railroads  were  consoli- 
dated and  ultimately  those,  together  with  the  Galena 
&  Chicago  Union  Railroad  became  the  present  Chi- 
cago &  Northwestern  Railway.  This  building  was 
known  as  the  Kinzie  Street  depot  and  was  used  until 
it  was  abandoned  on  the  occupation  of  the  present 
Wells  Street  station  in  1 882. 

The  next  passenger  building  of  the  road  is  the 
present  structure  that  stands  on  the  corner  of  Wells 
and  Kmzie  Streets  on  the  site  of  the  old  Galena  de- 
pot. The  planning  of  this  building  was  for  that  time 
on  broad  lines  and  was  thought  would  anticipate  the 
requirements  far  into  the  future.  It  was  to  be  the 
largest  and  finest  passenger  station  in  Chicago  built 
on  the  headhouse  type  with  a  shed  covering  the 
tracks.     It  was  begun  in  1 880  and  occupied  in  1 882. 

The  building  was  planned  a  few  years  too  early 
to  show  in  its  general  effect  much  result  of  the  arch- 
itectural awakening,  which  about  this  time  began  to 


WELLS  STREET  STATION. 
Main  portion  finished  in  1SS2,  .Annex  1902. 


86 


A     HALF     CENTURY      OF    CHICAGO      BUILDING 


gain  strength  and  which  has  since  gone  steadily  for- 
ward. About  this  time  ihe  railways  having  con- 
quered in  the  struggle  for  existence  and  slackened 
somewhat  their  expansion  into  new  territory;  some 
portions  of  an  available  surplus  was  used  in  many 
kinds  of  improvements,  notably  the  right  of  way, 
suburban  and  way  stations  and  their  surroundings. 
And  now  corporations  and  the  people  generally  rec- 
ognize the  fact  that  beauty  has  actual  value.  In  a 
comparatively  few  years  the  rapid  growth  of  this  city 
and  the  more  rapid  development  of  the  great  North- 
west country,  this  railway  system,  always  in  the  van- 
guard of  progress,  found  the  Wells  Street  station  too 
small  and  the  property  lying  between  it  and  the 
river  was  purchased  and  preliminary  studies  prepared 
for  a  great  terminal  and  office  building.  This  study 
of  the  problem  developed  numerous  limitations  of  the 
site,  the  north  branch  of  the  Chicago  River  being  no 
small  factor.  This  and  the  new  conditions  due  to 
the  general  elevation  of  the  railroad  tracks  from  I  2 
to  I  5  feet  above  the  street  level  led  to  search  for  a 
new  site  and  to  meet  the  temporary  requirements  the 
annex  to  the  Wells  Street  station  was  built  and  occu- 
pied in  1^02.  As  the  result  of  the  search  for  an  ade- 
quate site,  the  railway  company  undertook  the  gigan- 
tic task  of  acquiring  by  purchase  practically  four  city 
blocks  in  the  heart  of  Chicago  for  a  terminal  build- 
ing, train  shed  and  power  house,  and  in  addition  to 
this,  the  purchase  of  a  new  right  of  way  wide  enough 
for  four  tracks  for  each  of  the  two  divisions  extending 
both  west  and  north  about  one  mile,  thus  securing  for 
the  passenger  service  of  the  road  a  complete  elevated 


system  eight  tracks  wide  into  the  center  of  the  city, 
eliminating  all  dangers  and  delays  due  to  freight  ob- 
structions, grade  crossings  and  open  bridges.  The 
last  piece  of  the  property  was  secured  and  the  work 
of  building  commenced  in  the  fall  of  1908. 

The  Terminal  building  proper  will  be  of  granite 
and  front  on  Madison  Street,  will  be  used  for  sta- 
tion purposes  only,  and  will  occupy  the  greater  por- 
tion of  the  city  block  bounded  by  Madison,  Canal 
and  Clinton  Streets,  extending  north  nearly  to  Wash- 
ington Boulevard. 

The  track  floor  covered  by  the  train  shed  is  ap- 
proximately 18  feet  above  the  general  street  level. 
The  tracks  approaching  the  station  therefore  pass  over 
Lake,  Randolph  Streets  and  Washington  Boulevard 
and  the  trains  are  screened  from  view  from  the  street 
by  curtained  walls  about  48  feet  high,  extending 
from  the  main  building  north  on  Clinton  and  Canal 
Streets  as  far  as  Lake  Street  with  special  treatment 
where  passing  over  the  street  and  Washington  Bou- 
levard. 

The  high  shed,  so  objectionable  from  many  points 
of  view,  both  external  and  internal,  has  been  aban- 
doned and  a  low  form  of  shed  substituted  covering 
entire  space  excepting  for  openings  directly  above  the 
locomotive  stack  so  that  all  smoke  and  gas  are  ex- 
hausted directly  into  the  open  air  above  the  shed. 
The  shed  will  contain  sixteen  tracks,  each  with  a  ca- 
pacity of  1 3  Pullman  coaches  or  1 6  day  coaches. 
This  terminal  will  have  ample  facilities  for  handling 
250,000  passengers  daily. 


iTTOT'" 


•'lng»"ijl  f  Ij" 


C.  &   N.  \V.  KV,  CO.'S  TKRMINAI     N(  i\\    ruil  IHM,    \I\n!<(>\    (  .\N.\I.   WD  CI.lNTdN  STKEF.TS. 


87 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


Chicago  Freight  Sub\vays 


^y  Albert  G.  Wheeler 


CHICAGO  was  incorporated  as  a  city  at  the 
time  of  the  earhest  development  of  steam  rail- 
roads in  the  United  States  for  transportation. 
Its  importance  was  fully  realized  by  the  earlier  pio- 
neers in  transportation,  as  all  steam  railroads  in  this 
section  of  the  country  either  started  or  terminated  at 
this  point. 

At  that  time,  the  city  being  young,  these  transpor- 
tation lines  acquired  property  for  their  terminals  in 
what  has  since  turned  out  to  be  the  heart  of  the  city 
and  today  in  an  area  of  two  miles  square  in  the  cen- 
ter of  the  city  the  important  freight  yards  of  rail- 
roads, representing  over  forty-seven  per  cent  of  the 
entire  mileage  of  the  United  States,  are  located. 

The  rapid  growth  of  the  city  South,  West  and 
North  so  encircled  these  freight  yards  that  as  the 
Western  country  developed  the  railroads  found  that 
the  city  had  grown  so  much  faster  it  was  impossible 
to  acquire  more  property  m  its  business  center  and 
the  value  of  this  real  estate  they  had  acquired  made 
these  freight  terminals  the  highest  priced  real  estate 
occupied  by  freight  yards  m  the  world. 

To  relieve  this  situation  and  to  enable  the  rail- 
roads to  increase  their  facilities  for  handling  freight 
in  the  future  without  acquiring  additional  property 
in  this  business  center,  the  tunnels  of  the  Illinois  Tun- 
nel Company  were  constructed. 

To  lay  out  a  system  of  tunnels  to  make  delivery 
in  any  and  every  building  m  this  business  center, 
several  important  points  had  to  be  considered: — 

1st.  That  such  tunnel  system  should  not  require 
the  remodelling  of  buildings  to  put  it  in  operation; 

2nd.  That  the  tunnels,  when  constructed,  should 
permit  curves  at  all  street  intersections  to  be  built  and 
not  necessitate  building  under  private  property  to 
get  the  proper  radius  for  such  curves ; 

3rd.  To  prevent  congestion  in  the  tunnels,  no 
freight  should  be  loaded  or  unloaded  in  them; 

4th.  That  increased  traffic  could  not  congest  the 
tunnels. 


To  carry  out  plan  No.  1 ,  it  was  necessary  to  es- 
tablish a  car  unit,  that  any  car  could  be  hoisted  to 
any  floor  of  any  building  without  overloading  the 
floor  or  necessitating  strengthening  the  building,  and 
that  the  size  of  the  car  when  established  could  han- 
dle any  size  package  that  would  pass  through  a  rail- 
road car  door. 

No.  2.  The  size  of  the  car  established,  the  tun- 
nel need  not  be  any  larger  than  to  accommodate  the 
car,  and  with  a  small  tunnel  curves  could  be  made 
at  street  intersections  in  the  streets  and  thus  avoid  go- 
ing under  private  property.  Also  with  a  small  tun- 
nel, sidings  could  be  built  in  each  block  to  hold  cars 
of  the  shippers  without  blocking  the  main  track. 

Srd.  Had  the  tunnel  been  built  larger  and  the 
cars  too  large  to  enter  the  buildings,  it  would  have 
been  necessary  to  load  and  unload  cars  in  the  tunnels 
and  the  tunnels  would  have  been  blocked  up  at  all 
such  points  during  the  time. 

No.  4.  All  cars  being  switched  on  side  tracks  or 
being  elevated  in  the  buildings  keeps  the  main  track 
open  and  no  congestion  occurs  m  the  tunnels. 

Twenty  miles  of  tunnels  were  completed  in  1904 
and  the  Company  purchased  a  terminal  property 
at  West  Taylor  Street  and  the  Chicago  river,  intend- 
ing to  put  it  in  operation  early  in  1905,  when  parties 
largely  in  control  of  the  railroads  entering  Chicago 
were  attracted  to  it  and  business  arrangements  were 
made  with  such  parties  to  fully  develop  the  property 
and  make  it  more  of  a  railroad  terminal  before  it  was 
put  in  operation.  The  Company  had  secured  the 
mail  contract  from  the  Government,  which  was  oper- 
ated to  show  the  tunnels'  efficiency.  This  contract 
required  a  close  schedule  as  to  time  of  delivery  be- 
tween the  railroads  and  the  postoffice.  Its  service 
required  one  thousand  train  movements  a  day  and 
heavy  fines  for  failures  to  make  deliveries  on  time. 
During  the  last  year  of  this  contract  the  service  was 
operated  99.98  per  cent  perfect,  an  unknown  high 
rate  of  service,  and  fully  demonstrated  the  practica- 
bility of  the  capacity  of  the  tunnels  as  well  as  the 
low  cost  of  operation  which  justified  carrying  out  the 
future  plans  of  extension  of  the  property.    When  the 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


contract  expired  with  the  Government  the  price  was 
so  low  that  the  Company  felt  it  should  be  compen- 
sated for  such  service  to  the  extent  of  at  least  one 
dollar  per  train  load,  but  the  Government  was  not 
willing  to  pay  this,  and  as  a  car  movement  of  one 
thousand  trams  each  day  for  other  freight  was  so 
much  more,  the  Company  could  not  continue  the 
service. 

The  new  interests  in  the  property  fully  convinced 
and  satisfied  from  the  operation  of  the  mail  service 
that  the  size  of  the  car  and  the  size  of  the  tunnel 
were  correct,  laid  out  plans  increasing  the  scope  of 
the  tunnels  to  reach  all  points  in  the  railroad  freight 
yards  and  to  complete  its  transportation  before  it  was 
put  in  full  operation.  This  necessitated  building  for- 
ty-two miles  additional  of  tunnels,  requiring  fully 
three  years.  At  the  time  of  completion  of  the  six- 
ty-two miles  of  tunnels,  before  the  property  had  been 
put  in  full  operation,  the  death  of  one  of  the  principal 
owners  of  the  property  caused  a  change  in  the  Com- 
pany's plans,  necessitating  a  reorganization  of  the 
property.  The  large  parties  in  interest  holding  the 
Company's  securities  have  agreed  to  such  plans  and 
when  carried  out  the  Company  will  be  prepared  to 
operate  the  property  on  the  broad  scope  for  which 
it  was  built. 

The  tunnels  of  this  Company  and  the  purpose  for 
which  they  were  built  has  been  little  understood  by 
the  people  of  Chicago.  To  realize  the  importance 
of  them  as  to  the  future  of  Chicago,  they  must  be 
looked  upon  as  a  railroad  terminal.  The  growth  of 
the  great  railroad  transportation  systems  entering 
Chicago  necessitates  provision  for  future  terminals 
here,  and  the  fact  that  the  railroads  own  practically 
all  the  real  estate  they  can  acquire  in  the  center  of 
the  city,  forces  their  increased  facilities  for  handling 
freight  to  be  moved  several  miles  from  the  city's  bus- 
iness center  where  they  can  acquire  land  at  fifty  cents 
to  one  dollar  per  square  foot  as  against  twelve  dollars 


to  thirty  dollars  per  square  foot  in  the  center  of  the 
city.  To  establish  such  new  freight  yards  means  that 
the  railroads  should  have  them  connected  with  the 
center  of  the  city.  To  extend  the  tunnels  of  this 
Company  to  such  new  yards  is  not  to  increase  the 
cost  of  delivery  or  receiving  goods  to  any  extent,  as 
the  haul  through  the  tunnels,  whether  one  mile  or 
seven,  is  an  unimportant  matter.  When  such  im- 
provements are  made  by  the  railroads  it  will  greatly 
reduce  the  number  of  locomotives  entering  the  city 
and  therefore  greatly  reduce  the  smoke  made  by 
them. 

When  the  full  idea  for  which  these  tunnels  were 
planned  is  carried  out,  from  a  public  standpoint  it 
will  prove  to  be  as  beneficial  to  the  public's  interest 
as  any  public  improvement  ever  made. 

To  undertake  to  operate  this  as  an  independent 
property  is  to  dwarf  its  real  use  to  the  community  and 
make  it  only  an  ordinary  success.  To  make  it  a 
railroad  freight  terminal  is  to  make  it  the  greatest 
freight  terminal  property  in  the  United  States. 

Terminals  for  railroads  are  as  important  as  any  part 
of  a  railroad  system.  The  great  earnings  of  the  rail- 
roads are  produced  from  freight,  in  many  cases  the 
passenger  traffic  being  operated  with  very  small  prof- 
its: yet  the  terminals  for  passenger  traffic  were  im- 
portant enough  for  the  New  York  Central  lines  and 
the  Pennsylvania  lines  to  each  expend  over  one  hun- 
dred million  dollars  in  New  York  City  for  passenger 
terminals,  while  here  in  Chicago,  the  Chicago  and 
Northwestern  Railway  is  building  a  terminal  for 
passengers  at  an  enormous  cost. 

When  one  realizes  and  compares  in  the  way  of 
earnings  of  freight  to  passenger  traffic  of  the  steam 
railroads,  and  that  it  is  necessary  to  make  such  ex- 
penditures for  passenger  terminals,  then  one  can  bet- 
ter appreciate  the  great  importance  of  the  Chicago 
Subway  Company's  great  freight  terminal  for  the 
many  railroads  terminating  in  Chicago. 


89 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


Subway's  Telephone  Department 

[By  Albert  G.  Wheeler 


THE  originators  of  this  SUBWAY  construc- 
tion believed  that  the  telephone  was  becoming 
more  everyday  the  main  method  of  transact- 
ing business,  and  business  men  were  compelled  to 
transact  their  business  through  the  telephone  in  the 
hearing  of  their  own  private  switch-board  operators 
as  well  as  of  those  of  the  several  switch-board  opera- 
tors of  the  Telephone  Exchange  Company.  They 
realized  that  business  men  do  not  want  to  transact 
business  in  the  hearing  of  employees  or  disinterested 
parties,  but  were  compelled  to  by  existing  circum- 
stances. To  improve  on  these  conditions  they  de- 
cided to  have  their  Telephone  Department  equipped 
with  devices  to  prevent  anyone  breaking  in  on,  or 
overhearing  any  conversation  over  the  telephone.  To 
this  end  the  Automatic  Telephone  devices  were  per- 
fected. 

The  first  equipment  of  its  Telephone  Department 
provided  for  an  exchange  giving  service  to  10,000 
subscribers.  It  was  installed  with  a  view  of  com- 
pleting an  extensive  telephone  plant  to  cover  the 
whole  city.  The  Company's  plan  at  the  time  of  the 
installation  of  the  exchange  was  to  have  its  trans- 


portation department  in  operation  in  1905  and  then 
proceed  to  complete  its  Telephone  Department,  but 
as  stated,  at  this  time  a  change  of  ownership  and  pol- 
icy compelled  it  to  develop  its  transportation  depart- 
ment on  such  a  broad  scope  that  the  telephone  plans 
had  to  be  deferred  until  its  traffic  department  had 
been  completed. 

Fortunately  this  delay  will  prove  of  great  value  to 
the  subscribers  of  this  Company,  for,  in  the  mean- 
time over  one  hundred  cities  have  equipped  their  ex- 
changes with  these  Automatic  devices  which  have 
proved  very  successful  and  to  the  entire  satisfaction 
of  their  subscribers.  This  Company  can  now  install 
its  new  plant  with  all  of  the  Automatic  improvements 
up  to  date,  giving  its  subscribers  the  most  modern  and 
improved  telephone  system  installed  in  any  city  in 
the  world. 

The  Company's  plan  of  reorganization  includes 
the  immediate  installation  of  a  comprehensive  tele- 
phone exchange,  the  first  section  of  which  will  pro- 
vide for  20,000  subscribers  having  connection 
through  long-distance  service  with  the  whole  adja- 
cent country  to  Chicago. 


90 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


The  Bascule  Bridge  in  Chicago 

^y  J.  B.  Strauss,  C.  E. 


CI  lie  AGO  is,  among  other  things,  a  city  of 
bridges.  Perhaps  nowhere  in  the  United 
States  is  there  a  larger  number  and  variety  of 
bridge  structures  and  there  certainly  is  no  smgle 
city  where  these  structures  play  a  more  important 
or  conspicuous  part  in  the  city's  every  day  existence. 
In  Chicago  all  the  main  arteries  of  communication 
in  the  city  proper,  are  cut  through  by  the  Chicago 
River  and  its  two  branches  and  in  the  outlying  dis- 
tricts, the  Calumet  River,  the  Drainage  Canal  and  its 
feeders,  together  with  the  minor  streams  and  canals, 
present  multiplied  opportunities  for  bridge  construc- 
tion of  every  kind  and  degree. 

With  but  few  exceptions,  Chicago  bridges  are 
movable  and  despite  the  heavy  traffic  on  both  land 
and  water,  these  movable  bridges  serve  the  com- 
munity so  well  that  the  effect  of  the  withdrawal,  dur- 
ing the  past  few  years,  of  the  three  old  tunnels  from 
service  has  been  scarcely,  if  at  all,  noticeable.  With- 
out attempting  to  enter  into  a  discussion  of  the  rela- 
tive merits  of  tunnels  and  draw  bridges,  this  experi- 
ence clearly  indicates  the  sufficiency  of  the  above- 
surface  methods  of  transit  for  heavy  traffic,  and 
throws  some  doubt  upon  the  wisdom  of  general  sub- 
surface transportation. 

Up  to  the  years  1893  or  1894  all  the  movable 
bridges  of  Chicago  were  the  ordinary  type  of  draw 
or  swing  bridges,  the  earlier  structures  being  com- 
bination wood  and  iron,  and  the  latter  steel.  Some 
of  the  former  are  still  in  service  on  the  South  and 
North  branches  and  a  considerable  number  of  the 
latter  are  also  in  use  at  the  principal  crossings  of  the 
main  river.  There  were  also  two  or  three  deviations 
from  the  draw  bridge,  such  as  the  folding  lift 
bridges  at  Weed  and  Canal  Streets  over  the  North 
Branch  and  the  vertical  lift  bridge  over  the  South 
Branch,  representing  the  first  halting  steps  towards 
the  supremacy  of  Chicago  in  the  practice  and  use  of 
the  modern  bascule  bridge. 

At  the  present  time  Chicago  is  the  acknowledged 
bascule  center  of  the  world;  it  is  here  that  this  type 
of  movable  bridges  has  reached  its  greatest  develop- 
ment; with  but  few  exceptions,  all  the  recent  designs 
originated  or  were  recreated  or  exploited  here  and 


almost  all  the  bascule  patentees  and  going  bascule 
bridge  companies  are  located  in  Chicago.  The  most 
successful  work  in  this  field  has  been  conceived  and 
executed  in  Chicago  and  the  largest  number  of  these 
bridges  in  any  one  spot  is  found  within  its  environs. 

The  term  "bascule  "  is  derived  from  the  French, 
and  specifically  means  a  rocking  bridge.  It  has, 
however,  been  extended  to  cover  all  types  of  bridges 
moving  in  a  vertical  plane,  and  about  a  center, 
being  thus  distinguished  from  the  bridge  which  is 
simply  hoisted  up  bodily  and  which  is  designated  as 
a  lift  or  hoist  bridge.  The  vertical  lift  over  the 
South  Branch  or  the  Halsted  Street  bridge  already 
referred  to,  is  an  example  of  the  latter.  Contrary 
to  general  opinion,  this  particular  design  is  not  a 
novelty  in  bridge  construction,  except  in  that  the  size 
of  span  and  height  of  lift  are  greater  than  in  other 
bridges  of  this  type.  The  lift  bridge  is  not  a  bascule 
and  is  not  comparable  to  the  bascule,  as  is  evidenced 
by  the  amazing  rapidity  with  which  the  latter  has 
multiplied  since  the  completion  of  the  Halsted  Street 
bridge  in  1893,  while  the  lift  bridge  still  counts  but 
very  few  structures  of  any  size. 

The  first  of  the  modern  types  of  bascule  bridge  in 
this  country  was  built  for  the  Metropolitan  West 
Side  Elevated  R.  R.  near  Van  Buren  Street,  Chi- 
cago, in  1894.  It  was  designed  by  William 
Scherzer,  then  engineer  for  the  Metropolitan  Ele- 
vated, and  was  patterned  after  a  small  bridge  of  the 
same  general  type  built  at  Havre,  France.  A  sec- 
ond bridge  was  built  at  Van  Buren  Street  in  1895 
and  a  third  at  North  Halsted  Street  in  1897,  both 
constructed  for  the  City  of  Chicago.  William 
Scherzer  died  before  the  completion  of  the  Metro- 
politan bridge  and  this  design  remained  simply  the 
occasional  design  for  special  conditions  until  Albert 
Scherzer  undertook  its  commercial  development  un- 
der the  name  of  the  Scherzer  Rolling  Lift  Bridge 
Co.,  but  the  Van  Buren  and  North  Halsted  Street 
bridges  are  still  the  only  Scherzer  bridges  used  by 
the  municipality  of  Chicago. 

The  greatest  impulse  to  the  Scherzer  bridge  and 
to  the  bascule  bridge  in  general  was  given  by  its 
adoption   by   the  Sanitary   District  of  Chicago,   in 


91 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


pursuance  of  a  policy  adopted  in  connection  with  the 
water  flow  and  calhng  for  the  ehmination  of  center 
pier  bridges.  In  all  ten  Scherzer  bridges,  consti- 
tuting, with  the  exception  of  the  three  above  men- 
tioned, the  full  total  in  the  city  of  Chicago,  were 
built  under  the  direction  of  the  Sanitary  District  and 
subsequently  turned  over  by  it  to  the  City  of  Chi- 
cago to  be  maintained  and  operated.  From  its  in- 
ception and  up  to  1902  the  Scherzer  Bridge  Co. 
occupied  the  field  entirely  alone  and  with  the  impetus 
given  by  the  Sanitary  District,  succeeded  in  introduc- 
ing its  bridges  at  numerous  other  points.  In  1902, 
however,  the  first  hint  of  future  competition  came 
in  the  construction  of  the  Page  bridge  at  Ashland 
Avenue,  also  a  result  of  the  policy  of  the  Sanitary 
District,  and  in  1906  a  second  Page  bridge,  this 
time  ordered  by  the  C.  &  A.  R.  R.,  was  built  for 
this  company  over  the  South  Fork  of  the  South 
Branch  of  the  Chicago  River,  near  Archer  Avenue. 
The  Page  bridge  is  unlike  the  Scherzer,  an  original 
design,  the  particular  aim  of  the  inventor  being  the 
elimination  of  the  deep  pits  required  in  the  usual  form 
of  the  Scherzer  highway  bridge. 

A  small  bridge  designed  by  William  Rail,  of  Chi- 
cago, was  built  at  Delphos,  Ohio,  in  1901.  The 
right  for  this  type  has  since  been  acquired  by  the 
Strobel  Steel  Construction  Co.,  and  three  bridges 
have  been  built  by  this  company  for  the  Pennsyl- 
vania, the  Baltimore  &  Ohio  and  the  Lake  Shore  & 
Michigan  Southern  Rys.  jointly  where  their  lines 
parallel  each  other  in  the  crossing  of  the  East  Chi- 
cago Canal  at  Indiana  Harbor,  a  few  miles  from 
Chicago.  The  canal  is  not  in  service  as  yet  and  the 
bridges  therefore  are  not  operative.  The  design  is  a 
different  and  distinct  type  from  any  of  the  other 
Chicago  bridges  and  is  a  development  of  a  design 
originated  by  W.  L.  Worden,  of  Milwaukee,  in 
1895,  but  never  reduced  by  him  to  practice. 

The  Chicago  design  of  trunnion  bascule  bridges 
first  became  a  reality  in  the  Clybourn  Place  bridge 
built  in  1902.  The  design  is  an  adaptation  of  the 
standard  trunnion  bridge  of  Europe  to  American 
practice  and  Chicago  conditions,  and  so  well  has  the 
work  been  done  by  the  Chicago  Bridge  Department 
that  this  type  has  been  adopted,  in  more  or  less 
modified  form,  by  the  cities  of  Milwaukee,  Phila- 
delphia and  others,  as  well  as  by  the  District  of 
Columbia  and  by  the  State  of  New  York  in  con- 


nection with  its  Barge  Canal.  About  nine  bridges 
of  that  type  in  all  have  been  constructed  in  Chicago 
to  date. 

In  1905  the  Strauss  Trunnion  Bascule  Bridge, 
following  its  successful  construction  and  operation 
in  a  half  dozen  other  cities,  was  adopted  by  the  Chi- 
cago &  Northwestern  R.  R.  for  its  crossing  of  the 
North  Branch  of  the  Chicago  River  near  Kinzie 
Street. 

A  second  bridge  of  this  type  is  under  construction 
at  Polk  Street  for  the  city  of  Chicago,  being  the 
first  deviation  of  the  city  authorities  from  the  city 
type  of  trunnion  bridge.  The  Chicago  &  North- 
western bridge  holds  the  record  for  the  longest 
double  track  single  leaf  bascule  bridge  in  the  world 
and  the  most  heavily  trafficked  and  frequently  oper- 
ated, but  it  will  be  exceeded  by  the  Strauss  bridge 
now  under  construction  for  the  C.  &  W.  I.  R.  R. 
across  the  Grand  Calumet  River. 

The  above  five  types  represent  practically  all  those 
which  have  passed  beyond  the  stage  of  a  single 
initial  installation,  so  that  we  have  here  in  Chicago 
examples  of  every  design  which  has  experienced 
commercial  development.  And  it  is  in  Chicago 
therefore  that  the  true  rating  and  standing  of  these 
types  will  be  determined.  The  highway  bridges 
whether  built  by  the  city  or  the  sanitary  district,  are 
all  operated  and  maintained  by  the  city,  and  the 
bridge  department  has  put  into  practice  an  excel- 
lent system  of  performance  and  maintenance  records, 
covering  the  different  types,  which  records  are  prov- 
ing of  incalculable  value,  in  arriving  at  an  accurate 
idea  of  their  efficiency. 

From  these  records  it  has  become  evident  that 
bascule  bridges  naturally  fall  into  two  groups, 
namely,  those  with  rolling  contacts  and  those  without. 
The  trunnion  bridge,  which  include  the  City  Trun- 
nion and  the  Strauss  Trunnion,  belong  to  the  latter 
group;  the  remaining  three  types  belong  to  the  roll- 
ing contact  group.  The  rolling  contact  bridges  have 
given  evidence  of  elemental  weakness  in  the  tracks 
and  threads  which  in  two  or  three  structures  have 
resulted  in  fracture,  throwing  grave  doubt  upon  the 
suitability  of  the  rolling  contact  principle  for  such 
usage.  On  the  other  hand,  the  trunnion  has  proven 
here  as  it  has  during  a  period  of  fifty  years  or  so  in 
Europe,  that  it  is  a  highly  efficient  and  absolutely 
reliable  device  under  all  conditions  of  service  and  for 
all  limits  of  size  and  weight. 


92 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


TYPE  OF  STR  \l>- 


At  the  present  time  Chicago  faces  the  necessity 
for  further  advance  in  bascule  bridge  design  in  con- 
nection with  the  proposed  increase  in  the  clear  width 
of  channel  in  the  main  river.  The  existing  bascules 
provide  a  clear  waterway  of  1 40  feet  between  fen- 
der lines,  cutting  off  approximately  60  feet  of  the 
river  width  because  of  the  projecting  abutments. 
The  new  harbor  commissioner  appointed  by  the 
mayor  to  improve  and  develop  the  harbor  and  river 
and  which  commission  is  headed  by  John  M.  Ewen 
as  harbor  engineer,  has  recommended  a  clear  chan- 
nel width  equal  to  the  full  width  of  the  river  or  ap- 
proximately 200  feet,  and  it  seems  more  than  likely 
that  the  future  bascule  bridges  of  Chicago  will  be 
required  to  provide  this  clear  width. 

Since  the  building  line  in  almost  all  cases  extends 
to  the  dock,  and  since  the  dock  will  be  the  new 
fender  line,  it  becomes  rather  a  knotty  problem  to 


1IK;E  ()\F.R  CHICAGO  RIVF.R. 


develop  a  design  which  shall  not  encroach  on  either, 
or  interfere  with  the  full  utility  of  the  river  or  the 
value  of  abutting  property.  The  present  depth  of 
counterweight  pit  is  also  close  to  the  maximum  limit 
and  it  will  be  necessary  for  the  new  design  to  exceed 
this  limit  but  little.  Last  but  not  least,  the  cost 
must  not  amount  much  above  the  cost  of  the  present 
city  standard,  all  of  which  means  a  bascule  bridge 
of  still  greater  efficiency  and  greater  capacity,  and 
it  is  safe,  therefore,  to  expect  still  further  Chicago 
contributions  to  the  bridge  builder's  art  in  the  future 
than  have  been  given  in  the  past. 

What  the  Chicago  engineers  have  already  accom- 
plished is  the  firm  establishment  of  the  bascule, 
throughout  the  world,  as  the  most  advanced  type  of 
movable  bridge,  and  in  so  doing  they  have  con- 
tributed in  no  small  degree  to  the  present  remarkable 
development  of  our  internal  waterways. 


93 


A     HALF    CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


Chicago's  Water  Supply  System 

St/  John  E.  Ericsson 


Introduction 

IN  the  transition  of  the  world  from  chaos  to  cosmos 
water  formed  one  of  the  early  stages,  and  ever 
since  the  formation  of  the  organic  world  it  has 
been  one  of  the  essential  necessities  for  progress  and 
development. 

The  life  of  the  little  unobserved  herb  in  the  crevice 
on  the  mountain  side  is  as  dependent  thereon  as  is 
man,  the  crowning  glory  of  God's  creation. 

After  performing  its  life  giving  functions  to  ani- 
mal life,  it  IS  taken  into  the  earth  and  is  passed  by 
natural  forces  to  the  arteries  of  all  organic  growth  or 
percolates  to  the  streams  or  oceans  that  float  the  com- 
merce between  nations. 

Straggling  veins  extract  the  medicinal  qualities 
from  organic  substance  or  dissolve  equally  valuable 
elements  from  inorganic  matter  and  emerge  as  springs 
to  relieve  the  ailments  of  afflicted  man. 

All  unseen  it  ascends  to  the  clouds  in  its  invisible 
purity  and  descends,  scouring,  cleansing  and  absorb- 
ing the  impurities  in  the  air  we  breathe,  ready  to  re- 
peat indefinitely  the  cycle  of  its  functions. 

Ever  since  man  came  upon  earth  his  life  and  hap- 
piness have  depended  on  a  sufficient  and  pure  supply 
of  water. 

The  lonely  settler,  whose  cabin  was  located  by  the 
everlasting  spring  or  brook,  had  no  necessity  for  any 
mechanical  device  for  the  collection  or  storage  of  the 
commodity,  but  as  the  race  increased  and  people 
commenced  to  live  in  communities,  smaller  or  larger, 
the  earliest  method  of  artificially  obtaining  a  water 
supply  was  undoubtedly  by  the  digging  of  wells. 

As  communities  grew  larger,  many  collected  the 
water  through  aqueducts,  some  several  miles  in 
length,  to  cisterns  and  reservoirs,  where  the  inhabi- 
tants secured  their  supply  and  carried  it  to  their 
homes. 

Among  such  ancient  constructions  the  Aqua  Ap- 
pia  of  Rome,  built  about  312  B.  C.  and  which  had 
a  length  of  eleven  miles,  may  be  mentioned. 

The  development  of  modern  water  works  in  Eu- 
rope was  slow,  up  to  the  eighteenth  and  nineteenth 


centuries,  and  was  confined  principally  to  London 
and  Paris. 

With  the  application  of  steam  to  the  pumping  of 
water,  a  great  impetus  was  given  to  the  development 
of  water  works  constructions. 

In  the  United  States  the  progress  in  the  develop- 
ment of  such  works,  especially  in  the  improvements 
in  the  making  of  cast  iron  pipe  and  the  perfection  of 
pumping  machinery,  has  been  marked  since  1 850. 
Today  there  is  not  a  city,  and  hardly  a  village  of 
some  two  thousand  inhabitants,  that  has  not  its  own 
water  supply  system. 

Early  Development  of  the  Water 
Supply  System  of  Chicago 

The  town  of  Chicago  was  incorporated  in  1833 
and  the  city  of  Chicago  in  1837.  In  those  early 
days  the  little  group  of  citizens  with  their  homes 
located  on  the  shore  of  one  of  the  largest  natural  fresh 
water  reservoirs  in  the  world,  and  not  being  used  to 
the  luxury  of  having  the  supply  delivered  by  gravity 
or  machinery  through  pipes  into  their  homes,  gave 
but  little  thought  to  water  works  development,  se- 
curing their  supply  in  buckets  and  barrels  as  it  was 
needed,  from  wells,  river  or  lake. 

An  enterprising  corporation,  the  Chicago  Hy- 
draulic Company,  however,  came  into  existence  in 
1836.  By  the  construction  of  a  reservoir  at  Lake 
Street  and  Michigan  Avenue  the  supply  was  brought 
nearer  to  the  homes  of  the  citizens,  and  a  part  of  the 
new  city  obtained  its  supply  therefrom.  It  was  not 
until  1840,  however,  that  a  pumping  engine  was 
constructed,  and  thereafter  the  water  was  brought 
still  nearer  to  the  consumers  through  bored  out  logs, 
of  which  two  miles  were  then  laid.  The  supply  was 
obtained  from  Lake  Michigan  through  an  iron  pipe 
running  out  into  the  lake  about  1 50  feet. 

The  young  city  grew  rapidly  in  population,  the 
services  rendered  by  the  private  water  company  were 
unsatisfactory,  and  in  1 85 1 ,  by  legislative  act,  the 
city  was  given  power  to  establish  its  own  water 
works,  and  the  franchise  of  the  Chicago  Hydraulic 
Company  were  taken  over  by  the  city. 


94 


A     HALF    CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


From  this  time  a  new  era  in  the  development  of 
water  supply  system  of  Chicago  was  initiated. 

The  Beginning  of  the  Half  Century 

With  these  preliminary  remarks,  we  will  take  a 
glance  at  the  system  at  the  termination  of  the  year 
1858,  or  the  beginning  of  the  semi-centennial  period, 
which  is  the  object  of  this  sketch. 

Chicago  had  now  grown  to  be  a  city  with  about 
100.000  inhabitants.  Its  people  were  supplied  with 
water  by  means  of  two  pumping  engines  and  four 
boilers,  located  in  a  pumping  station  at  the  foot  of 
Chicago  Avenue  near  the  lake;  the  supply  being  ob- 
tained through  a  30  inch  wooden  pipe  reaching  about 
600  feet  out  into  the  lake. 

The  total  nominal  capacity  of  the  plant  was  21,- 
000,000  gallons  per  24  hours  and  the  average  daily 
pumpage  in  1859  was  at  the  rate  of  3,877,1  19  gal- 
lons per  24  hours.  The  water  was  distributed  through 
72  miles  of  mains  with  which  272  fire  hydrants  were 
connected.  The  area  of  the  city  at  that  time  was 
about  18  square  miles,  and  the  daily  consumption  of 
water  per  capita  was  only  about  39  gallons. 

Contamination  of  the  Supply 

While  the  capacity  of  the  new  pumping  station 
with  the  low  per  capita  consumption  was  more  than 
ample  for  some  years,  the  rapid  increase  in  popula- 
tion of  the  city,  its  increasing  commerce  and  trade, 
and  the  construction  of  miles  of  sewers  which  dis- 
charged their  foul  contents  into  the  waters  of  the  lake 
and  river,  brought  about  a  condition  as  regards  pur- 
ity of  the  water  supply  that  soon  became  well  nigh 
unbearable,  and  made  Chicago  a  butt  for  jokes  all 
over  the  country. 

The  Chicago  River,  ordinarily  more  like  a  cur- 
rentless  bayou,  became  a  cesspool  of  filth,  which  the 
spring  floods  carried  out  into  the  lake,  contaminating 
its  water  for  a  considerable  area  and  rendering  the 
water  supply  extremely  impure.  Small  fish  that 
sought  the  shallow  water  near  the  shore  were  drawn 
into  the  water  intake  pipe,  and  after  passing  through 
the  pumps  were  disseminated  through  the  water  pipes 
of  the  city. 

Owing  to  the  War,  which  absorbed  the  attention 
of  engineers  and  others  all  over  the  country,  this 
state  of  affairs  was  endured  until    1863,  when  the 


limit  of  endurance  was  reached,  and  the  citizens  be- 
gan to  show  a  determination  to  have  the  conditions 
changed. 

Many  schemes  were  proposed  to  purify  the  Chi- 
cago River,  all  more  or  less  extreme  and  impractical. 
Even  at  this  early  date  the  suggestion  to  construct  a 
series  of  intercepting  sewers  was  made,  but  the  ex- 
pense and  the  time  required  would  be  so  great  and 
the  entire  matter  so  much  of  an  experiment  that  the 
scheme  was  abandoned. 

The  Ship  Canal  idea  was  also  under  considera- 
tion, but  a  bill  introduced  in  Congress  for  this  pur- 
pose was  killed,  and  deprived  the  citizens  of  Chicago 
of  all  hope  of  relief  in  that  manner. 

With  an  inexhaustible  reservoir  of  pure  water  lo- 
cated at  their  outer  door,  requiring  only  some  means 
whereby  the  crystal  fluid  could  be  brought  from  a 
sufficient  distance  from  shore,  the  authorities  were 
bordering  on  a  state  of  desperation. 

The  First  Water  Tunnel 

The  idea  of  constructing  a  tunnel  under  the  bed 
of  the  lake,  which  was  now  brought  forward,  was 
a  new  one  and  was  by  many  engineers  declared  im- 
practicable. 

To  the  forethought,  skill  and  determination  of  the 
City  Engineer  at  that  time,  Mr.  E.  S.  Chesbrough, 
IS  due  the  adoption  and  consummation  of  this  idea 
of  securing  for  the  coming  metropolis  an  improved 
water  supply,  which  method  has  since  added  so  much 
to  the  growth,  health  and  happiness  of  the  city,  and 
made  the  later  problems  of  extensions  comparatively 
easy.  This  first  lake  tunnel,  five  feet  in  internal  di- 
ameter and  two  miles  long,  was  completed  in  1867, 
and  the  water  supply  problem  was  solved  for  the 
time  being. 

The  increase  in  area  of  the  city  through  annexa- 
tion of  adjoining  territory  and  the  rapid  increase  in 
population  soon  brought  up  another  problem  as  re- 
gards the  water  supply  situation. 

The  pumping  station  located  at  the  lake  on  the 
eastern  margin  of  the  city  could  not  deliver  sufficient 
water  at  the  required  pressure  to  distant  inland  por- 
tions of  the  city,  and  it  became  apparent  that  a  pump- 
ing station  must  be  located  and  constructed  so  as  to 
provide  an  effective  service  to  those  districts.  The 
successful  completion  and  operation  of  the  first  tun- 


95 


HALF    CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


DIAGRAM  SHOWING  GROWTH  OF 

CHICAGO  WATER  SUPPLY  SYSTEM 

DURING  50  YEARS 

1858  —  1908 

COMPLETED   UNDER  THE   DIRECTION   OF 

JOHN  ERICSON 

CITY    ENGINEER 


96 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


.— -.^^ 


CAKIKK    li.    II  AKklSD.N    (Kll!. 


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ComniciiccU    1SS7. 


KUUU-.Mll.K  (  UIi:.   I  irV   111    LUlcAuO. 


97 


l\.iii|)lclc<l    18V4. 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


nel  solved  the  engineering  problem  of  delivering 
water  by  gravity  to  such  an  inland  pumping  station. 
If  funds  were  available,  the  construction  of  tunnels 
of  any  length  could  now  be  undertaken  without  ap- 
prehension as  to  the  success  of  such  a  venture. 

A  new  seven  foot  tunnel,  extending  from  the  Chi- 
cago Avenue  pumping  station,  in  a  northeasterly  di- 
rection under  the  lake  to  the  original  crib  and  ex- 
tended across  the  city  to  a  new  pumping  station  lo- 
cated about  four  miles  southwest  of  Chicago  Avenue 
station  at  Twenty-second  Street  and  Ashland  Av- 
enue, was  completed,  and  two  new  pumping  engines 
of  a  capacity  of  15,000,000  gallons  each  put  into 
operation  in  1876.  In  the  meantime,  an  additional 
pumping  engine  with  a  capacity  of  36,000,000  gal- 
lons per  24  hours  had  been  installed  at  the  Chicago 
Avenue  pumping  station  and  put  in  operation  in 
1872. 

Thus  the  second  important  step  in  the  develop- 
ment of  the  water  supply  system  had  been  conceived 
and  successfully  executed. 

These  two  stations,  by  the  addition  of  some  new 
pumping  engines,  served  the  city  for  about  a  decade, 
when  it  became  apparent  that  the  demand  for  water 
was  rapidly  approaching  the  existing  tunnel  capacity 
and  that  new  tunnels  and  additional  pumping  sta- 
tions must  be  constructed. 

The  new  additional  system  which  was  commenced 
in  1 887  embraces  the  Harrison  Street  and  the  Four- 
teenth Street  pumping  stations  and  the  tunnels  con- 
necting said  stations  with  the  Four  Mile  Crib.  A 
part  of  this  system  consists  of  tunnels  eight  feet  in  in- 
ternal diameter.  This  system,  which  added  90  mil- 
lion gallons  per  day  to  the  nominal  pumping  capac- 
ity, was  ready  for  operation  in  1 890  and  1 89 1 .  In 
the  meantime  large  areas  were  added  to  the  city  by 
the  annexation  of  the  towns  of  Lake  View,  Hyde 
Park  and  Lake  in  1889. 

Complications  as  Regards  the  Water 
Supply  System 

Each  one  of  these  annexed  communities  had  water 
supply  systems  of  their  own,  but  they,  of  course, 
formed  no  part  of  the  original  Chicago  system,  but 
were  entirely  detached  and  independent.  Each  sys- 
tem also  needed  immediate  improvements  and  exten- 
sions, and  some  scheme  for  the  unification  of  the  vari- 
ous systems  soon  appeared  to  be  a  necessity.     New 


pumping  stations  with  additional  machinery  were  al- 
most immediately  planned  for  Lake  View  and  Hyde 
Park. 

In  1 890  the  Washington  Heights  district  and  in 
1 893  Norwood  Park  were  added,  both  of  which 
had  to  be  given  immediate  attention  in  the  way  of 
water  supply  improvements,  including  new  water 
tunnels  for  other  stations. 

Meanwhile  other  territory  was  added  to  the  west- 
ern and  the  northern  part  of  the  city,  the  population 
increased  at  a  phenomenal  rate,  and  the  cry  for  more 
water  went  up  from  nearly  all  the  outlying  districts. 

Another  large  system  of  tunnels  and  pumping  sta- 
tions was,  therefore,  planned.  This  system  embraces 
the  Central  Park  Avenue  and  the  Springfield  Av- 
enue pumping  stations  with  a  capacity  of  1 00  million 
gallons  per  24  hours  each,  together  with  the  system 
of  tunnels  which  terminate  at  the  Carter  H.  Harrison 
Crib.  This  system  was  put  in  operation  in  1 900  and 
I90L  The  total  pumping  capacity  at  each  of  these 
stations  was,  however,  not  reached  until  some  years 
later. 

The  city  now  had  ten  pumping  stations  widely 
separated,  and  in  order  to  obtain  as  elastic  a  system 
as  possible  it  was  deemed  necessary  to  inter-connect 
the  various  systems  with  large  mains.  This  work 
was  commenced  in  1 893,  when  some  50  miles  of 
these  main  arteries  were  laid.  This  work  has  since 
been  continued  until  the  entire  water  supply  system 
of  Chicago  today  represents  a  fairly  well  connected 
whole. 

Diversion  of  Sewage 

As  the  length  to  which  Lake  tunnels  can  be  built 
is  limited  by  the  increasing  depth  of  water  at  greater 
distances  from  shore,  some  means  of  preserving  the 
purity  of  the  water  supply  within  tunnel  limits  be- 
came necessary.  This  resulted  in  the  construction  of 
the  great  Drainage  Canal  to  reverse  the  direction  of 
flow  in  the  Chicago  River,  and  the  Intercepting 
Sewer  Systems  to  divert  the  discharge  of  sewage 
from  the  lake  to  the  Drainage  Canal,  at  a  cost  of 
some  60  million  dollars. 

A  satisfactory  supply  as  regards  quality  of  water 
was  thus  obtained,  but,  although  only  a  decade  has 
passed  since  the  opening  of  this  great  drainage  sys- 
tem, serious  problems  regarding  the  preservation  of 
the  purity  of  the  water  supply  again  confront  us  in 


98 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


the  general  use  of  the  lake  for  disposal  of  wastes  by 
cities  along  its  shores,  and  much  work  and  great  ex- 
penditures will  be  necessary  in  the  immediate  future 
to  otherwise  dispose  of  this  contaminating  material, 
and  later  for  the  adoption  of  some  method  of  sewage 
purification. 

Additions  Now  Under  Construction 

There  is  under  construction  at  the  present  time  an- 
other addition  to  the  water  supply  system  in  the 
southern  part  of  the  city,  which  when  fully  completed 
will  include  about  1  I  miles  of  tunnels  and  three 
pumping  stations,  the  lake  portion  of  tunnel  having 
an  internal  diameter  of  1 4  feet.  One  of  these  pump- 
ing stations  is  now  under  construction. 

The  System  Today 

A  large  addition  to  the  Lake  View  pumping  sta- 
tion is  also  under  construction  and  about  completed. 


The  water  system  of  Chicago  today  consists  of  1  I 
pumping  stations  in  operation,  containing  42  large 
pumping  engines  and  12  boilers.  There  are  38  miles 
of  water  tunnels  and  five  intake  cribs  in  use,  and 
about  16  miles  of  tunnels  under  construction.  There 
are  2.189  miles  of  water  mains  with  18,782  stop 
valves  and  22,696  fire  hydrants.  The  area  of  the 
city  is  190.64  square  miles. 

Concluding  Remarks 

The  above  brief  description  will  give  some  idea 
of  the  progress  and  development  of  the  water  supply 
system  during  the  past  50  years.  The  table  and  dia- 
gram accompanying  this  article  will  more  satisfac- 
torily show  its  successive  growth.  Its  rapid  growth 
has  truly  been  phenomenal,  and  yet  has  hardly  fully 
met  all  the  requirements  at  any  time. 

Not  only  has  the  population  of  this  city  increased 
at  a  rate  that  stands  alone  in  the  history  of  the  world. 


SPRINGFIELD    AVENUE    PU.MPING    ST.XTION. 
•       99 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


but  the  increase  in  the  consumption  of  water  per  cap- 
ita per  day  has  also  been  so  great  that  if  these  in- 
creases are  allowed  to  continue  at  the  same  rate  in 
the  future  pumping  stations  will  be  as  numerous  as 
school  houses  and  the  lake  bottom  will  be  honey- 
combed with  tunnels. 

While  the  population  in  50  years  has  increased 
from  100,000  to  2,500,000,  the  pumpage  has  in- 
creased from  39  gallons  per  inhabitant  to  204  gallons 
per  inhabitant  per  day. 

A  recent  analysis  made  of  the  water  supply  situ- 
ation in  the  business  district  of  the  city  indicates 
clearly  that  the  requirements  for  water  in  this  dis- 
trict will  at  least  be  quadrupled  in  about  30  years, 
even  if  the  per  capita  consumption  can  by  energetic 
methods  be  brought  down  to  about  one-half  of  what 
it  is  at  present,  it  having  been  well  demonstrated  that 
a  great  percentage  of  the  water  pumped  is  lost 
through  leakage  and  waste. 

The  writer  some  years  ago  after  some  examination 
asserted  that  about  75  per  cent  of  the  water  pumped 
is  lost  through  leakage  and  waste.  As  a  result  of 
this  preliminary  investigation  a  system  of  water  sur- 
veys was  inaugurated  in  1907  for  the  purpose  of  dis- 
covering and  checking  this  enormous  waste.  The 
following  brief  description  of  the  results  of  this  work 
fully  bear  out  the  conclusions  formerly  arrived  at. 

The  water  consumption  of  the  city  of  Chicago  in- 
creased from  126  gallons  per  capita  m  1890  to  204 
gallons  per  capita  per  day  in  1907,  when  the  total 
pumpage  was  450,000,000  gallons  per  day. 

The  Water  Survey  Division,  organized  for  the 
purpose  of  decreasing  the  waste  and  leakage,  sur- 
veyed ten  square  miles  of  the  central  portion  of  the 
city.  The  results  of  these  surveys  show  that  there  is 
a  heavy  plumbing  leakage  throughout  the  city,  which 
is  due  to  the  neglect  of  owners  and  tenants  in  making 
repairs,  and  which  causes  a  loss  of  from  35  to  45 
per  cent  of  the  total  supply.  In  one  square  mile  on 
the  west  side,  bounded  by  Madison  Street,  1 2th 
Street,  Halsted  Street  and  Ashland  Avenue,  a  total 
saving  of  5,700,000  gallons  per  day,  or  48  per  cent 
of  the  supply,  was  effected  by  repairing  faulty 
plumbmg  fixtures. 

In  addition  to  the  plumbmg  waste,  there  is  an  ex- 
cessive underground  leakage,  due  to  defective  street 
mains  and  old  service  pipes,  principally  the  latter; 


which  waste  from  25  to  35  per  cent  of  the  total  sup- 
ply. In  Districts  Nos.  21 ,  22  and  23,  having  a  com- 
bined area  of  750  acres  and  located  between  3 1  st 
Street,  Princeton  Avenue  and  the  Chicago  River, 
the  underground  leakage  was  found  to  be  approxi- 
mately 2,850,000  gallons  per  day,  or  47J/2  per  cent 
of  the  total  supply. 

These  are  the  principal  sources  of  loss  of  water. 
There  are  other  forms  of  losses,  however,  that  affect 
the  total  supply,  and  which  amount  to  a  total  of 
from  5  to  1 0  per  cent  of  the  supply. 

About  35  districts,  ranging  from  75  to  300  acres, 
have  been  surveyed,  which  show  high  night  rates  of 
consumption,  indicating  neglectful  waste  and  under- 
ground leakage.  The  total  loss  amounts  to  from  70 
to  80  per  cent  of  the  total  supply.  The  net  con- 
sumption in  the  districts  where  house  to  house  inspec- 
tions were  made  show  that  from  40  to  60  gallons  per 
capita  IS  ample  for  domestic  consumption,  and  in 
some  districts  it  is  as  low  as  30  gallons  per  capita. 

The  average  daily  pumpage  for  1908  was  467,- 
000,000  gallons  per  day.  Fifteen  per  cent  of  this 
supply  was  metered.  The  total  number  of  metered 
services  in  Chicago  is  less  than  5  per  cent.  At  the 
present  time  the  city  receives  less  than  two  cents  per 
1 000  gallons  for  the  unmetered  supply,  which  is  less 
than  actual  cost  to  the  city.  More  meters  are  neces- 
sary to  restrict  the  wilful  waste  common  everywhere. 
The  increase  in  revenue  or  decrease  in  cost  of  plant 
and  operation  from  the  general  use  of  meters  would 
insure  the  city  large  returns  on  the  investment. 

A  total  of  1 4,000,000  gallons  per  day  was  saved 
during  the  past  nine  months  by  district  surveys. 
Most  of  this  water  was  saved  by  eliminating  the 
plumbing  leakage.  This  volume  of  water  at  2.9 
cents  per  1000  gallons  amounted  to  a  saving  of 
$148,000  per  annum. 

While  some  of  the  above  may  not  be  considered 
as  belonging  to  a  pleasant  history  of  "A  Half  Cen- 
tury of  Chicago's  Water  Supply  System,"  the  writer 
thinks  he  should  not  neglect  this  opportunity  of  bring- 
ing home  to  the  Chicago  readers  of  this  article  the 
fact  that  a  serious  condition  confronts  us,  and  that 
there  should  be  no  let  up  in  the  planning  and  con- 
struction of  additions  to  this  system,  as  well  as  to  a 
restriction  of  the  waste. 


100 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


The  Chicago  Harbor 

^y  John  M.  Ewen 

SPFXIAL  HARBOR  COMMISSIONER  OF  THE  CITY  OF  CHICAGO 


WATER  transportation  has  played  a  much 
larger  part  m  the  development  of  Chicago 
than  most  persons  realize.  While  the  im- 
portance of  water  traffic  for  Chicago  has  seemed  to 
be  ebbing  during  the  past  decade,  I  believe  a  revival 
is  in  sight  and  that  water  transportation  in  the  future 
is  to  contribute  more  to  the  progress  of  Chicago  and 
the  community  tributary  to  it  even  than  it  has  in  the 
past. 

Chicago,  Buffalo  and  Duluth  occupy  the  three 
positions  of  greatest  strategic  advantage  with  refer- 
ence to  water  transportation  upon  the  Great  Lakes. 
Buffalo  stands  at  the  point  of  transfer  between  the 
Great  Lakes  and  the  canal  and  rail  lines  to  the  East. 
Duluth,  besides  being  at  the  northwest  terminus  of 
water  transportation,  is  surrounded  by  immense  de- 
posits of  iron  ore.  Chicago,  located  at  the  foot  of 
Lake  Michigan,  is  possessed  of  a  far  richer  hinter- 
land than  Duluth  can  ever  expect  to  have.  It  has 
exceptional  opportunities  as  a  distributing  and  manu- 
facturing center.  The  region  about  Chicago  is  in 
agricultural  resources  one  of  the  richest  in  the  world. 
Abundant  coal  supplies  are  not  far  away  and  the 
iron  ore  of  the  Lake  Superior  region  can  be  brought 
to  this  area  so  cheaply  by  water  transportation  as  to 
make  Chicago  the  natural  meeting  place  for  the  coal 
and  the  iron  ore. 

With  the  development  of  the  Erie  canal  Chicago 
became  the  western  terminus  of  water  transportation. 
It  thus  became  the  greatest  grain  shipping  center  of 
the  West.  The  presence  of  immense  timber  supplies 
in  Michigan,  Wisconsin,  Minnesota  and  Canada  ad- 
jacent to  the  Great  Lakes  made  possible  the  utiliza- 
tion of  water  transportation  for  lumber.  It  was  be- 
cause of  its  location  that  Chicago  became  the  great- 
est lumber  center  in  the  world  and  the  bringing  in  of 
lumber  in  large  quantities  naturally  contributed  to  the 
development  of  manufacturing  in  lines  in  \vhich  lum- 
ber IS  the  principal  raw  material. 

It  was  the  commerce  and  industry  developed  by 
location  on  the  water  which  made  Chicago  the 
Mecca  for  the  railroads  so  that  today  this  city  is  the 


greatest  railroad  center  in  the  world.  Chicago  s  su- 
premacy as  a  railroad  center,  in  other  words,  is  in- 
directly due  to  its  earlier  supremacy  as  a  water  trans- 
portation center. 

Even  the  despised  Illinois  and  Michigan  canal — 
the  "tadpole  ditch" — has  played  in  the  past  a  more 
important  part  than  is  commonly  realized.  This 
canal  in  earlier  days  carried  a  large  volume  of  traffic 
and  was  an  important  factor  in  maintaining  low  rail- 
road rates  to  and  from  Chicago. 

When  the  Lakes-to-the-Gulf  Waterway  shall 
have  been  completed  and  when  the  improved  water 
routes  from  the  Great  Lakes  to  the  Atlantic  Ocean 
shall  be  a  reality — whether  by  an  enlarged  Erie 
canal,  by  the  St.  Lawrence  route,  or  by  the  proposed 
Georgian  Bay  ship  canal,  or  all  three — Chicago  will 
be  in  a  position  again  to  profit  tremendously  by  its 
advantageous  location  with  reference  to  water  trans- 
portation. 

In  order  to  derive  the  benefit  which  is  its  due,  how- 
ever, Chicago  must  be  prepared  to  take  advantage  of 
the  opportunities  open  to  it.  This  involves  tremen- 
dous development  in  the  way  of  harbor  and  dock 
improvements. 

In  the  early  days  of  water  transportation  the  craft 
navigating  the  Great  Lakes  and  even  more  those  nav- 
igating the  Illinois  and  Michigan  canal,  were  small 
in  size.  The  did  not  require  deep  water  nor  expen- 
sive dock  facilities.  Moderate  improvement  of  the 
river  sufficed  to  attract  to  this  location  tremendous 
volumes  of  traffic.  The  improvements  of  earlier  days 
were  sufficient  to  the  needs  of  those  days. 

It  is  interesting  to  note  that  more  than  forty  years 
ago  the  authorities  were  planning  elaborate  harbor 
developments.  Government  engineers  in  the  60's 
recommended  the  building  of  a  harbor  on  the  lake 
front  and  in  furtherance  of  that  recommendation  pro- 
tecting breakwaters  were  built.  In  the  controversy 
and  litigation  between  the  public  and  the  Illinois 
Central  railroad  over  the  question  as  to  who  should 
control  the  proposed  harbor,  the  improvement  was 
blocked.     A  few  docks  were  built  on  the  lake  front. 


101 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO      BUILDING 


HIGHWAY    AND    ELECTRIC    RAILWAY    SCHERZER    ROLLING    LIFT    BRIDGE    ACROSS    THE    NORTH    BRANCH  OF  THE  CHICAGO   RU'ER 

AT   NORTH    HALSTED    STREET,    CHICAGO. 
In  a   partly  opened  position. 


HIGHWAY    AND    ELECTRIC    RAILWAY    SCHERZER    ROLLING    LIFT    BRIDGE    ACROSS    THE    NORTH   BRANCH   OF  THE  CHICAGO   RIVER 

AT   NORTH   HALSTED    STREET,    CHICAGO. 
In  the  closed  position. 


102 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


IIUJUWAV     A.NIi     i:i,i;(  TKIC 


RAILWAV    SCIIEKZKR    ROLLIXC,    LIl-T    lilUUGE    ACROSS    THE    illliACiO    RIVKR     \T    TWKXTV  SKCOVD 
STREET.    CHICAGO,    FOR    THE    SANITARY    DISTRICT    OF    CHICUJO.  '    '       ' 

In  a  partly  opened  position. 


IIIGIIWAY    AND    ELECTRIC    RAILWAY    SCHER2ER    ROLLI.VG    LIFT    BRIDGE    .\CRO.SS    THE    CHICAGO    RIVER     \T    TWFXTYSECOND 

STREET.    CHICAGO.    FOR    THE    SA.NITARY    DISTRICT    OF    CHIC.\(;0. 

In  the  closed  position. 


103 


A     HALF    CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


fl!ii?{MHiP»'H>'»n'^*"' 


HIGHWAY    AND    ELECTRIC    RAILWAY    SCHERZER    ROLLING    LIFT    BRIDGE    ACROSS    THE    CHICAGO    RIVER    AT    MAIN    STREET, 
CHICAGO,   FOR  THE   SANITARY  DISTRICT   OF   CHICAGO. 

In  the  open  position. 


HIGHWAY    AND    KLKCTKIC    KAILW.W    SCHERZER    ROLLING    LIFT    F.RIDGE    ACROSS    THE   CIIIC.VCO    RI\  ER    AT    MAIN    STREET, 

CHICAGO,    FOR   THE    SANITARY   DISTRICT   OF   CHICAGO. 

In  the  closed  position. 


104 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


IIIilllWAV    AM)    EI.ECTKK     kAIL\\A\     >U  1 1- K/:h/<     K.u.i.l.N..     ).ll-l     l;Kll",K    Ai  R(  >SS    TIIECIIICAnO    kivhk      \1     MAIK    mkm-.i. 

CmCAdO,    EOR   THE    SAXITARV    DISTRICT    OK   CHICAIIU. 

\'iew    showing   bridge    in    the    open    m>silion.      This    bridge    is    the    tirst    bascule    briilge    on    the    route    of   the 

Deep  Waterway  from  the  C;reat  Lakes  to  the  (iulf  of  Mexico  and    Panama   Canal. 


llIi;llWAV    AM)     EI.El  TKU      KAII.W  A'l      SlllEKZER    ROM. INC.     LIFT     ItRIIH.E     ACROSS     THE    (IIICAC.O     RI\  ER    AT    STATE    STREET. 

(IIICAC.O.    FOR   THE   SANITARY    DISTRICT   OF    IHIi  ACo. 

In  the  closed  position. 


105 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


but  in  the  main  the  project  of  forty  years  ago  has 
been  abandoned  and  the  area  m  question  is  now  de- 
voted to  park  purposes. 

Chicago  in  recent  years  has  been  losing  its  lake 
commerce.  Perhaps  if  the  development  of  earlier 
years  had  been  carried  out  as  planned  the  story  might 
have  been  different.  While  to  some  extent  the  com- 
merce of  Chicago  has  declined  because  of  the  natural 
falling  off  of  the  supply  of  some  of  the  commodities 
of  lake  commerce — notably  lumber — it  is  undoubt- 
edly true  that  better  facilities  would  have  meant  more 
water  traffic.  It  is  significant  that  the  Chicago  river 
harbor  is  the  only  one  showing  decline  of  water  traf- 
fic. The  movement  of  freight  on  the  Great  Lakes 
has  increased  tremendously  in  the  past  decade.  Mil- 
waukee, Duluth,  Cleveland  and  Buffalo  all  show 
large  increase  in  tonnage.  The  port  of  Chicago  has 
just  about  held  its  own  during  the  past  ten  years. 
Chicago  proper  shows  a  large  decline.  The  water 
traffic  for  the  port  as  a  whole  has  remained  constant 
because  the  commerce  of  South  Chicago  has  in- 
creased by  about  the  same  amount  that  that  of  Chi- 
cago proper  has  fallen  off. 

There  are  signs  that  the  city  is  awakening  to  the 
importance  of  water  transportation.  The  vessel  men 
and  the  dealers  in  the  few  commodities  of  heavy 
lake  traffic,  who  heretofore  have  been  waging  the 
battle  for  river  improvements  practically  alone,  are 
now  receiving  the  support  of  the  public  authorities 
and  of  public  opinion.  The  appointment  by  Mayor 
Busse  of  the  Harbor  Commission  was  one  evidence 
of  this  reawakening.  The  Harbor  Commission  after 
more  than  a  year  of  work  upon  the  subject,  submitted 
to  the  Council  on  March  I ,  last,  a  report  recommend- 
ing a  comprehensive  plan  of  harbor  development. 
The  city  administration  and  the  Council  Committee 
on  Harbors,  Wharves  and  Bridges  are  now  dealing 
with  these  various  recommendations  with  a  view  to 
carrying  them  into  effect  as  speedily  as  possible. 

The  subjects  first  to  receive  attention  are  those  of 
center  pier  bridges  and  the  developments  of  docks 
north  of  the  mouth  of  the  river. 

For  years  the  street  car  tunnels  under  the  river 
were  serious  obstacles  to  navigation,  and  prevented 
vessels  entering  the  river  loaded  to  their  full  capac- 
ity. After  years  of  agitation,  these  obstacles  to 
navigation  were  removed.     The  center  pier  bridges. 


however,  remained.  The  agitation  for  their  removal, 
and  the  substitution  for  them  of  bridges  of  the  bas- 
cule type  has  been  carried  on  for  a  number  of  years. 
Recently  some  of  these  old  bridges  have  been  taken 
out  and  new  bridges  of  the  bascule  type  having  a 
clear  span  of  1 40  feet  at  the  water  line  have  been 
substituted  in  their  place. 

The  Harbor  Commission  was  of  the  opinion  that 
the  bridges,  instead  of  being  140  feet  in  the  clear, 
should  be  200  feet.  The  problem  confronting  the 
city  at  this  time  is,  not  only  to  do  away  with  the  cen- 
ter pier  structures,  but  to  get  in  their  place  bridges  ad- 
equate for  the  needs  of  the  future.  The  War  De- 
partment has  already  fixed  a  date  within  which  the 
bridges  at  Lake  Street  and  Indiana  Street  must  be 
removed.  The  city  administration  and  the  Council 
Committee  on  Harbors,  Wharves  and  Bridges  are 
now  dealing  with  this  matter  with  a  view  to  making 
arrangements  for  the  best  type  of  structure  that  can 
be  devised.  Within  a  few  years  the  policy  of  har- 
bor improvement  should  make  it  possible  for  the  larg- 
est vessels  navigating  the  lakes  to  enter  the  main  river 
and  its  branches  and  traverse  them  for  as  great  a  dis- 
tance as  the  interests  of  shipping  call  for. 

The  Harbor  Commission,  created  by  resolution  of 
the  City  Council  and  appointed  by  Mayor  Busse, 
was  directed  primarily  to  consider  the  question  as  to 
how  much  of  the  lake  front  should  be  reserved  for 
future  harbor  uses.  The  commission  was  of  the  opin- 
ion that  extensive  reservations  should  be  made  south 
of  Grant  Park,  but  it  did  not  recommend  the  immedi- 
ate construction  of  harbors  m  that  vicinity.  Its  sug- 
gestion was,  that  the  contemplated  park  improve- 
ments for  that  area  be  so  carried  out  as  to  permit  of 
later  adaption  for  harbor  uses,  if  found  necessary. 

The  commission  was  of  the  opinion,  however,  that 
piers  projecting  into  Lake  Michigan  north  of  the 
mouth  of  the  river  should  be  constructed  as  speedily 
as  possible.  These  piers  would  be  intended  primari- 
ly for  the  accommodation  of  passengers  and  package 
freight  boats.  The  passenger-carrying  vessels  are 
now  doing  business  in  the  port  of  Chicago  under  very 
great  difficulties.  It  is  important  that  the  facilities 
for  these  boats  be  increased.  With  the  construction 
of  a  street  car  line  running  to  the  piers  the  location 
north  of  the  mouth  of  the  river  would  be  well 
adapted  to  passenger  boat  purposes. 


106 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


HIGHWAY    AND    ELECTRIC    RAILWAY    SCUERZER    ROLLING    LIFT    BRIDGE    ACROSS    THE    CHICAGO    RIVER    AT    RANDOLPH 
STREET,  CHICAGO,    FOR   THE   SANITARY    DISTRICT   OF   CHICAGO. 
Open  for  navigation. 


lIli.UU W     \xn    F.LECTRIC    RAILW.W    ?Cin"RZER    ROLLING    LIFT    nUIDGE    ACROSS    THE    CHICAGO    RIXKR    AT    KAXnoU'lL 
STREET,    CHICAGO,    FOR   THE    SANITARY   DISTRICT   OF   CHICAGO. 
In  the  closed  position. 


107 


A     HALF    CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


The  package  freight  boats  now  have  their  docks 
at  various  places  in  the  Chicago  River.  Most  of 
them  have  insufficient  room  for  the  proper  transac- 
tion of  their  business.  New  boats  that  might  desire 
terminal  facilities  in  the  port  of  Chicago,  whether  for 
the  passenger  or  package  freight  business,  would  find 
serious  difficulty  in  securing  the  desired  accommoda- 
tions. With  the  construction  of  piers  north  of  the 
mouth  of  the  river,  adequate  facilities  could  be  pro- 
vided for  the  passenger  and  package  freight  boats 
now  doing  busmess  m  Chicago.  This  location  prob- 
ably will  not  provide  facilities  sufficient  for  all  time  to 
come.  But  the  thing  to  do  now  is  to  provide  these 
facilities  as  soon  as  possible,  and  then  take  up  for 
consideration  the  question  as  to  what  shall  be  done 
when  these  piers  shall  be  utilized  to  their  limit  of 
capacity. 

The  Council  Committee  on  Harbors,  Wharves 
and  Bridges  is  now  considering  the  questions  of  pol- 
icy involved  in  the  carrying  out  of  this  project.  The 
mam  question  is  as  to  whether  the  city  itself  shall 
build  and  own  the  docks,  or  whether  it  shall  allow  a 
private  corporation  to  construct  and  manage  them. 

While  removal  of  center  pier  bridges  and  the  con- 
struction of  docks  north  of  the  mouth  of  the  river  are 
the  two  problems  of  most  pressing  importance  in  con- 
nection with  dock  matters,  they  are  by  no  means  the 
only  ones  demanding  attention.  Harbors  are  classi- 
fied as  of  two  kinds,  Commercial  and  Industrial. 
The  harbor  north  of  the  mouth  of  the  river  would  be 
a  commercial  harbor.  For  Chicago  and  the  area 
tributary  therto,  what  is  known  as  Industrial  Harbor 


Development  is  quite  as  important  as  Commercial 
Harbor  Development.  The  branches  of  the  Chicago 
River,  the  Sanitary  District  canal,  the  Calumet 
River  and  its  branches  and  Lake  Calumet  all  afford 
many  excellent  factory  sites  in  locations  having  both 
water  and  rail  transportation.  In  some  cases  the 
channels  need  widening  and  dredging.  In  particu- 
lar, there  is  a  project  on  foot  for  deepening  and  im- 
proving Lake  Calumet,  filling  in  large  portions 
thereof,  and  thus  providing  a  system  of  docks  within 
a  landlocked  harbor  that  shall  afford  exceptional  op- 
portunities for  industrial  development. 

The  new  steel  plant  at  Gary,  Indiana,  means  that 
cheap  iron  and  steel  will  be  available  in  the  Chicago 
district  for  manufacturing  concerns  that  use  those 
products  as  raw  materials.  This  should  signify  much 
for  the  future  of  Chicago  as  a  manufacturing  center. 

The  Harbor  Commission  in  its  report  took  the  po- 
sition that  the  entire  area  from  Waukegan  on  the 
north  to  Gary  on  the  south  should  be  regarded  as  a 
single  industrial  community,  with  Chicago  as  its  nat- 
ural center.  No  development  can  take  place  in  any 
part  of  this  area  without  benefiting  the  whole.  The 
Harbor  Commission,  therefore,  very  properly  recom- 
mended that  Chicago  should  take  the  leadership  of 
the  movement  for  improving  the  water  transportation 
facilities,  both  commercial  and  industrial,  of  this  en- 
tire area. 

If  the  recommendations  of  the  Harbor  Commis- 
sion be  carried  out,  and  if  the  water  terminal  facilities 
of  the  community  be  speedily  improved,  it  is  unques- 
tionable that  the  public  will  gain  much  thereby. 


108 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


Foundations 

^y  Edward  C.  Shankland 


THE  development  of  the  foundations  support- 
ing the  buildings  in  Chicago  has  kept  pace 
with  the  evolution  of  the  skyscraper,  which 
originated  in  Chicago,  but  which  on  account  of  the 
restrictions  imposed  by  the  City  has  not  been  carried 
to  the  heights  reached  elsewhere. 

The  illustration  on  following  page  is  a  record  of 
borings  and  caissons  from  1 2th  Street  on  the  South, 
to  Chicago  Avenue  on  the  North,  and  gives  a  com- 
prehensive and  accurate  representation  of  the  soil 
supporting  Chicago's  high  buildings. 

The  following  is  a  brief  description  of  the  loca- 
tion of  the  different  borings. 

Boring  No.  I  — Brand  building  now  being  erected 
at  1223-27  Wabash  Avenue. 

Boring  No.  2 — Addition  to  Fisher  building. 
Dearborn  and  Van  Buren  Streets. 

Boring  No.  3 — Chicago  &  Northwestern  Rail- 
way Company's  Office  building,  Franklin  Street  and 
Jackson  Boulevard. 

Boring  No.  4 — Northern  Trust  Bank  building. 
La  Salle  and  Monroe  Streets. 

Boring  No.  5 — Chicago  &  Northwestern  Ter- 
minal Station  now  being  erected  at  Lake  and  Clin- 
ton Streets. 

Boring  No.  6 — Steele  Wedeles  building.  Dear- 
born Avenue  and  Chicago  River. 

Boring  No.  7 — Montgomery  Ward  &  Co.,  Chi- 
cago Avenue  and  Chicago  River. 

Boring  No.  8 — IS  submitted  as  a  matter  of  inter- 
est. It  is  a  record  of  an  artesian  well  at  Franklin 
Street  and  Jackson  Boulevard  for  the  Chicago  and 
Northwestern  Office  Building  and  shows  the  strati- 
fication of  the  rock  down  to  a  depth  of  1  400  feet. 

TTie  soil  underlying  the  business  district  of  Chi- 
cago does  not  vary  greatly  down  to  a  depth  of  about 
75  feet  below  street  level.  Below  this  level  and  es- 
pecially from  about  1 00  feet  below  street  level  down 
to  bed  rock,  great  variations  are  found  sometimes 
within  a  radius  of  only  a  few  feet. 


East  and  south  of  the  Chicago  river,  and  as  far 
south  as  12th  street,  the  upper  stratum  was  originally 
a  yellow,  sandy  loam  extending  12  to  15  feet  below 
the  street  level.  The  material  is  very  fine,  more  or 
less  inclined  to  run  and  is  subject  to  considerable 
shrinkage  when  the  water  is  removed,  so  that  it  is 
not  at  all  a  satisfactory  material  upon  which  to  build. 
Below  this  sandy  loam  is  usually  found  a  tough,  blue 
clay,  containing  considerable  quantities  of  yellow, 
sandy  loam  often  giving  the  appearance  of  yellow 
clay.  This  stratum  usually  contains  but  little  water 
and  is  hard  digging  with  a  shovel.  It  is  hardest  on 
top  and  gradually  merges  into  a  soft  blue  clay  at  4 
to  8  feet  below  the  hard  clay.  This  soft  blue  clay 
contains  considerable  fine  gravel  mixed  through  it, 
with  numerous  sand  or  gravel  pockets  from  a  few 
inches  to  several  feet  in  diameter,  and  occasional 
granite  or  other  hard  boulders.  This  stratum  usu- 
ally extends  to  a  depth  of  50  to  60  feet  below  street 
level,  where  it  gradually  merges  into  a  tough  blue 
clay,  of  the  same  general  nature  as  the  soft  clay 
above.  This  clay  becomes  harder  and  harder  as  the 
depth  into  it  increases  and  becomes  a  hard,  dry,  blue 
clay  that  cannot  be  dug  into  with  a  shovel  but  must 
be  grubbed.  This  hard  clay  stratum  is  found 
throughout  the  down  town  district  of  the  city  but  var- 
ies greatly  in  thickness,  5  feet  in  some  localities,  15  or 
20  feet  in  others.  In  places  it  merges  into  the  hard 
pan  stratum,  in  other  places  it  may  change  into  al- 
ternating layers  of  hard,  dry,  blue  clay  and  thin 
seams  of  compact  loam  or  silt.  In  places  it  is  found 
to  overlay  seams  of  tough,  blue  clay,  from  a  few 
inches  to  several  feet  in  thickness. 

After  passing  through  the  upper  6  or  8  feet  of 
hard,  dry,  blue  clay  the  stratification  becomes  very 
irregular  and  the  material  found  at  one  point  cannot 
be  taken  as  an  indication  of  what  may  be  expected 
a  few  hundred  feet  distant.  Below  the  hard,  dry, 
blue  clay  is  often  found  5  to  10  feet  of  hard,  dry, 
flaky  clay,  which  usually  lays  in  thin  seams  2  to  8 
inches  thick  and  separated  by  thin  layers  of  silt.  In 
other  localities  thick  beds  of  compact,  dry  loam  or 
silt  occurs  under  the  hard,  dry,  blue  clay — this  mate- 


109 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


110 


HALF     CENTURY      OF     CHICAGO      BUILDING 


rial  is  often  so  compact  that  it  must  be  loosened  up 
with  a  grub,  though,  if  dry  it  falls  to  pieces  immedi- 
ately upon  being  loosened  up. 

The  hard  pan  stratum  consists  of  fine  and  coarse 
gravel,  stones  and  occasional  boulders  cemented  with 
a  hard,  dry.  blue  clay,  and  varies  greatly  in  hard- 
ness— often  it  is  no  harder  than  the  hard,  dry  clay 
found  above — m  other  places  it  is  so  hard  that  but 
slow  progress  can  be  made  in  it  with  railroad  picks. 
This  hard  pan  in  places  extends  to  rock;  in  other 
places  it  may  overlay  beds  of  fine  sand,  loam  or 
gravel  and  boulders,  with  a  second  layer  of  hard  pan 
on  the  rock. 

Wherever  rock  lies  below  I  10  feet  below  street 
grade  with  sand,  gravel  or  loam  immediately  above, 
water  usually  occurs,  rising  in  places  1 5  feet  or  more 
above  the  rock. 

The  distribution  of  boulders  above  rock  is  also 
very  irregular;  caissons  have  been  put  down  to  rock 
without  striking  a  gravel  bed  or  boulder,  while  less 
than  40  feet  from  the  same  caisson  another  put  down 
where  12  feet  of  boulders  were  encountered,  rock 
in  both  cases  being  at  practically  the  same  elevation. 

The  compressible  nature  of  the  soil  makes  the 
proper  designing  of  the  foundations  a  complex  and 
somewhat  difficult  problem.  The  plain  truth, 
pointed  out  by  Mr.  Frederick  Baumann,  who  is 
known  as  the  father  of  the  isolated  pier  foundation, 
and  which  is  described  by  him  in  a  little  book  pub- 
lished in  1 873,  that  a  flat  body  resting  on  a  yielding 
soil  must  be  centrally  loaded  in  order  to  settle  evenly 
was  not  observed  in  the  early  days.  As  a  conse- 
quence the  settlement  of  those  buildings  was  very  un- 
even and  their  walls  were  apt  to  be  considerably  out 
"of  plumb.  Before  Mr.  Baumann  brought  out  his 
method  of  isolated  foundations  some  improvements 
had  been  attempted  from  time  to  time,  but  not  al- 
ways with  success. 

One  new  architect  introduced  inverted  arches  in 
the  foundations  with  the  result  that  the  posts  were 
thrown  out  of  plumb  so  badly,  that  extra  anchors  had 
to  be  provided  to  prevent  the  buildings  from  toppling 
over. 

The  most  notable  example  of  this  was  in  the  case 
of  three  water  reservoirs  built  by  the  City  of  Chicago 
in  1854.  Each  one  was  60  feet  in  diameter  and  30 
feet  high,  resting  partly  on  the  foundations  under  the 


outside  walls  and  partly  on  inverted  arches  sprung 
between  them.  The  exterior  was  pressed  brick  with 
a  good  deal  of  cut  stone.  When  finished  and  one 
was  being  filled  with  water  the  arch  shoved  out  the 
foundations  of  the  walls,  and  there  would  have  been 
a  total  collapse  had  not  the  water  been  immediately 
drawn  off. 

The  old  buildings,  from  three  to  six  stories  in 
height  to  be  found  on  Adams,  Monroe  and  other 
streets  are  typical  of  the  class  of  buildings  first  put  up 
after  the  fire.  In  these  buildings  the  foundations 
vary  in  size  according  to  the  number  of  stories  in  the 
building.  As  a  consequence  the  load  per  square 
foot  on  the  soil  under  these  buildings  is  often  very 
great  and  averages  much  greater  than  those  under 
buildings  erected  later.  There  are  buildings  of  this 
type  where  the  pressure  on  the  soil  from  the  dead 
weight  of  the  building  is  from  14,000  to  15,000 
pounds  per  square  foot. 

These  excessive  loads  caused  very  great  and  very 
uneven  settlement,  but  the  buildings,  being  of  brick 
and  wood  could  withstand  the  distortion  produced 
by  the  great  variations  in  settlement,  variations  which 
would  not  be  allowed  in  the  more  recent  steel  frame 
buildings. 

Then  too  the  settlement  was  not  noticed  because 
the  street  grades  varied  so  much.  Only  a  few  years 
ago  it  was  common  to  have  steps  in  the  sidewalk 
caused  by  the  different  grades  of  adjoining  buildings 
and  several  such  sets  of  steps  would  be  found  in  the 
same  block.  Where  the  street  varied  in  height  sev- 
eral feet  in  the  same  block,  the  settlements  of  build- 
ings however  great,  would  attract  little  attention. 

Some  of  these  foundations  rested  on  the  blue  clay 
spoken  of  above  as  being  about  14  feet  below  street 
grade,  but  very  often  they  rest  on  the  filled  ground, 
one  foot  or  even  two  or  three  feet  above  the  clay. 
This  makes  these  buildings  unstable  when  adjoining 
buildings  are  removed,  and  they  have  to  be  handled 
carefully  when  new  buildings  are  erected  as  the 
foundations  of  the  latter  are  carried  down  to  a  much 
greater  depth.  However,  these  buildings  in  the 
down  town  district  are  being  replaced  so  rapidly  that 
they  are  really  not  an  important  factor  in  the  subway 
problem. 

The  next  type  is  the  spread  foundation  made  of 
steel  rails  or  I  beams  embedded  in  concrete.     The 


111 


A     HALF     CENTURY      OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


TEST  MADE  AT  SOUTH  END  OF  IIAXUFACTURERS  AXn  Lir.ERAL  ARTS  BUILDIXG. 


CAISSON,  AMERICAN  TRUST  AND  SAVINGS  BANK  BUILDING. 


112 


A     HALF     CENTURY      OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


Rand  McNally  on  Adams  Street,  the  Royal  Insur- 
ance on  Jackson  Boulevard,  the  Rookery,  the  Illinois 
Trust  and  Savings  Bank,  the  Temple,  and  Home  In- 
surance on  La  Salle  Street,  and  the  Marquette,  on 
Dearborn  Street  are  of  this  class.  Buildings  resting 
on  spread  foolmgs  are  among  the  highest  and  costliest 
in  the  city  and  include  besides  those  mentioned,  the 
Marshall  Field  wholesale,  the  Masonic  Temple,  Ta- 
coma,  Monadnock  Block,  Great  Northern  buildings, 
Ashland  Block  and  others. 

In  this  type  the  load  carried  by  each  column  or 
pier  was  accurately  calculated  and  the  area  of  its 
foundation  determined  by  dividing  this  load  by  the 
assumed  pressure  per  square  foot.  This  pressure  was 
commonly  taken  3,000  pounds  although  in  some 
cases  it  was  taken  as  high  as  4,000.  Thus  the  areas 
and  therefore  the  depths  of  the  footings  varied  ac- 
cording to  the  loads.  In  the  most  successful  build- 
ings, the  dead  weight  of  the  structures  was  alone  con- 
sidered in  proportioning  the  area  of  the  footing,  for 
when  the  live  load  \vas  taken  into  account  the  varia- 
tions in  settlement  were  greater.  In  erection  the 
foundations  were  set  up  higher  than  they  were  ulti- 
mately intended  to  be  in  order  to  allow  for  the  set- 
tlement sure  to  take  place  and  which  is  all  the  way 
from  9  inches  to  over  20  inches.  This  necessitates 
also  raising  the  inside  line  of  the  sidewalks  and  ac- 
counts for  the  steep  slope  of  some  sidewalks  now  to 
be  found,  where  the  assumed  settlement  did  not  take 
place. 

When  the  construction  plans  of  the  World's  Col- 
umbian Exposition  buildings  were  begun  in  March, 
1 89 1 ,  the  bearing  value  of  the  soil  at  Jackson  Park 
was  an  unknown  quantity. 

Over  200  borings  were  made  on  the  sites  of  the 
main  buildings,  and  the  soil  was  found  to  average  1 
foot  black  soil,  I  3  feet  sand,  the  lower  portion  being 
saturated  with  water,  1 3  feet  soft  clay,  hard  pan  be- 
ing found  at  an  average  depth  of  27  feet. 

Loading  tests  were  also  made  to  determine  the  safe 
load  to  put  upon  the  soil,  also  whether  it  would 
squeeze  out  under  pressure,  as  most  of  the  large  build- 
ings were  to  be  placed  on  the  banks  of  the  lagoons. 

The  accompanying  photograph  of  the  test  at  the 
south  end  of  Manufacturers  and  Liberal  Arts  Build- 
ing is  interesting.     The  load  was  3161    pounds  per 


square  foot  on  a  base  3  feet  by  3  feet  one  inch  which 
caused  a  settlement  of  8  inches  while  load  was  being 
put  in  place  and  in  90  hours  the  settlement  was  3  feet 
2  inches.  The  test  was  then  discontinued;  although 
the  settlement  had  not  ceased. 

Pile  foundations  have  always  been  used  along  the 
liver  and  to  some  extent  in  the  business  center.  The 
Medinah  Temple,  on  Jackson  Boulevard,  The  Fed- 
eral building,  on  the  block  bounded  by  Jackson, 
Clark,  Adams  and  Dearborn,  and  the  Merchants 
Loan  and  Trust  building,  Clark  and  Adams  Streets, 
are  built  on  piles.  In  the  latter  building  concrete 
walls  were  used  on  the  west  wall  where  the  building 
adjoins  the  Chicago  Edison  building. 

The  latest  type  of  foundations  and  the  one  used 
almost  exclusively  now  for  the  high  steel  buildings  is 
the  concrete  well  or  caisson.  The  word  well  is  a 
better  definition  as  it  describes  the  method  more  ac- 
curately, but  "caisson"  has  come  into  universal  use 
and  it  will  be  used  hereafter  in  this  report.  These 
caissons  are  preferably  carried  down  to  and  rest 
upon  bed  rock  which  is  found  as  stated  previously  at 
from  105  to  120  feet  below  street  level.  Sometimes, 
however,  they  stop  at  hard  pan  about  70  feet  below 
street  level  and  are  belled  out,  that  is  the  diameter 
of  the  caisson  is  increased  at  the  bottom  in  order  to  re- 
duce the  pressure  per  square  foot  on  the  clay.  The 
Corn  Exchange  shown  on  caissons  going  down  to  the 
rock.  The  west  wall  of  Merchants  Loan  and  Trust 
Company  and  the  Chicago  National  Bank,  and  the 
Rector  building,  are  supported  on  caissons  which  rest 
on  the  hard  pan  and  are  belled  out. 

The  accompanying  photograph  shows  bed  rock  in 
the  bottom  of  one  of  the  caissons  supporting  the 
American  Trust  and  Savings  Bank  building,  corner 
of  Monroe  and  Clark  Streets,  at  a  depth  of  105  feet 
below  street  level. 

The  use  of  compressed  air  in  sinking  caissons  has 
been  used  for  the  first  time  on  a  large  scale  in  putting 
down  the  caissons  for  the  Chicago  and  Northwestern 
Railway  Company's  Terminal  Station  at  Madison 
and  Canal  Streets.  These  caissons  were  completed 
a  few  months  ago.  They  were  dug  down  about  80 
feet  in  the  ordinary  manner  and  then  air  locks  were 
put  in  the  shafts  and  the  rest  of  the  work  down  to 
rock  about  120  feet  was  done  under  a  pressure  of  15 
pounds. 


113 


A    HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


Development  of  Fire  Resisting  IVEaterial 

for  Buildings 


Sp  William  Holabird 


EACH  passing  year  contains  accounts  of  many 
fires,  large  and  small,  mvolvmg  complete  or 
partial  destruction  of  valuable  property  and 
losses  due  to  necessary  rebuildmg  or  extensive  re- 
pairs, including  the  consequent  loss  in  time  and 
money  before  the  business  is  again  in  running  order. 
Such  disasters  as  the  Baltimore  fire  and  the  San 
Francisco  conflagration  have  shown  the  unreliabil- 
ity of  many  classes  of  construction  previously  con- 
sidered fireproof.  Engineers,  architects  and  build- 
ers throughout  the  country  have  been  spurred  to  re- 
newed efforts  toward  the  finding  of  a  material  which 
will,  in  the  highest  degree  possible,  assure  protection 
against  the  destructive  effects  of  fire. 

An  article  in  "Insurance  Engineering"  several 
years  ago  by  J.  S.  Sewell,  then  Captain  of  Engin- 
eers, U.  S.  A.,  gives  the  following  conditions  under 
which  a  material  may  be  considered  as  fireproof, 
viz: 

"It  shall  be  incombustible. 

It  shall  undergo  no  molecular  change  in  a 
fire  that  will  impair  its  strength  or  change  its 
form. 

It  shall  be  possessed  of  considerable  strength 
and  shall  be  so  applied  that  the  expansion  and 
contraction  stresses  due  to  rapid  heating  and 
sudden  cooling  will  not  destroy  it  or  impair  its 
usefulness. 

It  shall  be  a  poor  conductor  of  heat." 

Other  authorities  have  added  further  requirements, 
namely : 

That  the  material  shall  be  of  such  a  nature 
as  to  make  it  adaptable  not  only  as  a  protective 
covering,  but  also  as  a  structural  part  of  a 
building. 

That  it  shall  be  economical  in  construction 
and  require  only  a  minimum  amount  of  repair 
in  case  of  damage  by  fire. 

That  it  shall  possess  a  rate  of  expansion 
nearly  equal  to  that  of  the  steel  which  it  is  de- 
signed to  protect,  so  that  at  no  time  will  the 


metal  be  exposed  to  the  heat  of  the  fire  through 
a  cracking  or  falling  away  of  the  protective 
coating,  or  be  liable  to  rust  through  contact  with 
moisture. 

Upon  examination  of  the  different  fireproofing  ma- 
terials now  available,  it  seems  that  the  above  condi- 
tions are  most  nearly  fulfilled  by  two,  brick  and  con- 
crete. The  former,  when  made  of  good  quality, 
hard  burned  clay,  either  in  the  form  of  common  or 
pressed  brick,  is  indeed  an  excellent  fireproofing  ma- 
terial; but  its  extensive  use  as  a  protective  covering 
for  steel  and  its  employment  in  any  structural  parts 
of  the  building  is  largely  prohibited  by  the  necessary 
massiveness  of  the  construction  and  the  resulting 
heavy  cost  of  erection. 

Concrete,  however,  meets  the  requirements  more 
fully ;  hence  it  is  used  more  and  more  in  the  construc- 
tion of  fireproof  buildings.  In  the  form  of  cement 
blocks  it  is  being  extensively  used  in  the  building  of 
smaller  business  structures  and  private  dwellings. 
Reinforced  concrete  is  adaptable  not  only  for  the 
construction  of  the  floors  and  partitions  of  steel  skel- 
eton buildings  and  for  the  protection  of  interior  col- 
umns, beams  and  girders,  but  also,  and  most  success- 
fully, for  the  entire  structural  work  of  offices,  ware- 
houses, mills,  factories,  public  buildings,  etc. 

Reinforced  concrete,  besides  best  fulfilling  the 
conditions  for  a  fireproof  structure,  has  several  other 
distinct  advantages.  Chief  among  these  may  be 
mentioned,  continual  improvement  with  age  instead 
of  deterioration,  absence  of  vibration  (an  important 
factor  in  the  construction  of  mills  and  factories),  easy 
production  of  any  desired  architectural  effects,  and 
decrease  in  insurance  and  maintenance  charges.  It 
also  permits  a  type  of  construction  with  a  flat  ceiling, 
thus  decreasing  the  height  of  the  outside  walls,  while 
preserving  the  same  interior  head  room,  lessening  the 
cost  of  the  building,  making  easier  the  installation 
and  operation  of  sprinkler  systems,  and  giving  assur- 
ance that  a  stream  of  water  from  a  fire  hose  against 
the  ceiling  will  spread  over  the  maximum  area  and 


114 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


will    not    be    deflected    by    intervening    beams    and 
girders. 

Concrete,  when  tested  in  the  laboratory  in  the 
form  of  cubes  and  exposed  to  high  temperatures, 
showed  a  tendency  to  decrease  in  strength,  and  was 
therefore  thought  by  many  to  be  a  poor  fireproof  ma- 
terial; but  fire  tests  of  floors  and  partitions  and  of 
buildings  actually  constructed  showed  no  such  dis- 
couraging results,  as  the  concrete  appeared  to  be  lit- 
tle affected  by  the  fire.  Prof.  Ira  A.  Woolson  of 
Columbia  University  discovered  the  solution  of  this 
apparent  contradiction  in  the  fact  that  concrete  was 
a  remarkably  poor  conductor  of  heat,  and  hence  the 
heat  penetrated  the  thinner  cubes  more  rapidly  than 
the  thicker  concrete  used  in  the  floors  tested  and  in 
the  structural  parts  of  the  buildings  actually  erected. 
This  IS  an  item  of  the  greatest  importance  in  the  selec- 
tion of  a  fireproof  material. 

Several  authorities  state  that  when  concrete  is 
heated  to  a  high  temperature — say  between  700 
and  1 ,000  Fahrenheit — the  moisture  present  in  the 
form  of  water  of  crystallization  is  evaporated,  and 
upon  further  application  of  heat  is  driven  off.  This 
process  requires  a  considerable  length  of  time  during 
which  the  concrete  is  affected  to  the  depth  of  only  a 
quarter  of  an  inch.  To  disintegrate  the  material  un- 
derneath the  heat  must  first  pass  through  the  dried- 
out  upper  portion,  \vhich  is  now  a  better  non-conduc- 
tor than  before.  This  involves  a  period  of  time  con- 
siderably longer  than  that  of  the  severest  fire  to  which 
any  structure  might  be  subjected,  without  consider- 
ing the  presence  of  apparatus  for  quenching  the 
flames. 

Because  of  this  peculiarity  of  concrete  it  is  found 
that  a  covering  of  two  or  three  inches  will  amply  pro- 
tect from  fire  structural  steel  work;  and  the  density 
of  concrete  preserves  it  from  moisture  and  the  for- 
mation of  rust,  while  necessary  repairs  after  the  fire 
generally  involve  a  mere  resurfacing  because  of  the 
spalling  or  chipping  of  the  concrete  at  exposed  cor- 
ners, or  the  breaking  away  of  the  finish  from  the 
body  of  the  concrete  floor. 

Since  with  all  materials  angular  surfaces  are  more 
liable  to  damage  by  fire  than  flat  or  rounded  surfaces, 
and  with  concrete  a  sharp  corner  is  more  liable  to 
damage  by  water,  it  has  been  suggested  as  a  remedy 
that  all  exposed  corners  should  be  rounded.     With 


a  material  like  concrete  this  is  very  easily  accom- 
plished. 

In  many  cases  of  floor  construction  time  elapses 
between  the  placing  of  the  concrete  proper  and  the 
wearing  surface  or  finish;  thus  the  bond  between  the 
two  is  often  imperfect.  A  better  bond  can  be  ob- 
tained by  applying  the  finish  coat  immediately  after 
the  structural  concrete  of  the  floor  is  laid.  This 
would  probably  prevent  the  scaling  of  the  surface  un- 
der fire. 

In  reinforced  concrete  construction  some  authori- 
ties think  it  best  to  place  an  additional  coating  around 
columns  and  girders  in  order  that  the  danger  of  fire 
exposing  the  reinforcing  steel  and  causing  a  weaken- 
ing or  possible  collapse  of  the  structure  may  be  re- 
duced to  a  minimum. 

For  fireproofing,  and  for  partitions  or  other  parts 
where  no  heavy  loads  are  to  be  sustained,  numerous 
tests  and  actual  experiences  have  shown  that  the  best 
material  is  concrete  made  with  cement,  sand  and 
cinders;  but  in  order  to  give  the  most  efficient  results 
the  cinders  should  be  of  the  best  quality  and  contain 
a  minimum  amount  of  unburned  coal,  and  the  con- 
crete must  be  well  proportioned  and  mixed,  and  must 
form  a  dense  compact  mass.  For  floors  and  other 
structural  parLs  of  the  building  the  most  efficient  fire- 
proof material  is  concrete,  made  of  gravel,  trap  rock, 
granite  or  limestone.  Though  fire  may  cause  a  cal- 
cination of  the  limestone  concrete  this  rarely  extends 
more  than  three-quarters  of  an  inch  below  the  sur- 
face, even  after  the  severest  fire. 

Concrete  has  not  lacked  convincing  proofs  of  its 
practicability  and  fireproofing  qualities  as  the  reports 
of  experts  and  commissions,  and  the  results  of  tests 
and  actual  experience  have  shown.  Recent  tests 
made  by  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey  at  the  Under- 
writers' Laboratories  in  Chicago  were  more  severe 
than  any  possible  conflagration  and  demonstrate 
clearly  the  efficiency  of  concrete  as  a  fireproof 
material. 

No  one  has  forgotten  the  fires  at  Baltimore  and 
San  Francisco  and  the  lessons  taught.  At  the  time 
of  the  Baltimore  fire  concrete  was  not  so  well  known 
as  it  is  today.  In  the  area  devasted  there  were  only 
two  buildings  of  four  stories  in  which  the  floor  sys- 
tems were  constructed  throughout  of  reinforced  con- 
crete.    In  other  cases  where  concrete  was  employed 


11; 


A     HALF    CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


it  was  used  for  floor  panels  in  place  of  hollow  tile, 
and  as  a  covering  for  columns  and  girders.  Yet, 
even  at  this  stage  in  the  history  of  concrete,  the  re- 
sults of  the  severe  tests  of  fire  upon  these  earlier  types 
of  construction  greatly  encouraged  those  who  be- 
lieved in  its  fireproofing  qualities.  Experts  and  scien- 
tists in  their  reports  spoke  favorably  of  its  value  as  a 
protective  material. 

In  one  instance  the  banking  floor  of  a  building  was 
saved  from  injury  by  a  floor  immediately  above  it, 
which  was  of  concrete  construction;  yet  this  floor 
was  subjected  to  the  falling  debris  of  the  floors  and 
roof  above  which  were  of  inflammable  material  and 
were  completely  destroyed. 

Another  interesting  incident  was  the  case  of  a  four 
story  brick  building,  with  attic  and  basement,  in 
which  the  original  wooden  floor  system  had  been  re- 
placed by  reinforced  concrete,  the  floor  panels  being 
cantilevered  to  recesses  cut  in  the  brick  walls.  After 
the  fire  it  was  found  that,  as  there  was  no  real  connec- 
tion between  the  side  walls  and  floors,  portions  of  the 
side  walls  fell  away  leaving  the  upper  floors  exposed, 
while  the  front  and  rear  walls  of  the  building  bulged 
outward.  An  examination  of  the  floor  system  re- 
vealed the  fact  that  although  the  concrete  had  spalled 
or  chipped  away  from  the  edges  of  the  beams  and 
columns,  and  on  wide  flat  surfaces  had  calcined  in 
some  places  to  a  depth  of  %  inches,  still  the  con- 
struction was  otherwise  apparently  sound;  further- 
more, a  test  load  of  300  pounds  per  square  foot  on  a 
panel  of  the  second  floor  gave  a  deflection  under  ^ 
inch,  though  the  total  load  for  which  the  floor  was 
designed  was  only  1  50  pounds  per  square  foot.     A 


cantilevered  section  of  the  floor,  subjected  to  a  test 
load  of  1 50  pounds  per  square  foot,  showed  no  seri- 
ous deflection. 

Again,  in  the  San  Francisco  disaster,  though  there 
was  not  a  single  instance  of  modern  reinforced  con- 
crete construction  in  the  section  of  the  city  traversed 
by  the  fire,  concrete  was  used  extensively  in  floor  con- 
struction and  in  covering  steel  columns  and  girders. 
Here  also  it  demonstrated  its  fire-resisting  qualities 
and  its  ability  to  effectively  protect  the  metal  and  pre- 
vent buckling  or  collapse.  A  proof  of  the  confidence 
which  the  people  of  San  Francisco  place  in  concrete 
is  found  in  the  fact  that  it  has  been  extensively  em- 
ployed in  the  rebuilding  of  the  city. 

Fires  such  as  those  at  the  Dayton  Motor  Car 
Works  and  at  the  Huyler  Building  in  New  York 
City  also  reveal  the  ability  of  reinforced  concrete, 
when  properly  constructed,  to  confine  a  severe  fire 
to  one  floor  or  section  of  a  building  with  little  or  no 
damage  to  floors  above  and  below,  and  to  allow  the 
portions  affected  by  the  fire  to  be  reoccupied  in  a  few 
days'  time. 

It  is  therefore  evident  from  the  characteristics  of 
concrete,  as  proven  by  tests  and  actual  experience, 
that  it  IS  a  most  efficient  fireproof  material.  To  give 
the  best  results,  however,  it  must  be  of  good  work- 
manship, well  proportioned  and  mixed,  and,  where 
reinforcement  is  used,  the  steel  must  be  so  placed  as 
to  guarantee  a  sufficient  amount  of  concrete  protect- 
ing the  metal.  Observing  these  precautions  there 
would  seem  to  be  no  reason  why  concrete  should  not 
be  universally  used  for  this  purpose.  In  the  years  to 
come  it  is  bound  to  grow  in  favor  in  the  minds  of  en- 
gineers, architects,  builders  and  the  general  public. 


116 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 

Fireproofing  Chicago's  Buildings 

By  J.  J.  Rockwell 


CHICAGO  has  been  one  of  the  leading  cities  of 
the  country  in  developing  the  art  of  fireproof- 
ing buildings  from  the  time  of  the  construction 
of  the  Home  Insurance  Building,  which  it  is  gener- 
ally believed  was  the  first  steel  skeleton  fireproof 
building  ever  erected,  down  to  the  present  day  when 
this  type  of  building  has  become  comparatively 
common. 

What  IS  know  as  the  Standard  Type  of  Fireproof 
Construction  is  that  in  which  a  building  is  constructed 
of  a  steel  frame  and  the  steel  is  then  protected  with 
a  covering  of  Terra  Cotta  Hollow  Tile  Blocks, 
which  also  form  the  fireproof  floors  carried  between 
the  steel  floor  beams. 

These  blocks  are,  essentially,  merely  a  modern  de- 
velopment of  brick,  one  of  the  oldest  construction 
materials  known.  They  are  of  clay,  which  in  a  plas- 
tic condition  is  molded  into  the  various  shapes  and 
sizes  necessary  for  purposes  of  fireproof  construction, 
and  the  resulting  blocks  are  then  burned  in  kilns,  as 
bricks  are  burned,  under  a  temperature  of  two  thou- 
sand degrees  and  upward. 

Few  persons,  even  in  the  building  industry,  recog- 
nize the  tremendously  important  part  which  hollow 
tile  blocks  have  played  in  modern  fireproof  construc- 
tion. Indeed,  it  is  doubtful  whether  the  steel  frame 
construction  of  buildings  could  ever  have  reached 
its  present  tremendous  popularity,  without  the  use  of 
Terra  Cotta  Hollow  Tile  as  a  protection  against 
fire,  and  as  a  means  of  constructing  fireproof  floor 
spans  of  sufficiently  light  weight  to  permit  of  the 
floors  being  carried  to  any  desired  height  on  a  steel 
frame  composed  of  members  so  light  and  of  dimen- 
sions so  small  as  to  make  the  entire  investment  com- 
mercially economical. 

The  first  function  of  fire  proofing  in  a  steel  frame 
building  is  to  protect  the  steel  from  fire.  As  an  in- 
cidental fact,  in  performing  this  duty,  it  also  protects 
the  steel  from  corrosion  and  rust. 

In  connection  with  this  duty  it  spans  the  spaces  be- 
tween the  steel  floor  beams,  thus  forming  fire  proof 
floor  arches  which  carry   the   loads  placed  on   the 


floors  of  the  building  in  use,  and  at  the  same  time  ef- 
fectually prevent  the  spread  of  fire  from  one  floor  to 
another. 

In  roof  construction.  Terra  Cotta  Hollow  Tile 
answers  the  same  purposes  as  in  floor  construction, 
but  as  roof  loads  are  naturally  much  lighter,  usually, 
than  floor  loads,  the  steel  construction,  and  conse- 
quently the  fire  proof  construction,  are  much  lighter 
than  in  floor  arches,  and  the  methods  of  application 
are  frequently  different. 

The  next  extremely  important  use  of  Terra  Cotta 
Hollow  Tile  is  for  the  construction  of  fire  proof  par- 
titions for  subdividing  floor  area  as  may  be  desired  in 
the  occupancy  of  the  building,  or  as  may  be  required 
for  the  division  of  large  floor  areas  to  prevent  the 
spread  of  fire  on  a  single  floor.  Under  the  classifi- 
cation of  partitions  are,  of  course,  included  closet  and 
vault  walls,  enclosures  for  elevator  shafts,  et  cetera. 

The  exterior  walls  of  steel  frame  buildings  are  usu- 
ally of  brick  or  stone,  through  which  moisture  easily 
penetrates.  To  prevent  this  moisture  from  reaching 
and  destroying  the  plaster  on  the  interior  Terra  Cotta 
Hollow  Tile  Furring  Blocks  are  used.  TThese 
blocks  provide  a  dead  air  space  through  \\'hich  the 
dampness  cannot  go,  and  the  plastering  is  applied  di- 
rect to  the  inner  side  of  these  blocks  without  neces- 
sity for  any  additional  furring. 

It  will  be  seen  from  the  above  that  Hollow  Tile 
Blocks  act  not  only  as  a  protective  covering  for  the 
structural  steel  of  a  building,  but  they,  at  the  same 
time,  perform  important  structural  functions.  The 
few  years  just  past  have  seen,  of  course,  a  great  many 
developments  of  Fireproofing  with  Hollow  Tile 
Blocks,  chiefly  along  the  line  of  recognition  of  the 
great  structural  value  which  this  material  has  in  ad- 
dition to  its  fireproofing  qualities. 

Its  structural  value  is  seen  most  frequently  in  the 
development  of  what  are  known  as  Long  Span  Floor 
Construction  Systems  in  which  the  Hollow  Tile,  with 
certain  methods  of  reinforcing,  is  utilized  to  its  great- 
est capacity  as  a  means  of  economizing  the  amount  of 
steel  necessary  in  the  construction. 


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A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


It  still  remains  true,  however,  that  Hollow  Tile 
finds  its  greatest  use  in  the  fireproofing  of  Standard 
Type  Buildings,  as  spoken  of  above,  and  which  rep- 
resent the  typical  monumental  buildings  of  Chicago, 
such  as  the  La  Salle  Hotel,  The  Cook  County  Court 
House,  The  City  Hall  now  in  process  of  erection. 


The  Commercial  National  Bank  Building,  The 
First  National  Bank  Building,  the  great  new  Black- 
stone  Hotel,  The  Rookery  Building,  and  practically 
all  of  the  great  monumental  buildmgs  of  the  city 
which  give  to  the  commercial  center  of  the  city  its 
present  architectural  character. 


Reinforced  Concrete 


By  Richard  E.  Schmidt 


THE  latter  half  of  the  last  century  were  years  of 
triumph  for  steel  and  iron,  but  the  universal 
reign  of  these  is  past  and  we  are  building 
largely  with  an  artificial  stone,  i.  e.  cement,  sand, 
stone  and  steel. 

The  use  of  mass  concrete  dates  from  very  early 
times  and  has  been  used  for  centuries  for  founda- 
tions, fortifications  and  other  structures  where  great 
strength  was  required.  There  are  several  examples 
of  comparatively  old  mass  concrete  in  Chicago, 
which  have  successfully  withstood  the  ravages  of 
smoke  and  the  elements,  namely,  the  old  Staats  Zeit- 
ung  Building  on  Washington  Street,  the  Farwell 
Block  on  Monroe  Street,  Lyon  &  Healy's  building, 
and  the  Farwell  home  in  Lake  Forest,  concrete  rein- 
forced with  steel  in  the  sense  of  its  present  day  use, 
probably  dates  back  only  half  a  century. 

Twenty-five  years  ago,  probably  nothing  was 
taught  of  this  form  of  construction  in  many  of  the 
Technical  Institutions  of  the  country,  and  the  sub- 
ject was  not  included  in  the  curriculum  of  the  Insti- 
tute of  Technology  at  Boston. 

Monier,  and  the  water  tanks,  drain  pipes  and 
jardinieres  which  he  built  of  beton  and  wire  netting 
in  France,  were  mentioned  in  the  Architectural 
magazines  from  time  to  time,  but  such  work  was  not 
recognized  as  a  system  of  construction,  and  appeared 
to  be  more  a  kind  of  jugglery  of  materials. 

Only  a  few  more  years  passed  and  Mr.  Ransome 
addressed  one  of  the  monthly  dinners  of  the  Illinois 
Chapter  of  A.  I.  A.  and  described  his  work  in 
California.  His  description  awakened  some  of  the 
local  architects  to  the  comparatively  unknown  con- 
struction.    Some  were  ready  to  grasp  its  importance 


and  at  once  apply  themselves  to  the  study,  the  in- 
vestigation and  the  application  of  the  new  medium. 

They  were  considered  with  pity  and  looked  upon 
as  cranks  and  harmless  experimenters.  The  others 
were  very  skeptical  and  did  not  consider  the  new 
style  of  work  as  useful. 

In  June,  1900,  the  "American  Architect  and 
Building  News"  contained  one  of  its  earliest  refer- 
ences to  Reinforced  Concrete,  and  printed  an  article, 
as  a  special  fresh  news  item  with  the  title,  "The 
Proposed  Building  of  a  Seven-Story  Building  to  be 
built  of  Concrete,  in  Connection  with  which  large 
Twisted  Iron  Rods  are  to  be  used."  The  same 
volume  of  the  "American  Architect"  contains  a  long 
article  expounding  on  the  great  strengths,  resistance 
to  fire  and  comparative  cheapness  of  solid  concrete 
floors  used  in  connection  with  steel  beams  spaced 
comparatively  close  together,  and  used  m  a  number 
of  contemporaneous  English  buildings. 

When  considering  the  present  position  of  rein- 
forced concrete  in  the  art  of  building,  it  is  almost 
impossible  to  conceive  that  a  paper  on  such  a  prim- 
itive and  costly  method  of  using  concrete  and  steel 
was  read  to  a  Society  of  Architects  less  than  ten 
years  ago,  but  notwithstanding  its  obscurity,  a  good 
number  of  buildings  of  reinforced  concrete  construc- 
tion were  built  around  the  year  1 900. 

Inasmuch  as  new  inventions  and  new  methods 
usually  appeal  to  the  inexperienced  and  are  practiced 
by  them  before  the  experienced  man  is  willing  to 
make  expensive  experiments  on  permanent  structures, 
and  as  laymen  do  not  recognize  the  difficulties  and 
dangers  as  quickly  as  trained  men,  they  are  very 
often  ready  to  adopt  something  new  and  make  good 


118 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


use  of  it  before  the  trained  men  make  their  mvesti- 
gations  and  are  wiHing  to  accept  it.  Consequently 
rem  forced  concrete  \vork  was  practiced  by  the  inex- 
perienced and  especially  by  men  conversant  only 
with  sidewalk  concrete  work,  who  were  without 
engineering  knowledge  and  without  any  conception 
of  the  principles  of  reinforced  concrete.  The  result 
was  that  a  number  of  buildings  collapsed,  through 
the  ignorance  or  haste  of  these  people.  The  failures 
were  probably  not  due  to  scamping,  but  to  a  lack  of 
knowledge  on  the  part  of  the  principals  and  also 
from  the  lack  of  instructive  knowledge  of  the  con- 
struction on  the  part  of  the  mechanics  and  laborers. 
The  actual  accidents,  also  untruthful  reports  of 
the  impending  collapse  of  reinforced  concrete  build- 
ings were  noised  about,  and  a  wave  of  deprecation 
and  opposition  temporarily  checked  the  advance  of 
the  new  form  of  construction,  which  was  to  be  ex- 
pected, for  such  opposition  to  new  inventions  is  the 
usual  course.  It  was  so  when  the  first  mills  equipped 
with  Arkwright's  weaving  machine  were  fired  by 
incendiaries;  when  the  coach  owners  went  to  Parlia- 
ment to  prevent  the  issuing  of  a  charter  for  a  railroad, 
and  \\hen  the  mobs  drove  off  the  surveyors  of  the 
first  English  railroad,  but  all  of  the  attempted  hind- 
rances have  had  little  effect.  Most  of  the  opponents 
finally  saw  "a  light"  and  saved  themselves  by  em- 
bracing one  of  the  "systems."  Only  now  and  then 
is  a  lonesome  bark  heard,  and  today,  if  you  ask 
architects,  contractors,  engineers  and  men  of  affairs 
for  their  opinion  as  to  the  most  significant  develop- 
men  of  the  day  in  construction  work,  they  will  tell 
you,  almost  to  a  man,  that  it  is  the  tendency  to  make 
concrete  the  universal  building  material.  The  pos- 
sible exception  will  be  a  man  who  has  been  trained 
in  the  older  forms  of  construction  and  is  too  old  to 
learn.  Few  people  realize  the  great  number  of  uses 
to  which  concrete  may  be  put  and  to  which  it  is  put 
in  Chicago  and  throughout  the  world.  It  is  used  in 
the  construction  of  the  great  bridges,  viaducts,  tun- 
nels and  subways.  The  forces  of  rivers  and  seas 
are  defied  by  it.  The  largest  engines,  turbines, 
boilers  and  chimneys  of  immense  power  stations  and 
skyscrapers  stand  on  foundations  of  concrete.  Boats, 
pontoons,  telephone  poles,  railroad  ties,  electroliers, 
chimneys,  vaults,  prison  cells,  plumbing  fixtures  and 
even  furniture  are  made  of  concrete. 


When  the  antagonism  to  reinforced  concrete  from 
the  few  who  are  left  and  who  were  trained  in  the 
design  and  use  of  steel  and  masonry  ceases  altogether 
and  everyone  in  the  building  world  has  more  knowl- 
edge of  reinforced  concrete,  the  labor  learns  its  use 
in  the  same  instinctive  manner  in  which  it  works 
wood  and  masonry,  and  organized  research  will 
have  established  high  safe  unit  stresses  in  the  same 
manner  in  which  the  Federal  Government  has  fixed 
the  allowable  stresses  in  timber  under  different  con- 
ditions in  recent  years,  the  use  of  reinforced  concrete 
will  be  increased  still  more  for  reasons  of  economy. 

Methods  will  be  standardized  and  simplified,  the 
cumbersome  and  expensive  form  work  will  disap- 
pear. Edison's  scheme  or  some  other  will  take  their 
place,  so  that  variety  can  be  obtained,  monotony  and 
repetition  avoided,  and  satisfactory  interior  and  ex- 
terior finish  obtained  in  one  operation,  doing  away 
with  furring,  plastering  and  exterior  trimmings. 

Texture  and  modelling  of  the  walls  will  be  ob- 
tained at  but  little  additional  expense,  so  that  bald 
buildings  will  be  avoided;  shade  and  form  will  be 
obtained  by  simple  and  expedient  means. 

The  unfortunate  color  of  Chicago  common  brick 
has  been  one  of  the  city's  misfortunes;  in  other  cities 
the  common  brick  is  usually  red  so  that  the  sides, 
rear  and  party  walls  appear  as  pleasing  in  color  as 
the  street  elevation,  whereas  most  of  our  buildings 
have  only  "fronts." 

The  salmon  color  of  our  common  brick  is  soon 
dingy,  weather  beaten  and  finally  blackened.  Con- 
crete, if  it  does  become  blackened  and  streaked,  has 
an  original  color  better  able  to  bear  it,  so  that  its 
use  will  tend  to  better  the  general  appearance  of  the 
city,  and  with  the  increased  use  of  concrete,  chemists 
will  find  new  and  pleasing  cement  colors,  so  that  it 
will  not  always  be  gray. 

The  quality  of  cement  will  be  improved  so  that 
the  useful  particles  will  be  in  the  majority  and  the 
inert  in  the  minority,  permitting  even  lighter  and 
more  graceful  construction.  Methods  will  be  found 
for  retarding  or  accelerating  the  setting  as  will  be 
desired. 

Surface  finish  will  be  improved;  new  methods  will 
be  found  to  overcome  the  well  known  objections.  It 
will  be  frankly  treated  as  concrete  and  not  as  stone. 


119 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


It  will  be  used  as  a  plastic  material  should  be  used, 
if  the  block  form  survives;  the  joints  which  are 
thereby  an  essential  will  become  an  essential  element 
of  good  design,  accentuated  rather  than  hidden, 
recognized  as  they  were  in  the  Renaissance. 

Inasmuch  as  concrete  is  built  with  shovel  and 
trowel,  and  its  proper  ornamentation  is  cast  in  molds, 
it  is  evident  that  this  method  ought  to  depart  from 
classic  forms,  that  it  means  something  new,  and  that 
precedent  is  only  a  stepping  stone.  Opening  in  the 
walls  must  be  built  and  it  is  to  be  expected  that  they 
will  vary  from  those  used  in  an  architecture  of  arches, 
vaults  and  lintels. 

Chicago  is  leading  the  country  in  this  method  of 
construction  as  it  did  in  steel  construction,  and  the 
cause  for  the  leadership  is  easily  discovered. 

In  the  first  place  our  builders  have  always  been 
pioneers,  and  inasmuch  as  unfinished  reinforced  con- 
crete work  is  suitable  for  industrial  plants  and  ware- 
houses, Chicago  capitalists  were  very  quick  to  per- 
ceive the  cheapness  and  advantage  of  this  form  of 
construction,  consequently  there  are  now  innumerable 
very  large  buildings,  bridges  and  viaducts,  all  of 
reinforced  concrete,  among  them,  a  building  which 
probably  contains  a  greater  floor  area  under  one 
roof  than  any  other  building  in  the  world,  built  of 
reinforced  concrete  from  the  foundations  to  the  roof. 

Inasmuch  as  a  good  hard  rock  suitable  for  rein- 
forced concrete  is  so  close  to  the  surface  of  the 
ground  in  many  places  within  the  confines  of  the 


city,  in  some  instances,  it  may  be  crushed  and  used 
on  the  same  property  in  which  it  was  quarried,  the 
cost  of  such  construction  is  at  a  minimum,  and  fur- 
ther, nature  has  given  Chicago  such  bountiful  de- 
posits of  good  building  sand  in  the  Lake,  on  its 
beaches,  and  in  the  enormous  glacial  deposits  of  the 
best  of  materials  for  fire  resisting  concrete,  that  is, 
gravel,  all  within  the  limits  of  cheap  transportation, 
the  raw  material  for  Portland  Cement  being  also  at 
hand  in  large  quantities  in  the  confines  of  the  city 
and  the  surrounding  states,  Chicago  is  indeed  favor- 
ably located,  in  the  economic  center  of  activity  of 
reinforced  concrete  construction. 

The  expansion  in  steel  industries  on  the  lower  end 
of  Lake  Michigan,  very  close  to  Chicago,  will  pro- 
duce the  steel  required  by  reinforced  concrete  at  the 
lowest  prices.  Possessing  the  ingenuity  of  trained 
engineering  skill,  also  all  of  the  components  of  rein- 
forced concrete,  this  material  will  lead  all  other 
forms  of  construction  used  in  the  city. 

We  will  live  to  see  it  increase  in  use  until  wood  is 
not  used  for  structural  purposes,  if  not  actually  pro- 
hibited. Its  volume  will  increase  in  an  ever  increas- 
ing ratio  and  its  uses  in  an  increasing  number  of  ap- 
plications; some  may  be  only  ephemeral  but  the  per- 
manent uses  will  increase  continually. 

All  other  trades  will  remain  and  bloom ;  each  will 
follow  the  line  of  least  resistance  and  all  humanity 
will  benefit  by  better  and  more  beautiful  dwellings 
and  structures  of  all  kinds. 


120 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


Chicago's  Street  Railways 


THE  earliest  public  transportation  in  the  streets 
of  Chicago  was  afforded  by  omnibuses.     In 
1853.  Frank  Parmelee  &  Co.  and  M.  O.  & 
S.  B.  Walker  established  bus  lines  in  Chicago,  and 
these  remained  the  only  means  of  public  conveyance 
down  to  1 859. 

In  the  year  1859  charters  for  street  railroads  were 
obtained  for  each  of  the  three  divisions  of  the  city. 
February  14,  1859,  the  Legislature  granted  charters 
to  the  Chicago  City  Railway  Company,  and  to  the 
North  Chicago  Railway  Company,  and  one  week 
later  a  further  charter  was  granted  to  the  Chicago 
West  Division  Railway  Company. 

The  Chicago  City  Railway  Company  at  once  be- 
gan the  construction  of  a  steet  railroad  under  its  char- 
ter, and,  early  in  the  Spring  of  1 859,  the  first  horse 
cars  ran  on  the  streets  of  Chicago.  The  first  line  built 
was  a  single  track  road  in  State  Street  from  Lake  to 
1 2th  Street,  and  the  equipment  of  the  road  consisted 
of  5  two-horse  cars  and  1  one-horse  car.  This  line 
was  soon  extended  to  22nd  Street,  thence  to  Cottage 
Grove  Avenue  and  down  Cottage  Grove  Avenue  to 
3  I  st  Street.  The  following  year  double  track  was 
laid  from  Adams  Street  to  Cottage  Grove  Avenue. 
Lines  were  next  extended  by  the  Chicago  City  Rail- 
way Company  on  the  West  Side,  along  Madison 
and  Randolph  Streets  to  Ogden  Avenue,  and,  in 
1864,  a  branch  was  extended  on  Archer  Avenue. 
By  the  close  of  the  year  1 867,  the  company  operated 
1 7'/4  miles  of  track  and  its  average  daily  receipts 
were  about  $837. 

The  North  Chicago  Railway  Company,  like  the 
City  Railway  Company,  began  the  construction  of 
lines  immediately  upon  the  granting  of  its  charter. 
Within  a  short  time  tracks  had  been  laid  in  North 
Clark  Street  from  North  Water  Street  to  North  Av- 
enue, on  Division  Street  to  Clybourn  Avenue,  and 
thence  to  the  then  city  limits,  and  in  Wells  Street  to 
Division  Street.  Other  lines  were  rapidly  extended 
on  the  principal  North  Side  streets.  By  1867  the 
company  owned  20  cars  and  operated  about  ten 
miles  of  road. 

August  1 ,  1863,  the  Chicago  West  Division  Rail- 
way Company,  which  had  been  incorporated  more 


than  four  years  before,  purchased  the  lines  of  the 
Chicago  City  Railway  Company  on  Madison  and 
Randolph  Streets,  paying  $200,000  therefor.  In 
1867  the  West  Division  Company  owned  20  miles 
of  track  and  65  cars;  its  average  daily  receipts  were 
$868. 

These  three  principal  traction  companies,  and 
their  successors,  reaching  from  the  down  town  district 
to  the  North,  South  and  West  Sides,  have  always 
afforded  by  far  the  greater  part  of  Chicago's  surface 
transportation,  and  are  the  underlying  companies 
with  which  Chicago's  great  traction  problem  has 
been  mainly  concerned.  With  the  growth  of  the 
city  a  number  of  minor  outlying  companies  have  been 
formed  reaching  the  outskirts  of  the  city  and  its  sur- 
rounding suburbs. 

The  early  operation  of  street  railways  in  Chicago 
was  beset  with  many  difficulties.  The  down  town 
streets  were  paved  with  cobble  stones  and  elsewhere 
wUh  plank,  which  formed  a  very  yielding  and  inse- 
cure road  bed.  The  great  fire  of  1871  temporarily 
wiped  out  the  greater  part  of  Chicago's  traction  sys- 
tem. The  West  Division  Company  suffered  least 
from  its  effects,  but  the  track,  rolling  stock  and  barns 
of  the  North  Chicago  Company  were  entirely  de- 
stroyed. However,  the  lines  were  quickly  restored, 
and  extensions  were  yearly  added. 

With  the  growing  extensions  of  Chicago's  street 
railways,  the  old  horse  cars  became  too  slow.  The 
cable  had  been  successfully  used  in  San  Francisco, 
and  January  17,  1881,  the  City  Council  granted  the 
Chicago  City  Railway  Company  the  right  to  con- 
struct and  operate  a  cable  system.  The  first  cable 
cars  ran  on  State  Street  to  39th,  January  28,  1 882. 

The  North  Chicago  Street  Railroad  Company 
was  organized.  May  18,  1886,  by  Charles  T.  Yer- 
kes,  then  of  Philadelphia,  and  acquired  a  controlling 
interest  in  the  North  Chicago  Railway  Company. 
The  new  company  became  the  lessee  of  the  old  one 
and  the  operator  of  its  lines.  By  agreement  made  by 
Yerkes  with  the  city,  utilization  of  the  La  Salle 
Street  tunnel  began  in  1 887.  The  cable  system  was 
adopted  on  all  the  principal  lines  of  the  North  Side 
Company,  June  7,  1888.     Similarly,  the  West  Chi- 


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A     HALF    CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


cago  Street  Railroad  Company,  organized  by 
Yerkes,  acquired,  in  1 887,  the  control  of  all  the 
lines  of  the  Chicago  West  Division  Railway  Com- 
pany, and  became  its  lessee  and  operator.  The  next 
year  the  West  Chicago  Company  began  the  installa- 
tion of  cables  on  its  lines. 

In  1893  the  use  of  the  overhead  trolley  was  be- 
gun, and  within  the  next  few  years,  as  fast  as  it  was 
practicable  to  make  the  changes,  this  system  was  ex- 
tended to  all  of  Chicago's  traction  service. 

In  1 899  another  great  change  in  the  management 
of  the  city's  traction  system  took  place.  The  com- 
panies on  the  North  and  West  Sides  were  joined  and 
the  operation  of  all  their  lines  was  undertaken  by  the 
Union  Traction  Company. 

The  campaign  for  the  betterment  of  Chicago's 
traction  system  was  now  fairly  on,  and  raged  fiercely 
until  the  final  passage  of  the  present  Traction  Ordi- 
nance by  the  City  Council  in  February,  1 907,  and  its 
ratification  by  the  people  in  the  April  elections  of  that 
year.  The  Ordinance  was  promptly  accepted  by 
the  Chicago  City  Railway  Company,  and  in  Janu- 
ary, 1908,  the  Chicago  Railways  Company  took 
over  all  the  lines  of  the  Union  Traction  Company, 
together  with  a  number  of  subordinate  lines  and  be- 
gan the  work  of  rehabilitation  under  the  Ordinance. 

The  transformation  of  Chicago's  wornout  dilap- 
idated street  car  service  into  an  up-to-date  superbly 
equipped  traction  system,  without  a  superior  any- 
where, within  the  short  space  of  time  that  has  elapsed 
since  the  passage  of  the  Traction  Ordinance,  is  a  ver- 
itable marvel  of  constructive  achievement  and  has  ex- 
ceeded in  realization  the  most  sanguine  hopes  of  the 
supporters  of  that  measure. 

Under  the  terms  of  the  Traction  Ordinance  the 
Chicago  Railways  Company,  operating  the  lines  on 
the  North  and  West  Sides,  and  the  Chicago  City 
Railway  Company,  operating  the  South  Side  lines, 
have  already  expended  on  the  work  of  rehabilitation 
over  $43,000,000.  The  work  has  all  been  done  and 
the  contracts  let  under  the  supervision  of  the  Board 
of  Supervising  Engineers  created  by  the  Ordinance, 
and  full  value  obtained  for  every  dollar  expended. 
In  this  labor  an  average  of  6000  men  have  been  daily 
employed;  over  300  miles  of  new  steel,  grooved  129- 
pound  rails  have  been  laid  in  the  most  perfect  road 


bed  that  could  be  devised.  The  right  of  way  of  the 
companies  along  the  lines  has  been  repaved  with  new 
granite  blocks,  many  hundreds  of  miles  of  conduit 
laid,  and  trolley  renewed  and  erected.  More  than 
300  miles  of  trolley  poles  have  been  set  back  from 
the  street  curb,  and  twenty-two  new  buildings  and 
car  barns  have  been  constructed.  The  Chicago 
Railways  Company  has  let  contracts  for  the  con- 
struction of  the  La  Salle  and  Washington  Street  tun- 
nels, on  which  work  is  now  progressing.  The  Chi- 
cago Railways  Company  has  850  pay-as-you-enter 
cars  in  operation  on  its  lines,  while  on  the  North  and 
West  Sides  the  Chicago  Railways  Company  will 
shortly  have  in  service  1 ,000  of  these  new  pay-as-you- 
enter  cars,  and,  in  addition  is  remodeling  300  double 
truck  cars  into  cars  of  the  latest  type.  The  city  of 
Chicago  receives  55  per  cent  of  the  net  profits  derived 
from  the  operation  of  these  lines,  and  the  patronage 
IS  rapidly  increasing  with  the  improved  service. 

With  the  final  establishment  of  the  through  routes 
mapped  out  in  the  Traction  Ordinance,  Chicago's 
system  of  surface  transportation  will  be  as  perfect  as 
could  be  devised  under  existing  conditions.  Physical 
conditions,  such  as  low  subways,  lack  of  bridges,  in- 
sufficient equipment  of  connecting  roads,  etc.,  have 
caused  delay  in  the  establishment  of  most  of  these 
routes,  and  considerable  public  disappointment  has 
been  occasioned  thereby.  It  is  the  belief,  however, 
of  the  supervising  engineers  and  traction  officials  that 
all  the  prescribed  through  routes  will  be  in  operation 
within  another  year. 

Great  progress  is  also  being  made  toward  the  im- 
provement of  the  traction  service  of  the  connecting 
companies  operating  outside  the  territory  reached  by 
the  City  Railway  Company  and  the  Chicago  Rail- 
ways Company.  The  former  company  already  has 
an  agreement  with  the  Calumet  and  South  Chicago 
Railway  Company  under  which  that  road  is  operated 
under  the  supervision  of  the  City  Railway  Company. 
Similar  arrangments  will  doubtless  soon  be  made  be- 
tween the  Chicago  Railways  Company  and  the  Con- 
solidated Traction  Company,  operating  lines  as  far 
as  Evanston  on  the  north  and  Lyons  on  the  west. 
With  such  arrangements  carried  into  effect  the  resi- 
dents of  the  outlying  districts  will  enjoy  the  benefits 
of  a  traction  service  unsurpassed  in  the  world. 


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A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


Chicago  Railways  Company 

Remarkable  Record  in  Work 
of  Rehabilitation 


UPON  the  formal  acceptance  of  the  present 
Traction  Ordinance,  January  28,  1908,  the 
Chicago  Railways  Company  took  over  the 
lines  then  operated  by  the  Union  Traction  Company 
on  the  North  and  West  Sides,  together  with  a  num- 
ber of  subordinate  lines,  comprising  a  traction  system 
extending  from  26th  Street  and  Fortieth  Avenue  on 
the  south  and  west  to  Devon  Avenue  on  the  north, 
and  serving  a  population  of  1 ,600,000  people.  This 
new  company  is  strictly  a  Chicago  company,  its 
stockholders  and  directors  are  Chicagoans,  and,  with 
characteristic  Chicago  energy,  the  company  set 
about  the  work  of  complete  rehabilitation  of  its  vast 
network  of  lines.  The  transformation  of  Chicago's 
old  street  car  service,  familiarly  known  as  "the  worst 
in  the  world,"  into  a  modern  traction  system,  "the 
best  in  the  world,"  within  the  space  of  two  years,  is 
one  of  the  marvels  of  modern  constructive  enterprise. 
The  Chicago  Railways  Company  has  voluntarily 
far  exceeded  the  requirements  of  the  Traction  Ord- 
inance. The  best  cars  and  the  best  track  that  money 
will  buy  have  been  provided ;  1 11  miles  of  modern 
steel  grooved  rails,  weighing  1  29  pounds  to  the  yard, 
imbedded  in  concrete,  with  electrically  welded 
joints,  and  costing  about  $50,000  to  the  mile,  have 
been  laid.     Six  hundred  and  fifty  new  pay-as-you- 


enter  cars  have  been  placed  in  operation  on  twenty 
different  lines  of  this  company.  Three  hundred  and 
fifty  additional  cars  of  the  same  type  are  under  con- 
struction at  Pullman,  which  will  soon  be  ready  for 
use,  and,  further,  over  three  hundred  double  track 
cars  are  being  remodelled  and  converted  into  cars 
of  the  most  modern  style.  Ten  miles  of  extensions 
have  been  built,  and  new  stations  constructed.  On 
this  colossal  work  an  average  of  3,000  men  have 
been  daily  employed,  and  already  over  $22,000,000 
have  been  expended  in  the  undertaking. 

The  work  of  betterment,  however,  has  not  ceased. 
During  the  past  year  contracts  have  been  let  by  the 
Chicago  Railways  Company  for  the  construction 
of  the  La  Salle  and  Washington  Street  tunnels,  and 
\sork  on  them  is  now  progressing.  Orders  have  been 
placed  by  the  company  for  thousands  of  new  forged 
steel  wheels,  which  will  greatly  diminish  the  noise 
and  jar  of  the  cars.  With  the  establishment  of  fur- 
ther through  routes  as  soon  as  operating  conditions 
will  permit,  and  with  the  completion  of  the  tunnels, 
Chicago  will  have  in  every  part  of  the  city  served  by 
the  Chicago  Railways  Company  as  nearly  perfect  a 
system  of  surface  transportation  as  is  physically  pos- 
sible. 


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A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


Chicago  City  Railway  Company 

Work  of  Rehabilitation  of  This  Company 

Far  Exceeds  Requirements  of 

Traction  Ordinance 


THE  Chicago  City  Railway  Company,  which 
provides  surface  transportation  for  the  South 
Side,  was  in  a  position  to  accept  immediately 
the  Traction  Ordinance  passed  by  the  City  Council 
in  February,  1907,  and  the  work  of  rehabilitation 
along  all  its  lines  was  forthwith  begun.  By  the 
terms  of  the  Ordinance  the  company  had  three  years 
within  which  to  complete  the  work  of  rehabilitation; 
the  Chicago  City  Railway  Co.,  however,  has  not 
waited  upon  the  letter  of  the  agreement,  but  has 
pushed  the  work  on  its  lines  to  practical  completion 
far  in  advance  of  the  time  fixed  in  the  Ordinance. 

On  this  work  thousands  of  men  have  been  con- 
stantly employed,  by  day  or  by  night,  as  conditions 
required.  By  November  1 ,  1 909,  the  City  Railway 
Co.  had  replaced  old  tracks  with  109  miles  of  new 
1 29-pound  steel  grooved  rails,  had  provided  the  lat- 
est and  best  equipment  throughout,  and  had  trans- 
formed the  old  street  car  service  into  a  modern  trac- 
tion system  without  a  superior  in  the  world.  On  this 
work  of  rehabilitation  the  City  Railway  Co.  has  ex- 
pended over  $19,000,000. 

Eight  hundred  and  fifty  modern  pay-as-you-enter 
cars  are  now  in  operation  over  the  Imes  of  this  com- 
pany, riding  over  the  heavy  rails  with  the  ease  of  a 
Pullman  coach.  Four  new  car  barns  with  a  capacity 
of  1 05 1  modern  cars  have  been  completed.     By  the 


terms  of  the  Traction  Ordinance,  the  street  railway 
companies  are  to  keep  paved  the  sixteen  feet  of  their 
right  of  way,  and  the  Chicago  City  Railway  Com- 
pany alone,  since  the  passage  of  the  Ordinance,  has 
laid  520,000  square  yards  of  new  granite  paving. 
The  company  receives  its  power  from  the  Common- 
wealth Edison  Company,  and  maintains  two  storage 
batteries  with  sufficient  power  to  operate  all  its  cars 
for  twenty  minutes  in  case  of  breakdown. 

On  December  1 ,  1 909,  when  the  time  granted  the 
company  by  the  Traction  Ordinance  for  the  work 
of  rehabilitation  had  still  over  four  months  to  run, 
the  Chicago  City  Railway  Company  had  completed 
98  per  cent  of  the  work  required  by  the  terms  of  the 
Ordinance. 

The  company  has  earnestly  endeavored  to  bring 
home  to  the  people  the  fact  that  the  city  of  Chicago 
is  more  than  an  equal  partner  in  the  net  profits  earned 
by  the  company,  and  to  enlist  the  co-operation  of  the 
public  in  bringing  its  service  to  the  highest  possible 
degree  of  perfection.  That  the  public  appreciates 
the  unexcelled  service  afforded  by  the  Chicago  City 
Railway  Company  is  evidenced  by  the  fact  that  its 
patronage  has  grown  during  the  past  year  1 5  per 
cent  over  that  of  the  year  before,  and  is  still  rapidly 
increasing. 


124 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


lyfechanical  Cleaning 


Bi;  G.  B.  F.  Owen 


H 


ALF  a  Century  of  Chicago"  could  be  no 
more  "cribbed,  cabined  and  confined" 
within  the  covers  of  a  book  than  could  the 
history  of  the  world  be  compressed  within  the  limits 
of  a  present-day  telegram.  Hence,  in  this  neces- 
sarily brief  and  rapid  retrospect  it  is  only  possible  to 
touch  the  high  spots  and  much  has  been  omitted  that 
is  well  worthy  of  notice  if  time  and  space  would 
permit. 

A  moment's  consideration  will  convince  us  that 
the  fifty  years  now  closing  form  an  epoch  probably 
unmatched  in  history  as  regards  progress  and  devel- 
opment of  every  kind.  Overlapping  as  it  does  two 
centuries,  both  remarkable  for  their  discoveries,  the 
best  of  both  is  at  our  command  and  it  is  peculiarly 
fitting  that  this  great  city,  with  her  marvelous  growth 
since  the  days  of  Fort  Dearborn,  should  present  a 
record  of  achievement  that  will  be  an  inspiration  for 
all  generations  and  for  all  time. 

Notable  among  the  advances  made,  is  the  science 
and  art  of  building.  From  the  log  cabin  of  the  pio- 
neer to  the  new  Chicago  City  Hall  is  a  far  cry  but 
every  step  has  been  the  logical  and  legitimate  out- 
come of  study  and  experiment  by  specialists  in  their 
respective  lines  of  endeavor,  and  who  shall  say  that 
we  have  reached  the  ultimate?  Yet,  if  human  effort 
could  no  further  go,  we  have  numerous  monuments 
to  the  skill  and  ability  of  those  who  have  so  bravely 
and  generously  blazed  the  way.  And  what  a  lib- 
eral education  this  has  been  to  those  privileged  to 
see  it.  Was  it  not  Pericles,  the  builder  and  beauti- 
fier  of  Athens,  who  said,  "I  found  her  mud  and  left 
her  marble"?  Even  Moses,  the  greatest  sanitarian  of 
ancient  times,  has  been  passed  by  modern  improve- 
ments. Opening  a  door  or  window  is  not  now  consid- 
ered ventilation,  nor  is  the  making  of  a  fire  on  the 
ground  considered  the  proper  way  to  heat  a  build- 
ing. Drawing  water  from  a  well,  or  carrying  it 
from  the  creek  has  been  entirely  superseded,  and 
even  modern  water  works  are  equipped  with  filtra- 
tion plants.  Daylight  is  "on  tap"  by  a  twist  of  the 
wrist.  Cooking  is  done  by  gas,  and  the  general 
trend  of  all  improvements  has  been  toward  simplic- 
ity and  the  saving  of  time  and  labor. 


One  of  the  more  important  developments  and  one 
of  the  latest  in  this  history-making  epoch  is  Mechan- 
ical Cleaning.  With  the  advent  of  larger,  more 
beautiful,  more  complex  and  more  expensive  build- 
ings came  the  problem  of  peeping  them  clean,  not  so 
much  from  an  economic  point  as  to  meet  the  physical 
difficulties  presented.  As  the  best  ideas  are  fre- 
quently of  humble  origin,  so  this  great  industry  had 
a  very  modest  beginning.  It  was  a  railroad  car 
"hostler,"  or  cleaner  who,  after  spending  many 
years  in  the  effort  to  dislodge  dust  and  dirt  from 
car  cushions  and  other  furniture  in  the  ordinary  way, 
conceived  the  idea  that  it  might  be  possible  to  use 
compressed  air,  which  is  a  common  adjunct  to  every 
railroad  yard;  to  blow  this  dust  and  dirt  from  his 
cushions  instead  of  beating  and  brushing  them. 
Greatly  to  his  surprise  the  work  was  much  better 
done  and  in  much  less  time.  A  patent  was  taken  out 
in  the  early  80's,  since  which  time  over  twelve  hun- 
dred patents  have  been  allowed,  all  pertaining  to 
this  great  modern  industry.  For  many  years  after 
the  issue  of  this  first  patent  intelligent  effort  was  made 
to  popularize  the  subject,  but  it  was  not  until  more 
recently  that  it  became  a  commercially  valuable 
proposition.  A  striking  evidence  of  this  is  the  fact 
that  less  than  four  years  ago  the  architect  who  would 
consider  Mechanical  Cleaning  was  a  rarity,  the  opin- 
ion seeming  to  obtain  that  even  the  most  improved 
and  scientifically  perfected  system  now  known  the 
world  over  under  the  name  of  "Vacuum  Cleaning," 
was  a  fad,  or  a  toy,  or  an  experiment,  or  something 
for  the  very  wealthy,  but  not  worthy  of  serious  con- 
sideration. Today,  however,  the  architect  is  still 
more  rare  who  does  not  provide  for  Vacuum  Clean- 
ing in  his  plans  and  specifications  for  any  building, 
from  a  residence  to  the  State  Capitol.  Following 
the  development  of  a  crude  idea  through  all  the 
stages  of  experiment,  elaboration  and  simplification 
into  the  position  it  now  occupies  among  the  world's 
utilities,  and  which  is  daily  becoming  a  greater  neces- 
sity, is  a  most  interesting  page  of  history.  As 
soon  as  it  was  proven  a  success,  capital  and  brains 
vied  with  each  other  to  participate  in  the  opening  of 
a  new  field.     As  in  all  such  cases  an  immense  variety 


125 


A    HALF    CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


of  ideas  was  put  forth  and  more  or  less  elaborately 
and  intelligently  exploited,  until  the  market  became 
flooded  with  everything  that  could  be  suggested 
from  the  original  system  of  high  efficiency  and  rapid 
operation,  adapted  to  every  class  of  building  and  ev- 
ery character  of  interior  surface  and  furnishing, 
down  to  the  exaggerated  hand  syringe,  which  even  in 
this  day  of  enlightenment  is  offered  to  an  unsuspect- 
ing public. 

As  no  chain  can  be  stronger  than  its  weakest  link, 
so  no  Vacuum  Cleaning  System  can  be  better  than 
its  least  efficient  part.  Such  a  System  properly  de- 
signed may  be  said  to  consist  of  five  distinct  ele- 
ments, each  of  which  must  be  scientifically  adapted 
not  only  to  its  own  function,  but  to  every  other  part 
of  the  System.  These  elements  may  be  considered 
as  follows: 

1 .  Vacuum  Producer. 

2.  System  of  Dust  Separation. 

3.  System  of  Automatic  Control. 

4.  Vacuum  Conduits. 

5.  Cleaning  Tools. 

In  addition  to  the  structural  features  above  named 
there  are  several  vitally  important  matters  that  must 
not  be  overlooked,  for  instance: — Automatic  Con- 
trol, without  which  no  System  today  is  tolerable. 
Until  the  perfection  of  this  device  the  engine  and 
pump  were  started  by  the  engineer  and  ran  continu- 
ously whether  sweeping  were  being  done  or  not,  un- 
til he  stopped  them.  Vacuum  consumes  power: — 
power  costs  money,  and  the  only  control  available 
was  such  as  is  known  as  "engine  regulation,"  which 
governs  its  speed  to  a  certain  extent,  but  at  no  time 
shuts  off  the  power  completely.  Automatic  Control 
on  the  other  hand  enables  the  operator  of  the  tool  at 
any  distance  from  the  plant  to  absolutely  and  auto- 
matically open  and  close  the  steam  supply  in  exact 
proportion  to  power  needed  for  the  actual  work 
done.  In  a  word,  when  actually  sweeping,  power  is 
used  and  is  automatically  supplied,  but  during  any 
intervals  of  inaction,  whether  momentary  or  of  longer 
duration  the  steam  is  automatically  shut  off,  while  at 
the  same  time  a  predetermined  maximum  vacuum 
is  available  at  the  tool  at  all  times,  whether  power  be 
shut  off  or  not.  It  also  preserves  a  uniform  degree  of 
vacuum  per  tool  regardless  of  the  number  of  tools 
in  use,  shutting  off  power  in  a  6-sweeper  plant  5-6 
of  the  time  if  but  one  tool  be  in  use,  and  automatic- 


ally supplying  power  as  more  tools  are  added.  This 
will  average  a  saving  in  cost  of  operation  of  about 
50  per  cent  as  aginst  the  types  lacking  this  important 
feature. 

Dust  separation  in  many  cases  is  accomplished  by 
drawing  the  dust-laden  air  through  a  body  of  water, 
or  past  a  spray  nozzle.  Modern  refinement  in  the 
art  seems  to  show  that  this  water  separation  is  both 
unnecessary  and  undesirable;  unnecessary,  because 
dust  can  be  separated  and  is  being  separated  from 
the  air  without  any  water  whatever;  undesirable,  be- 
cause it  takes  about  one-fourth  more  vacuum  than  is 
necessary  to  do  perfect  cleaning,  to  pull  this  dust- 
laden  air  through  a  body  of  water,  and  vacuum  costs 
money. 

Keeping  in  view  the  important  fact  that  vacuum 
costs  money  because  it  requires  power,  it  is  easy  to 
see  that  every  inch  of  Vacuum  Conduit  from  tool  to 
tank  should  be  smooth  and  unobstructed  throughout. 
This  means  something  better  than  ordinary  pipe  fit- 
tings, or  even  than  drainage  fittings,  neither  of  which 
type  was  primarily  intended  for  vacuum  work,  and 
for  this  reason  special  fittings  had  to  be  designed  and 
made  for  this  service. 

Cleaning  Tools  of  every  conceivable  shape  and 
material  have  been  offered.  Many  of  them  seem 
totally  unfit  in  design  and  operation  for  the  work  ex- 
pected of  them.  It  is  really  a  fine  art  to  differentiate 
between  the  good  and  the  bad  in  the  matter  of  clean- 
ing tools.  Experience  in  this  as  in  most  others  is  the 
best,  though  sometimes  most  expensive,  teacher. 

Until  recent  years  mechanical  cleaning  has  never 
been  accomplished  without  the  use  of  more  or  less 
cumbersome  and  costly  machinery.  Either  a  vac- 
uum pump  or  an  air  compressor,  operated  directly 
or  by  steam  or  indirectly  by  electricity,  was  a  part  of 
every  such  equipment.  These  complications,  trans- 
lations, transmissions  and  deviations  in  the  use  of 
power  cause  losses  in  all  directions,  aggregating  80 
to  90  per  cent.  This  in  itself  was  very  costly.  The 
machinery  and  installation  were  necessarily  expen- 
sive. 

The  wear  and  tear  on  machinery  in  the  old-style 
Vacuum  System  is  very  great,  especially  in  the 
valves  and  cylinders  of  the  vacuum  pump,  where  the 
entrained  dirt-laden  air  soon  cuts  the  sliding  parts 
and    utterly    ruins  it.     It  is  safe  to  say  that  no  old- 


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A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


style  vacuum  cleaning  plant  in  use  in  any  part  of  the 
country  has  maintained  its  full  efficiency  for  six 
months  after  installation.  The  modern  System  has 
neither  engine  nor  pump,  and  maintains  its  highest 
efficiency  indefinitely. 

Outside  the  question  of  price  of  plant  and  main- 
tenance comes  the  cost  of  operation.  The  real  ques- 
tion should  be  "How  much  will  it  cost  to  operate  a 
one-sweeper  plant  one  hour?"  Or,  "How  much 
coal  will  be  needed  to  produce  a  sufficient  vacuum 
to  operate  a  one-sweeper  plant  one  hour?"  (A  one- 
sweeper  plant  means  a  one-man  operated  plant,  and 
"Sufficient  vacuum"  would  mean  a  vacuum  of  suf- 
ficient intensity  to  operate  the  largest  cleaning  tool 
properly.)  Answering  this  question  would  say  that 
with  steam  at  a  hundred  pounds  pressure  the  maxi- 
mum cost  per  sweeper  hour  should  not  exceed  bYz 
cents.  This,  under  very  ordinary  conditions  of  fuel 
cost  and  boiler  performance,  will  enable  a  man,  wo- 
man or  boy  to  sweep  and  clean  four  times  the  surface 
ten  times  better  and  in  a  hundred  fold  more  sanitary 
manner  than  is  possible  with  brooms  and  carpet 
sweepers. 

By  a  strange  coincidence  the  year  that  gave  us 
the  first  U.  S.  Patent  on  mechanical  cleaning  de- 
vices, also  marked  the  period  at  which  the  scientific 
world  first  published  the  result  of  its  work  in  tracing 
the  origin  of  many  infectious  diseases,  and  today  it 
is  a  scientifically  demonstrated  fact  that  dust  is  the 
most  prolific  source  of  disease  and  death  among 
mankind.  Sweeping  with  broom  or  brush  and  more 
particularly  the  process  known  as  "dusting"  gets  rid 
of  only  such  matter  as  is  large  and  heavy  enough  to 
be  classed  as  "dirt"  while  most  of  the  finer  and  more 
dangerous  "dust"  is  merely  raised  into  the  air,  held 
for  a  time  in  suspension,  and  then  settles  back  on 
walls,  furniture,  books  and  floor. 

In-doors  dust  contains  a  far  larger  proportion  of 
germs  than  does  the  air  out-of-doors,  for  the  reason 
that  the  large  volumes  of  air  out-of-doors,  which  are 
more  or  less  constantly  moving,  so  dilute  the  germ- 
laden  air  that  the  actual  number  of  living  organisms 
in  a  given  volume  is  on  the  average  very  small,  while 
in  a  recent  test  made  in  a  school  room  in  one  of  our 
principal  cities,  the  dust  that  settled  on  100  square 
feet  of  surface  was  collected  and  weighed,  and  the 
number  of  germs  or   living  micro-organisms   found 


in  this  amount  of  dust,  22  100  of  an  ounce,  was  thir- 
ty-eight and  one-quarter  millions! 

From  the  original  desire  to  clean  car  seats  evolved 
the  ability  to  clean  carpets,  rugs  and  upholstery. 
Mechanical  ingenuity,  never  willing  to  stand  still, 
saw  that  its  sphere  must  be  extended  to  uncovered 
floors,  walls,  ceilings,  draperies,  and  in  fact  the 
whole  interior  of  a  building,  and  practical  tools  were 
designed  for  each  of  these  uses,  so  that  the  same  sys- 
tem with  an  almost  instantaneous  change  of  cleaning 
tools  can  perform  equally  good  work  on  any  surface 
and  in  the  most  inaccessible  places,  and  we  find  this 
great  utility  has  earned  its  way  all  over  the  civilized 
world  and  into  practically  every  class  of  building 
that  is  kept  clean.  Its  source  of  power  may  be  al- 
most any  form  of  kinetic  energy,  of  which  the  usual 
commercial  types  are  steam,  electricity,  gasoline,  or 
even  water. 

In  its  development  from  the  work  in  a  railroad  car 
to  that  of  a  large  building  new  problems  constantly 
presented  themselves,  and  had  to  be  met.  This  fact, 
perhaps  more  than  any  other,  called  forth  persistent 
effort  to  adapt  the  appliance  to  new  conditions,  so 
that  today  we  have  buildings  containing  one  million 
square  feet  of  floor  space  to  be  cleaned,  and  there 
are  tools  with  which  to  do  it,  tools  that  sweep  in  both 
directions  and  also  at  both  ends,  while  sweeping  a 
swath  36  inches  wide  and  about  4  feet  long  at  each 
motion,  and  6,000  square  feet  of  floor  space  an  hour 
sanitarily  and  completely  cleaned  by  one  man  is 
neither  impossible,  nor  even  unusual.  The  inevitable 
result  was  that  architects,  contractors,  and  owners 
became  deeply  interested  in  the  subject.  Inquiries 
from  all  parts  of  the  country  became  so  numerous 
and  showed  such  a  dearth  of  tabulated  information 
as  to  what  should  be  demanded  in  a  vacuum  cleaning 
system  that  a  sort  of  standardization  of  specifications 
became  necessary,  that  the  busy  architect  might  have 
in  his  reference  library  a  concise  form  suggesting  the 
points  to  be  covered  in  drawing  his  plans.  So  we 
see  that  vacuum  cleaning  has  assumed  its  place  in  the 
commercial  world,  not  only  as  a  20th  Century  neces- 
sity, but  has  evolved  into  the  dignity  of  an  indus- 
try with  its  own  specifications,  and  in  this  as  in  many 
other  lines  of  endeavor  the  "I  will"  spirit  of  Chicago 
has  produced  results  that  are  the  admiration  of  the 
world. 


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A     HALF    CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


The  Use  of  Wall  Finish 


By  George  T.  Goodrow 


THE  term  Wall  Finish  includes  all  classes  of 
water  color  preparations  used  for  the  whiten- 
ing, tinting  or  decorating  of  walls  and  ceilings, 
the  material  in  common  use  for  such  purpose  being 
kalsomine,  distemper  colors  and  the  various  brands 
of  prepared  wall  finishes  found  on  the  market. 

Wall  finish  is  employed  more  extensively  in  the 
treatment  of  interior  wall  surfaces  than  wall  paper 
or  any  other  class  of  material,  for  although  in  the 
average  dwelling  wall  paper  is  still  used  to  a  large 
extent,  almost  all  office  buildings,  hotels,  churches, 
theaters,  schools,  and  large  public  buildings  are 
treated  throughout  with  wall  finish. 

The  necessity  for  frequent  refinishing  of  walls  and 
ceilings,  due  to  the  accumulation  of  smoke  and  dirt, 
or  for  the  purpose  of  changing  the  color  to  suit  dif- 
ferent tastes  and  requirements,  or  last,  but  not  least, 
for  the  maintaining  of  strictly  sanitary  conditions,  is 
what  renders  the  use  of  a  water  color  wall  finish 
more  highly  desirable  for  this  work  than  any  other 
material,  for  it  can,  if  properly  made,  be  entirely 
removed  with  sponge  and  water  when  desired,  even 
though  a  number  of  coats  have  accumulated,  the 
walls  being  thus  kept  in  the  most  perfect  and  sanitary 
condition  with  the  least  possible  cost. 

It  must  be  borne  in  mind  that  no  matter  what  ma- 
terial IS  applied  to  walls,  be  it  wall  paper,  wall  finish 
or  other  covering,  coat  after  coat  can  not  be  applied 
indefinitely  without  removing  the  old  material.  The 
time  will  come  when  it  is  desirable,  if  not  necessary, 
to  get  down  to  the  bare  walls  and  take  a  fresh  start, 
therefore  a  material  that  can  be  removed  with  the 
least  labor  and  without  damage  to  the  wall  surface 
is  the  most  practical,  satisfactory  and  economical. 

From  an  artistic  standpoint  as  regards  interior  wall 
decorating,  the  plain  solid  harmonious  tints  and  col- 
ors obtained  through  the  use  of  wall  finish  are  most 
appropriate  and  desirable.  The  soft,  dead-flat  effect 
produced  gives  an  air  of  repose  and  delicate  richness 
with  which  no  other  treatment  compares,  and  there  is 
the  great  advantage  of  being  able  to  tone  up  the 
shades  to  harmonize  with  any  furnishings. 

Many  beautiful  interiors  are  rendered  common- 
place and  vulgar  by  the  application  of  figured  wall 


paper  to  the  rooms.  Architectural  lines  are  de- 
stroyed, and  the  walls  brought  into  such  prominence 
that  the  most  elaborate  furnishings  are  often  rendered 
dull  and  inconspicuous.  The  effect  is  oppressive, 
tiresome  to  the  eye  and  distracting  to  persons  of  re- 
finement and  good  taste. 

The  average  household  contains  a  multitude  of 
furnishings  in  the  way  of  furniture,  pictures,  draper- 
ies, bric-a-brac,  etc.,  for  which  the  walls  form  a  back- 
ground, and  this  background  should  be  a  perfectly 
plain  harmonious  shade  if  it  is  desirable  to  have  these 
furnishings  show  up  to  the  best  advantage.  If  any 
ornamentation  is  desired  it  should  be  brought  in  at  the 
ceiling  line,  in  the  form  of  a  stenciled  or  hand  painted 
border  or  frieze,  but  a  cove  or  room  moulding  suit- 
ably colored  is  generally  sufficient. 

That  the  above  facts  are  becoming  known  to  the 
householder,  and  the  many  advantages  of  wall  finish 
over  other  decorative  materials  more  generally  appre- 
ciated by  the  public,  is  evidenced  by  the  rapidly  in- 
creasing use  of  this  material,  as  indicated  by  the 
government  statistics  covering  its  manufacture.  Ar- 
chitects, superintendents  of  public  and  private  insti- 
tutions, school  boards  and  sanitary  officials  indorse 
its  use  and  specify  some  reliable  brand  of  wall  finish 
for  work  in  their  charge. 

The  leading  brands  of  wall  finish  in  the  market 
can  be  obtained  in  any  shade  required,  and  are  far 
more  reliable  and  satisfactory  in  service  than  the  old 
style  kalsomine  made  from  whiting,  common  dry 
colors  and  glue,  as  the  binding  ingredients  used  are 
more  permanent  and  are  adjusted  to  just  the  right 
point  so  that  chalking  and  peeling  never  occurs; 
also,  the  colors  being  made  expressly  for  water  color 
work  and  thoroughly  milled  together  with  the  white 
base,  are  free  from  grit  or  sediment,  resulting  in  su- 
perior working  and  covering  properties,  freedom  from 
spotting  or  clouding,  and  give  greater  clearness  of 
tone  and  permanency. 

These  advantages,  however,  apply  only  to  the 
better  class  of  wall  finishes,  that  require  boiling 
water  for  mixing,  the  finishes  soluble  in  cold  water 
having  been  found  lacking  in  the  most  essential 
features. 


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A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


Electric  Protection  in  IVIodern  Bank, 
Safe  and  Vault  Construction 


IN  view  of  the  large  number  of  new  bank  and  trust 
company  buildmgs  recently  completed,  or  in 
course  of  construction,  special  interest  attaches 
to  the  prevailing  systems  employed  in  safe  and  vault 
construction.  The  Baltimore  conflagration,  the  San 
Francisco  earthquake  and  other  recent  disasters  have 
served  to  exhibit  the  durable  and  surviving  qualities 
of  modern  safe  and  vault  construction  in  contending 
against  the  elements.  The  most  scientific  methods 
and  most  patient  labor  has  been  bestowed  by  safe  and 
vault  constructors  and  experts  upon  the  subject  of 
resisting  the  clever  tactics  of  the  professional  safe 
burglar. 

The  attention  of  bank  and  trust  company  officials, 
interested  in  modern  safe  construction,  has  been  di- 
rected of  late  to  the  successful  achievement  credited 
to  a  Chicago  company.  The  American  Trust  and 
Savings  Bank  of  Chicago  adopted  this  system  of 
electric  protection  which  has  thus  far  withstood  the 
severe  tests  of  government  officials  and  has  proven 
itself  to  be  invulnerable  against  attack.  Before  in- 
stalling a  system  of  safe  and  vault  construction  the 
American  Trust  and  Savings  Bank  employed  engi- 
neers to  investigate  the  subject  and  finally  adopted 
the  electric  protective  system  devised  by  James  W. 
Donnell,  president  of  the  Donnell  Safe  Company. 

Trust  companies  are  among  the  foremost  to  en- 
courage and  accept  improvements  in  safe  and  vault 
construction  because  of  the  large  sums  of  money, 
negotiable  instruments,  bonds  and  securities  and 
valuables  held  in  trust.  Moreover,  the  average  bank 
or  trust  company  official  prefers  to  leave  the  bank 
knowing  that  his  institution  is  equipped  with  the  most 
advanced  and  proved  system  of  safe  construction. 

The  report  of  J.  G.  Carlisle,  as  secretary  of  the 
U.  S.  Treasury  Department,  which  was  published 
September  29,  1893,  in  book  form,  showing  how 
easily  safes  were  blown  by  explosives,  made  quite  a 
stir  among  bankers,  as  well  as  safe  men.  It  led  to  a 
new  construction  of  burglar-proof  vaults  and  safes 
by  the  making  of  heavy  solid  plates  of  armor  metal 
and  also  casting  safes  made  of  manganese  metal  and 


also  constructing  vaults  of  steel  rails,  laid  up  in  con- 
crete, and  also  steel  and  electric  linings. 

Most  of  the  safe  manufacturers  having  only  the 
machinery  for  constructing  old  style  laminated  plates 
paid  but  very  little  attention  to  it,  as  the  book  was 
not  generally  distributed  among  bankers  and  the 
public.  However,  the  parties  making  their  safes  out 
of  solid  castings  and  those  using  the  laminated  plates 
had  them  blown  in  a  short  time.  Burglars  also  reaped 
a  harvest  by  opening  this  class  of  laminated  construc- 
tion. 

A  few  years  ago  the  Government's  attention  was 
called  to  the  easy  manner  by  which  both  the  lam- 
inated plate  safes  and  solid  casting  safes  could  be 
opened  in  a  few  minutes  by  the  electric  arc  or  com- 
pound blow  pipes.  Holes  were  put  through  6  inches 
of  metal  in  less  than  one-half  hour.  This  led  to  a 
further  investigation  by  the  Government  and  their 
engineer  made  the  following  report : 

First:  That  the  best  types  of  safes  or  vaults  are 
not  invulnerable  to  the  attacks  of  the  expert  burglar. 

Second :  That  the  ordinary  or  obsolete  types  of 
safes  or  vaults,  constructed  relatively  a  few  years 
ago,  are  not  invulnerable  to  the  attacks  of  the  tyro 
or  amateur  burglar. 

Third :  That  if,  by  any  combination  of  circum- 
stances, sufficient  opportunity  be  afforded  the  expert 
cracksmen,  any  safe  or  vault  can  be  opened. 

Fourth:  That  a  satisfactory  form  of  electric 
protection  is  both  obtainable  and  desirable  for  all 
safes  and  vaults  wherever  applicable,  and  constitutes 
a  form  of  protection  superior  to  that  afforded  by  the 
construction  of  the  safes  and  vaults  themselves. 

In  1893  Jas.  W.  Donnell  of  Chicago,  who  is  an 
old  safe  expert,  became  convinced  that  any  safe 
made  of  either  laminated  plates  of  steel  or  solid  cast- 
ing steel  could  not  stand  the  test  of  burglars  for  one- 
half  the  time  they  had  to  work.  His  experience  with 
the  electric  arc  and  compound  blow-pipe  made  it 
very  evident  that  the  security  afforded  by  any  of  them 
was  but  for  a  few  hours'  time  and  some  of  them  for 
a  fc\v  minutes'  time.     This  led  to  a  new  departure 


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A     HALF    CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


in  the  construction  of  burglar  work,  which  has  proven 
successful  and  is  endorsed  by  both  electrical  experts 
and  engineers  throughout  the  country. 

This  construction  consists  of  steel  rails  fastened  in 
solid  steel  corners  so  shaped  as  to  take  the  form  of 
the  rail  in  snugly.  Between  the  head  of  the  rails 
there  is  a  steel  rod  held  in  position  by  a  steel  key 
block  in  such  a  manner  that  it  makes  it  impossible  to 
pull  the  rails  apart  unless  the  heads  of  the  rails  are 
sheared  off.  This  steel  key  bar  and  lugs  extend  all 
around  the  vault  on  top,  bottom,  sides,  front  and  back. 
On  the  inside  of  this  rail  lining  there  is  a  steel  lining 
composed  of  two  plates  of  steel.  Between  these 
two  plates  there  are  placed  electric  envelopes,  made 
of  four  layers  of  tin  foil,  each  insulated  and  separate 
from  the  others.  These  electric  envelopes  are  con- 
nected up  in  series  throughout  the  vault  and  are 
thoroughly  insulated.  On  the  outside  of  the  vault 
lining  there  is  a  housed  alarm  box  electrically  lined 
same  as  the  vault.  This  alarm  box  contains  two 
large  1 8-inch  steel  gongs,  which  notify  the  public 
of  any  tampering  with  the  system  for  a  great  distance 
around.  It  is  impossible  to  tamper  with  these  bells 
without  creating  an  alarm.  This  electric  system  is 
also  connected  by  wires  to  the  police  station  so  that 


if  an  alarm  is  given  at  the  bank  the  police  will  be  noti- 
fied at  the  same  time.  This  system  is  under  full  con- 
trol of  the  officers  of  the  bank  and  works  automat- 
ically, governed  by  a  chronometric  time  lock  for  the 
number  of  hours  it  is  desired  to  be  locked  out.  This 
system  at  all  times  can  be  tested,  and  the  vault 
entrance  can  also  be  made  to  connect  with  the  electric 
system.  The  doors  cannot  be  opened  without  an 
alarm  being  sounded.  These  doors  are  also  made 
of  heavy  construction,  and  the  plates  of  the  door  are 
insulated  so  that  they  cannot  be  drilled  with  the 
electric  arc. 

These  doors  have  double  the  security  of  any  solid 
door,  and  are  sold  subject  to  a  test  of  this  character. 
The  rails  of  the  vault  are  placed  two  inches  from 
the  inside  lining.  The  outer  walls  are  made  of 
concrete  and  quartz,  thus  imbedding  the  rails  in  a 
solid  concrete  wall  in  a  manner  that  they  are  safe 
against  explosives  and  the  electric  arc,  or  other  appli- 
ances now  known  to  burglars. 

The  security  these  rails  afford  is  thoroughly  recog- 
nized by  the  bankers  of  Chicago,  as  they  have  put  in 
over  eighteen  of  them  within  the  past  two  years. 
They  are  not  as  expensive  as  the  old  laminated  and 
solid  plates  are,  but  afford  more  security. 


130 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


The  Wonderful  Durability  of 
Wood  Paving 


THE  bulletin  issued  by  the  Forest  Service  in  the 
U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture  cites  the 
following  instances  of  the  great  durability  of 
creosoted  wood  block  pavements. 

The  first  two  were  U.  S.  Wood  Blocks  laid  by 
this  Company  and  the  blocks  in  the  third  instance 
were  very  similar  to  ours. 

"In  Baltimore,  Md.,  in  the  summer  of  1901, 
there  were  laid  several  adjacent  strips  of  experi- 
mental pavements,  including  sheet  asphalt,  creosoted 
wood,  and  several  kinds  of  brick.  After  five  years' 
service,  and  after  passing  through  the  great  fire,  the 
wood  was  in  better  condition  than  any  of  the  others. 

"In  1902  the  Metropolitan  Street  Railway  Com- 
pany, of  New  York  City,  decided  to  experiment 
with  creosoted  wooden  blocks  for  paving  between  its 
tracks.  A  small  area  of  longleaf  pine  was  laid  on 
Hudson  Street,  the  wood  being  flanked  at  either  end 
by  granite,  the  material  hitherto  used.  At  the  point 
selected  there  is  a  very  heavy  trucking  traffic  from 


the  North  River  wharves,  and  the  stresses  on  the 
pavement,  where  the  trucks  run  with  one  wheel  just 
outside  the  car  rail,  are  so  great  that  the  granite 
begins  to  show  a  rut  in  six  months,  and  is  renewed 
almost  annually.  At  the  end  of  four  years  the 
wood,  though  showing  a  heavy  rut,  was  still  sound 
and  in  position  and  good  for  at  least  one  more  year. 
The  granite  on  either  side  had  been  renewed  three 
times  during  the  four  years. 

"In  front  of  the  Auditorium  Hotel,  on  Michigan 
Avenue,  Chicago,  is  a  creosoted  longleaf  pine  pave- 
ment, laid  in  the  year  1900.  Adjoining  it  an  area 
of  asphalt  block  was  laid  at  the  same  time.  In  1905 
the  asphalt  blocks  were  removed  and  replaced  with 
wood.  In  the  five  years  the  asphalt  had  worn  down 
on  an  average  one  inch,  but  very  unevenly,  so  that 
ruts  had  formed  and  the  blocks  were  badly  rounded. 
The  wooden  blocks  during  this  time  had  worn  off 
only  one-eighth  of  an  inch,  and  the  surface,  except 
for  a  badly  constructed  gutter  at  one  point,  was  still 
perfectly  smooth  and  of  even  grade." 


Z\  m  C 


The  IMetal  Weather  Strip 


THERE  is  perhaps  no  problem  so  annoying  to 
the  householder  as  that  of  windows  and  doors 
with  their  manifold  difficulties,  and  in  order 
to  overcome  it  the  metal  weather-strip  has  been  a 
serious  study  for  over  twenty  years  and  numerous 
complicated  styles  have  been  patented,  but  were  gen- 
erally pronounced  unsatisfactory.  Within  the  past 
five  or  six  years  more  simple  and  practical  metal 
strips  have  been  patented  and  are  extensively  used 
and  the  results  are  decidedly  successful.  They  are 
gradually  superseding  the  storm  sash  which  in  a  few 
years  will  be  considered  antiquated. 

French  and  casement  windows,  so  commonly  in- 
stalled in  residences  at  the  present  time,  have  been  a 
source  of  worry  to  Architects  and  Owners  until  the 
modern  metal  weather-strips  have  made  them  air- 
tight and  water-proof. 


Formerly  the  greatest  drawback  to  metal  strips 
was  that  it  was  necessary  to  install  them  before  the 
building  was  completed  or  remove  the  sash  in  com- 
pleted buildings  to  apply  them,  but  no\v  the  windows 
and  stops  can  be  in  place  and  the  metal  strips  fitted 
without  removing  the  sash;  furthermore,  some  of 
the  patents  are  made  of  a  material  that  makes  no 
allowance  for  contraction  and  expansion  of  the  sash 
as  the  modern  strip  does.  In  addition  to  being 
weather-proof  the  latest  strip  is  a  dust  shield  as  well 
as  a  window-slide. 

Lack  of  space  will  not  permit  of  the  enumeration 
of  all  the  articles  that  can  be  improved  by  the  appli- 
cation of  the  metal  strip.  We  will  mention  a  few 
besides  windows  and  doors:  refrigerators,  book- 
cases, show-cases,  show  windows,  clothes  closets,  in 
fact  any  articles,  or  openings  closed  by  a  window  or 
door,  which  are  to  be  kept  air-tight  or  dust-proof. 


1.^1 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


BUILDING 
ORDINANCES 


of  the 


City  of  Chicago 


As  contained  in  Chapter  X\^  of  the  revised  Municipal  Code 

of  Chicatro  (passed  March  20,  1905,  pubhshed  April 

15,    1905),  together  with  all   amendments 

up  to  and  includinor  July  18,  1910 


\^^ 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


CHAPTER   FIFTEEN 


ARTICI.l':  I. 
OFFICKRS— I'OWKHS  AND  1)L  TIKS. 

Section  199.  Department  of  Buildings  Established — Officers. 
— There  is  hereby  establislied  an  executive  department  of  the 
municipal  government  of  the  city,  which  shall  he  known  as 
the  Department  of  BuiUlings,  and  shall  embrace  a  Conunis- 
sioner  of  Buildings,  a  Deputy  Commissioner  of  Ruilthngs.  an 
Assistant  Deputy  Conunissioner  of  Buildings,  a  Civil  Engi- 
neer, a  Secretary  to  the  Commissioner,  a  Cliief  Building 
Inspector,  and  such  Inspectors  of  Elevators,  Inspectors  of 
Stand  Pipes  and  Fire  Escapes,  and  Inspectors  of  Buildings, 
and  sucli  other  assistants  and  employes  as  the  City  Coiuicil 
may  by  ordinance  provide. 

Sec.  200.  Buitdins  Commissioner — Office  Created — .lr>t<oint- 
nieiit — Bond. — There  is  liereby  created  tlie  office  of  Commis- 
sioner of  Buihhngs.  He  shall  be  the  head  of  said  Departnuiu 
of  Buildings,  and  shall  be  an  experienced  .ircliitecl,  civil 
engineer,  builder,  or  competent  building  mechanic,  and  sliall 
have  been  engaged  in  the  city  as  an  architect,  civil  engineer, 
builder  or  building  mechanic  for  a  period  of  ten  years,  and 
during  his  term  of  office  as  Conunissioncr  of  Buildings,  he 
shall  not  be  engaged  in  any  other  business. 

He  shall  be  appointed  by  the  Mayor,  by  and  willi  llu-  .idvice 
and  consent  of  the  City  Council. 

The  Commissioner  of  Buildings,  befure  enlering  upon  llic 
duties  of  his  office,  sliall  exeeule  a  liond  to  the  City  in  the 
sum  of  twenty-five  thousand  dollars,  with  such  sureties  as 
the  City  Council  shall  approve,  conditioned  for  the  faithful 
performance  of  his  duties  as  the  Conimissoiner  of  Buildings. 

As  amended  by  ordinance  Feb.  3,  1908. 

Sec.  201.  Powers — Appointment  of  Subordinates — Bonds — 
Duties  of  Commissioner. — He  shall  have  the  management  and 
control  of  all  matters  and  things  pertaining  to  the  Depart- 
ment of  Buildings,  and  shall  appoint,  according  to  law,  all 
subordinate  officers  and  assistants  in  his  department  and  may 
remove  them  according  to  law.  All  subordinate  ofticers, 
assistants,  clerks  and  employes  in  said  Department  shall  be 
subject  to  such  rules  and  regulations  as  shall  bo  prescribed 
from  time  to  time  by  said  Commissioner. 

It  shall  be  the  duty  of  said  Commissioner  to  enforce  all 
ordinances  relating  to  the  erection,  construction,  alteration. 
repair,  removal  or  the  safety  "f  buildings. 

Sec.  202.  Precautions  in  Hrluilf  of  Public  Safely— .May 
Require  Repair  or  Alteration  in  Such  Cases. — .Amended  by 
ordinance  Feb.  3,  1908,  to  read  as  follows : 

It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  Commissioner  of  Buildings,  when 
any  citizen  represents  that  ashes  or  combustible  materials 
are  kept  in  any  place  in  the  City  in  an  insecure  manner,  or 
that  the  doors,  stairways,  corridors,  exits,  or  fire  escapes  in 
any  factory  or  workshop  or  other  place  of  employment  are 
insufficient  for  the  escape  of  employes  in  case  of  fire,  panic, 
or  accident,  or  do  not  comply  with  the  provisions  of  this 
chapter  or  that  the  funnels,  flues,  fire  boxes,  or  heating  ap- 
paratus in  any  building  in  the  City  are  insecure  or  dangerous, 
or  that  any  part  of  any  building  in  the  City  is  in  an  unsafe 
or  dangerous  condition,  or  in  ,iny  wise  in  contravention  of 
this  chapter,  to  make  an  e\amin,ilion  of  such  pl.ue  or  build- 


ing, and  if  such  representation  is  found  to  be  true,  said  Com- 
missioner shall  give  notice  in  writing  to  the  owner,  occupant, 
lessee  or  person  in  possession,  charge  or  control  of  such 
place  or  building  to  make  such  changes,  alterations  or  repairs 
■IS  public  safety  or  the  ordinance  of  the  City  may  require. 

L'pon  failure  of  parties  so  notified  to  comply  with  said 
notice,  the  matter  shall  be  placed  in  the  Law  Department  for 
prosecution. 

Sec.  203.  .Iccess  to  all  Buildings  for  the  purpose  of  Investi- 
gating Complaints— Interpretation  of  this  Chapter.— .\mcr\AQA 
by  ordinance  Feb.  3,  1908,  to  read  as  follows : 

The  Commissioner  of  Buildings,  or  his  representatives,  shall 
have  access  to  all  public  school  buildings,  public  halls, 
churches,  theaters,  and  all  buildings  used  either  for  manu- 
facturing or  commercial  purposes,  also  all  hotels,  apartment 
bouses  and  other  buildings  occupied  by  large  mimbers  of 
peoi)le,  where  any  complaint  is  made  concerning  the  safety 
of  such  buildings,  or  any  parts  or  appliances  or  equipment 
thereof:  for  the  purpose  of  investigating  and  determining  the 
sufficiency  of  their  doors,  passageways,  aisles,  stairways,  cor- 
ridors, exits,  or  lire  escapes,  and  generally  their  facilities  for 
egress  in  case  of  fire  or  other  accident,  and  the  strength  of 
their  floors,  and  shall  make  return  of  all  violations  of  several 
provisions  of  this  chapter  to  the  Law  Department  for  prose- 
cution. 

The  Commissioner  of  Buildings  shall  have  full  ])ower  to 
pass  upon  any  i|uestion  arising  under  the  provision  of  lliis 
chapter  subject  to  llu-  cniulilions,  modifications  and  Hniitalinus 
contained  therein. 

See.  2(14.  Inspection  of  l-.levators — Poz^'crs  to  Stop  Use  of 
Same. —  The  Conunissioncr  of  Buildings  shall  have  power  to 
prohibit  and  stop  the  use  of  any  passenger  or  freight  elevator 
when  any  Inspector  of  Elevators  shall  report  to  him  that 
such  elevator  or  the  hoistway  in  which  it  is  used  is  in  a 
dangerous  or  unsafe  condition.  Such  prohibition  of  use  shall 
continue  in  force  until  such  hoistway  or  elevator,  or  both, 
shall  have  been  put  in  a  safe  condition,  and  certified  to  be 
safe  after  a  proper  inspection  thereof  by  the  Inspector  of 
I-:ievalors. 

Sec.  205.  Buildings  Juiund  in  I'nsafe  Condition — .\otice  to 
Owner — Authority  of  Commissioner. — If  the  Commissioner  of 
Buildings  shall  lind  in  the  city  any  building  or  structure  or 
part  thereof  in  such  an  unsafe  condition  as  to  endanger  life, 
)int  so  that,  by  the  immedi;ile  .ipplication  of  precautionary 
measures  such  danger  m.iy  be  averted,  he  shall  have  authority, 
and  it  shall  be  his  duty  to  forthwith  notify  in  writing,  the 
owner,  agent,  or  person  in  possession,  charge  or  control  of 
such  building  or  structure  or  part  thereof  to  adopt  and  put 
iiUo  eflfect  such  precautionary  measures  as  may  be  necessary 
or  advisable  in  order  to  place  such  Iniilding  or  structure  or 
jiart  thereof  in  a  safe  condition.  Such  notice  shall  state  briefly 
the  nature  of  the  work  required  to  be  done,  and  said  Com- 
missioner shall  specify  in  such  notice  a  time  within  wdiich  the 
work  required  to  be  done  shall  be  completed  by  the  person 
notified,  such  time  to  be  fixed  by  said  Commissioner  upon 
taking  into  consideration  the  condition  of  such  building  or 
structure,  or  part  thereof,  and  the  danger  to  life  or  property 
which  m.iv  result   from  its  uns;ifr  condition. 


\y? 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


If  the  owner,  agent  or  person  in  possession,  cliarge  or 
control  of  such  building  or  structure,  or  part  thereof,  when 
so  notified,  shall  fail,  neglect  or  refuse  to  place  such  building 
or  structure,  or  part  thereof,  in  a  safe  condition,  and  to  adopt 
such  precautionary  measures  as  shall  have  been  specified  by 
said  Commissioner  within  the  time  specified  in  such  notice. 
in  such  case,  at  the  expiration  of  such  time,  it  shall  be  the 
duty  of  said  Commissioner  to  proceed  forthwith  to  do,  or 
cause  to  be  done,  any  and  all  work  necessary  to  place  such 
building  or  structure,  or  part  thereof,  in  a  safe  condition. 

If  the  said  Commissioner  shall  be  unable  to  find  the  owner 
of  such  building,  structure,  or  part  thereof,  or  any  agent  or 
person  in  possession,  charge  or  control  thereof,  upon  whom 
such  notice  may  be  served,  he  shall  place  or  cause  to  be 
placed  the  notice  herein  provided  for,  upon  such  building  at 
or  near  its  principal  entrance,  and  if,  at  the  expiration  of 
the  time  specified  in  such  notice  for  the  completion  of  the 
work  required  to  be  done  the  terms  of  such  notice  shall  not 
have  been  complied  with,  it  shall  be  tlie  duty  of  the  Com- 
missioner to  thereupon  proceed  and  do  such  work  in  the 
same  manner  as  has  hereinbefore  been  provided  in  cases  of 
refusal,  neglect  or  failure  on  the  part  of  the  owner,  agent 
or  person  in  possession,  charge  or  control  of  any  such  build- 
ing, structure  or  part  thereof,  when  so  notified. 

If,  in  accordance  with  the  provisions  of  this  section,  the 
work  of  placing  any  building,  structure,  or  part  thereof  in  a- 
safe  condition  shall  devolve  upon  the  said  commissioner,  and 
it  shall  appear  that  such  bviilding.  structure  or  part  thereof 
is  in  such  a  condition  as  not  to  warrant  the  expenditure 
thereon  of  a  sufficient  sum  of  money  to  make  such  repairs 
or  to  do  such  work  as  is  necessary  to  put  it  in  a  safe  condi- 
tion, the  said  Commissioner  shall  have  authority  to  tear  down 
or  destroy  such  building  or  structure  or  part  thereof,  and  the 
expense  of  tearing  down  and  destroying  any  such  building  or 
structure  or  part  thereof,  and  the  expense  of  making  any 
repairs  or  doing  any  work  thereon  shall  be  charged  to  the 
person  owning  or  in  possession,  charge  or  control  of  sucli 
building  or  structure  or  part  thereof,  and  the  Commissioner 
shall  recover  or  cause  to  be  recovered  from  such  owner  or 
person  in  possession,  cliarge  or  control  the  cost  to  tlie  city 
of  doing  such  work. 

Sec.  206.  Btiildiiig  or  Part  of  Building  Constniclcd  in 
Violation  of  Chapter — Authority  of  Commissioner  to  Tear 
Doivn. — If  it  shall  be  found  that  any  building  or  structure  or 
part  thereof  is  being  or  shall  have  been  constructed  or  built 
in  violation  of  any  of  the  pi-ovisions  of  this  chapter,  the 
Commissioner  of  Buildings  shall  forthwith  notify  the  owner, 
agent,  superintendent  or  achitect  of.  or  the  contractor  engaged 
in  erecting  such  building  or  structure,  or  part  thereof,  of  the 
fact  that  such  building  or  structure,  or  part  thereof,  has  been, 
or  is  being,  constructed  or  erected  contrary  to  the  provisions 
of  this  chapter,  and  shall  specify  briefly  in  such  notice  in 
what  manner  the  provisions  of  this  chapter,  or  any  of  them, 
have  been  violated,  and  shall  require  the  person  so  notified 
to  forthwith  make  such  building,  structure,  or  part  thereof. 
conform  to  and  comply  with  the  provisions  of  this  chapter, 
specifying  in  such  notice  the  time  within  which  such  work 
shall  be  done. 

If,  at  the  expiration  of  the  time  set  forth  in  such  notice, 
the  person  so  notified  shall  have  refused,  neglected  or  failed 
to  comply  with  the  request  made  in  such  notice  and  tn  have 
such  building  or  structure,  or  part  thereof,  concerning  which 
notice  was  sent,  changed  so  as  to  conform  to  and  comply 
with  the  provisions  of  this  chapter,  the  Commissioner  of 
Buildings  shall  have  the  authority,  and  it  shall  be  his  duty, 
to  proceed  forthwith  to  tear  down  or  cause  to  be  torn  down 


such  building  or  structure,  or  such  part  thereof  as  shall  or 
may  have  been  erected  and  constructed  in  violation  of  the 
provisions  or  any  of  the  provisions  of  this  chapter,  and  the 
cost  of  such  work  shall  be  charged  to  and  recovered  from 
the  owner  of  such  building  or  structure  or  from  the  person 
for  whom  such  building  or  structure  is  being  erected. 

Sec.  207.  May  Direct  Fire  Department  to  Remove. — The 
Commissioner  of  Buildings  shall  also  have  authority  to  direct 
the  Fire  Department,  after  written  notice  has  been  served 
upon  the  owner,  lessee,  occupant,  agent  or  person  in  posses- 
sion, charge  or  control,  personally,  to  tear  down  any  defective 
or  dangerous  wall  or  any  building  or  any  part  thereof  which 
may  be  constructed  in  violation  of  the  terms  of  this  chapter. 
In  case  of  the  destruction,  or  partial  destruction,  of  buildings 
by  fire  or  by  the  action  of  the  elements,  when  any  department 
of  the  city  government,  pursuant  to  the  ordinances  of  the 
city,  shall  make  any  outlay  of  money  or  incur  any  liability 
for  the  payment  of  any  expense  on  behalf  of  the  city  in  an 
effort  to  preserve  or  prevent  the  destruction  of  any  such 
building  or  liuildings.  or  for  the  preservation  of  the  life  or 
health  of  its  citizens,  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  Commissioner 
of  Buildings  to  ascertain  the  amount  of  such  outlay  or  ex- 
penditure and  present  a  bill  therefor  to  the  owner  or  owners 
of  any  such  building  or  buildings,  or  his  or  their  agent  or 
agents,  and  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  said  Commissioner  of 
Buildings  to  refuse  to  issue  a  permit  for  the  reconstruction, 
alteration  or  repair  of  any  such  building  or  buildings  by  such 
owner  or  owners  until  such  outlay  or  expenditure  shall  be 
repaid  to  the  city  by  the  owner  or  owners  of  such  building 
or  buildings  so  totally  or  partially  destroyed  in  the  manner 
aforesaid.  Said  Commissioner  shall  also  proceed  forthwitli 
to  collect  from  such  owner  or  owners,  by  appropriate  pro- 
ceedings, the  amount  of  such  bill. 

Sec.  208.  .!/<(;'  Make  Rules  for  Construetion  of  Buildings 
and  Control  of  Employes. — The  Commissioner  of  Buildings 
shall  institute  such  measures  and  prescribe  such  rules  and 
regulations  for  the  control  and  guidance  of  his  subordinate 
officers  and  employes  as  shall  secure  the  careful  inspection  of 
all  buildings  while  in  process  of  construction,  alteration,  repair 
or  removal  and  the  strict  enforcement  of  the  several  pro- 
visions of  this  chapter. 

Sec.  209.  .May  Stop  Construetion  and  Wrecking  of  Build- 
ings.— Amended  by  ordinance  Dec.  11.  1905,  to  read  as  fol- 
lows : 

Said  Connnissioner  shall  have  power  to  stop  the  construc- 
tion of  any  building  or  the  making  of  any  alterations  or 
repairs  of  any  building  within  said  city  when  the  same  is 
being  done  in  a  reckless  or  careless  manner  or  in  violation 
of  any  ordinance,  and  to  order,  in  writing,  or  by  parole,  any 
and  all  persons  in  any  way  or  manner  whatever  engaged  in 
so  constructing,  altering  or  repairing  any  such  building,  to 
stop  and  desist  therefrom. 

And  the  said  Commissioner  shall  have  power  to  stop  the 
wrecking  or  tearing  down  of  any  building  or  structure  within 
said  city  when  the  same  is  being  done  in  a  reckless  or  careless 
manner  or  in  violation  of  any  ordinance  or  in  such  a  manner 
as  to  endanger  life  or  property,  and  to  order  any  and  all 
persons  engaged  in  said  work  to  stop  and  desist  therefrom. 
When  such  work  has  been  stopped  by  the  order  of  said  Com- 
missioner, it  shall  not  be  resumed  until  said  Commissioner 
shall  be  satisfied  that  adequate  precautions  will  be  taken  for 
the  protection  of  life  and  property,  and  that  said  work  will 
be  prosecuted  carefully  and  in  conformity  with  the  ordinances 
of  the  city. 


136 


A      HALF     CENTURY      OF    CHICAGO      BUILDING 


(TIk'  pcn.-iltiis  prcvcriWi-d  by  Section  73H.  for  violiilions, 
shall  apply  with  fi|iial  forci'  and  i-ff>ot  lo  violations  of  this 
section. ) 

Sec.  ill).  .Irhilrolioii  .//>/>€•«/  from  Di-cisioii.—]n  cases 
where  discretionary  power  to  estimate  damage  to  frame  build 
ings  is  given  the  Commissioner  of  Buildings,  as  also  in  ques- 
tions relating  to  the  security  or  insecurity  of  any  building 
or  buildings,  or  parts  thereof,  and  in  all  other  cases  where 
discretionary  powers  are,  by  ordinance,  given  to  the  Com- 
missioner of  Buildings,  an  appeal  to  arbitration  shall  be 
allowed  to  parties  believing  themselves  injured  or  wronged 
by  the  decisions  of  the  Commissioner  of  Buildings,  as  follows, 
to-wit : 

Sec.  211.  .l/>/ii'ii/ — Limit  of  Time  Of. — .\ny  person  wisliiuK 
lo  make  such  appeal  shall  do  so  within  live  days  after  written 
notice  of  the  decision  or  order  of  the  Commissioner  of  Build- 
ings has  been  given  him.  .An  appeal  made  later  than  live 
days  after  the  serving  of  the  notice  of  the  Commissioner  of 
Buildings  shall  not  entille  llu-  appellant  to  an  arbitration. 
The  request  for  arbitration  shall  be  in  writing  and  shall  state 
the  object  of  the  proposed  arbitratii>n  and  tlie  name  of  the 
person  who  is  to  represent  the  appell.int  as  aibitr.ilor. 

See.  212.  .Il>fi\il — Cost  Of. — The  Commissioner  of  Build- 
ings shall  thereupon  state  lo  the  appellant  the  cost  of  such 
•irbitration,  and  such  appellant  shall,  within  twenty-four  hours 
from  the  time  of  tiling  the  original  request  for  arbitration, 
ileposit  with  the  Comiuissioner  of  Buildings  the  sum  of 
money  require<l  for  defraying  the  expenses  of  the  same,  which 
sum  shall  in  each  case  be  lixed  by  said  Conmiissioner  in 
proportion  to  Ihe  difliculty  anil  importance  of  the  case,  but 
shall  in  no  case  be  more  than  the  cost  of  similar  service  in 
the  course  of  ordinary  business  of  private  individuals  or 
corporations.  As  soon  as  such  sum  of  money  shall  have  Ikcti 
deposited  with  him  the  Commissioner  of  Buildings  sliall 
appoint  an  arbitrator  to  represent  the  city,  and  the  two  arbi- 
trators thus  appointed  shall,  if  they  cannot  agree,  select  ;i 
third  arbitrator,  and  Ihe  decision  of  any  two  of  these  arbi- 
trators shall,  after  investigation  of  the  matter  in  question,  be 
linal  and  binding  on  the  appellant  as  well  as  upon  the  city. 

Sec.  213.  Arbitrators  to  Take  Oath — Power  to  E.vaiiiiiie 
H'iliiesses. — The  arbitrators  shall  themselves,  before  entering 
upon  the  <lischarge  of  their  duties,  be  placed  under  oath  to 
the  effect  that  they  are  unprejudiced  as  to  the  matter  in 
question  and  that  they  will  faithfully  discharge  Ihe  duties 
of  their  position.  They  shall  have  the  power  to  call  witnesses 
and  place  them  under  oath,  and  their  decision  or  award  shall 
be  rendered  in  writing  both  to  the  Commissioner  of  Buildings 
and  to  the  appellant  from  his  decision.  The  fee  deposited 
by  the  appellant  with  the  Commissioner  of  Buildings  shall  be 
paid  by  the  Cotmnissioner  of  Buildings  to  the  arbitrators 
upon  the  rendering  of  their  report,  and  shall  be  in  full  of 
all  costs  incident  to  the  arbitration :  but  should  Ihe  decision 
of  said  board  of  arbitration  be  rendered  against  the  Com- 
inissioner  of  Buildings,  then  the  money  deposited  1)y  the 
aforesaid  appellant  shall  be  returned  to  him,  and  the  eiuire 
cost  of  such  arbitration  shall  be  paid  by  the  city. 

Sec.  214.  In  Irf^eiit  Case.'! — Comiiiissioiier's  I'ozuer  Final. — 
Whenever  Ihe  decision  of  the  Commissioner  of  Buildings 
upon  the  safely  of  any  building  or  any  part  thereof  is  made 
in  a  case  so  urgent  that  failure  lo  properly  carry  out  his 
orders  to  demolish  or  strengthen  such  building  or  pari  thereof 
may  endanger  life  and  limb,  Ihe  decision  and  order  of  the 
Commissioner  of  Buildings  shall  he  absolute  and  final. 


Sec.  215.  Piily  of  I'oliee  to  .IssisI  Commissioner  in  Enfore- 
ina  Provisions  of  This  Chapter. — Whenever  it  shall  be  neces- 
sary, in  the  opinion  of  the  Commissioner  of  Buildings,  lo  call 
upon  the  Department  of  Police  for  aid  or  assistance  in  carry- 
ing out  or  enforcing  any  of  the  provisions  of  this  chapter, 
he  shall  have  Ihe  authority  so  to  do,  and  it  shall  be  Ihe  duty 
of  ihc  Department  of  Police,  or  of  any  member  of  said 
Department,  when  called  upon  by  said  Conmiissioner,  to  act 
according  lo  the  instructions  of,  and  to  perform  such  duties 
as  may  be  required  by.  said  Conmiissioner  in  order  to  enforce 
or  put  into  effect  the  provisions  of  this  chapter. 

Sec.  216.  Cerlijieates— Notices— Register.— Thi:  Commis- 
sioner of  Buildings  shall  sign  or  cause  to  be  signed  all  cer- 
lilicales  and  notices  required  to  lie  issued  from  said  Depart- 
ment, and  keep  a  record  of  the  same,  and  issue  or  cause  to 
be  issued  all  permits  authorized  herein,  lie  shall  also  keep 
in  proper  books  for  that  purpose  a  register  of  all  transactions 
of  the  Department  of  Buildings,  which  such  books  shall  he 
open  to  the  inspection  of  the  Mayor.  Comptroller,  Superin- 
tendent of  Police.  I'ire  Marshal  and  nienibers  of  the  City 
Council  at  all  times. 

Sec.  217.  Musi  Keep  .-lecount  of  fees  I'aiil — Annual  Re- 
ports and  Estimates.— Said  Commissioner  shall  keep,  in  proper 
books  for  that  purpose,  an  accurate  account  of  all  fees  paid, 
,^'iving  the  name  of  the  person  paying  same,  date  of  payment 
and  amount  of  each  such  fee.  He  shall  also  annually  on  or 
liefore  the  first  day  of  February,  in  each  year,  prepare  and 
])rescnt  to  the  City  Council  a  report  showing  the  receipts  and 
expenditures  and  entire  work  of  his  Department  during  the 
previous  fiscal  year,  and  lie  shall  at  the  same  time  send  to 
the  Comptroller  a  full  and  comprehensive  statement  of  all 
matters  pertaining  to  his  Department,  together  with  an  esti- 
mate in  detail  of  the  appropriations  nqiiirid  by  the  Dcpart- 
nuiu   clnrins;  tlie  current   fiscal  year. 

Sec.  218.  Deputy  Commissioner  of  liuiUtnitis. —  Ibert:  is 
hereby  created  the  office  of  Deputy  Commissioner  of  Build- 
ings. He  shall  be  appointed  by  the  Commissioner  of  Build- 
ings according  to  law.  Whenever  the  Commissioner  of  Build- 
ings shall  make  requisition  upon  the  Civil  Service  Commission 
of  the  city  for  a  person  to  fill  the  oflice  of  Deputy  Commis- 
sioner of  Buildings,  he  shall  notify  the  Civil  Service  Com- 
mission that  the  person  certified  to  fill  said  office  should  be 
a  competent  civil  engineer,  architect  or  builder. 

Sec.  219.  Duties — /?(>»</.— Said  Deputy  Commissioner  shall 
pass  upon  all  questions  relating  to  the  strength  and  durability 
of  buildings:  shall  examine  and  approve  all  plans  before  a 
Imilding  permit  is  issued  for  the  construction  of  any  building 
or  structure ;  .shall  supervise  and  have  charge  of  all  books 
and  records  and  the  various  Inspectors  employed  in  the  De- 
partment of  Buildings;  shall  receive,  examine  and  file  all 
reports  made  by  them,  and  shall,  under  the  direction  and 
supervision  of  the  Commissioner  of  Buildings,  assign  to  such 
Inspectors  the  work  they  are  to  perform.  He  shall  have  a 
book  or  books  in  which  shall  be  recorded  the  location  and 
character  of  every  building  for  which  a  permit  is  issued,  and 
a  copy  of  every  report  of  inspection  made  for  such  building, 
so  arranged  that  the  full  history  of  the  various  inspections  of 
Ihe  building  shall  appear  therein  in  consecutive  order,  with 
the  name  of  each  Inspector  making  the  inspection  thereof 
and  the  date  of  his  report.  He  shall  cause  lo  be  kept  a 
record  of  all  complaints  of  violations  of  the  building  ordi- 
nances, shall  report  the  same  to  the  Commissioner  of  Build- 
ings, and  shall  cause  all  such  complaints  to  be  investigated. 
He  shall  act  as  Commissioner  of  Buildings  in  the  absence  of 


1,^; 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


the  Commissioner  of  Buildings  from  his  office,  and  while  so 
acting  shall  discharge  all  the  duties  and  possess  all  the  powers 
invested  in  or  imposed  upon  the  Commissioner  of  Buildings. 
He  shall  before  entering  upon  the  duties  of  his  office 
execute  a  bond  to  the  city  in  the  sum  of  ten  thousand 
($10,000)  dollars,  with  such  sureties  as  the  City  Council  shall 
approve,  conditioned  for  the  faithful  performance  of  the 
duties  of  his  office. 

Sec.  220.  Assistant  Deputy  Commissioner  of  Buildings — 
Bond. — There  is  hereby  created  the  office  of  Assistant  Deputy 
Commissioner  of  Buildings.  He  shall  be  appointed  by  the 
Commissioner  of  Buildings  according  to  law.  Whenever  the 
Commissioner  of  Buildings  shall  make  requisition  upon  the 
Civil  Service  Commission  of  the  city  for  a  person  to  fill  the 
office  of  Assistant  Deputy  Commissioner  of  Buildings,  he 
shall  notify  the  Civil  Service  Commission  that  the  person 
certified  to  fill  said  office  should  be  a  competent  civil  engi- 
neer, architect  or  builder. 

The  Assistant  Deputy  Commissioner  of  Buildings  shall, 
under  the  direction  of  the  Commissioner  of  Buildings  or  the 
Deputy  Commissioner  of  Buildings,  assist  and  aid  the  Deputy 
Commissioner  in  the  performance  of  his  duties. 

The  Assistant  Deputy  Commissioner  of  Buildings,  before 
entering  upon  his  duties  of  his  office,  shall  execute  a  bond 
to  the  city  in  the  sum  of  five  thousand  ($5,000)  dollars,  with 
such  sureties  as  the  City  Council  shall  approve,  conditioned 
for  the  faithful  performance  of  the  duties  of  his  office. 

Sec.  221.  Secretary — Duties. — The  Commissioner  of  Build- 
ings shall  appoint  a  Secretary,  according  to  law,  whose  duty 
it  shall  be  to  preserve  and  keep,  under  the  supervision  and 
direction  of  the  Deputy  Commissioner  of  Buildings,  all  books, 
records  and  papers  belonging  to  said  office  or  which  are 
required  by  law  to  be  filed  therein.  The  Secretary  shall 
deliver  to  the  City  Council  and  to  the  respective  departments 
all  communications  from  said  Commissioner,  in  writing,  and 
perform  such  services  as  may  be  required  by  said  Commis- 
sioner or  Deputy  Commissioner  of  Buildings. 

Sec.  222.  Chief  Building  Inspector — Bond. — There  is  hereby 
created  the  office  of  Chief  Building  Inspector.  He  shall  be 
appointed  by  the  Commissioner  of  Buildings  according  to 
law.  Whenever  the  Commissioner  of  Buildings  shall  make 
requisition  upon  the  Civil  Service  Commission  of  the  city 
for  a  person  to  fill  the  office  of  Chief  Building  Inspector  he 
shall  notify  the  Civil  Service  Commission  that  the  person 
certified  to  fill  said  office  should  be  a  competent  civil  engineer, 
architect  or  builder. 

The  Chief  Building  Inspector  shall,  under  the  direction  of 
the  Commissioner  of  Buildings,  inspect  and  examine  special 
cases  of  violations  of  the  provisions  of  this  chapter,  dam- 
ages to  buildings  by  fire,  the  elements  or  accident  of  any  kind 
whatsoever,  and  shall  perform  such  other  duties  as  may  be 
required  by  the  Commissioner  of  Buildings  or  the  Deputy 
Commissioner  of  Buildings.  The  Chief  Building  Inspector, 
before  entering  upon  the  duties  of  his  office,  shall  execute  a 
bond  to  the  city  in  the  sum  of  five  thousand  ($5,000)  dollars, 
with  such  sureties  as  the  City  Council  shall  approve,  condi- 
tioned for  the  faithful  performance  of  the  duties  of  his 
office. 

Sec.  223.  Inspectors — Xot  to  Engage  in  Business. — The  In- 
spectors of  Buildings,  after  their  appointment  to  office,  shall 
not  be  engaged  in  any  other  business  or  vocation. 

Sec.  224.  Inspectors — Duties — Reports — Ho7i.'  Made. — The 
said  Inspectors  shall  under  the  direction  of  the  Commissioner 


of  Buildings,  examine  all  buildings  in  the  course  of  erection, 
alteration,  repair  or  removal  throughout  the  city  at  least  once 
a  week,  or  as  often  as  may  be  required  for  securing  efficient 
supervision,  and  shall  make  written  reports  to  said  Coinmis- 
sioner  as  to  all  violations  of  any  ordinance  of  the  city  which 
the  Department  of  Buildings  is  required  to  enforce,  together 
with  the  street  and  number  where  such  violations  are  found, 
the  names  of  the  owner,  agent,  or  lessee,  or  occupant  thereof, 
and  of  the  architect,  contractor  and  master  mechanic,  engaged 
in  or  about  the  construction  of  such  building,  and  all  other 
matters  relative  thereto  as  far  as  they  can  ascertain  them. 

Inspectors  of  Buildings  shall  file  daily  reports  of  their  work 
of  inspection,  which  shall  be  entered  in  the  books  to  be  kept 
for  that  purpose,  and  which  shall  be  open  to  official  inspection 
at  all  times. 

Sec.  225.  Inspection— Record  Of—Hozv  Made.— The  said 
Inspectors  shall  examine  all  buildings  and  walls  reported 
dangerous  or  damaged  by  fire  or  accident  and  make  a  record 
of  such  examinations,  with  the  name  of  the  street  and  num- 
ber of  the  building  and  of  the  names  of  the  owner,  agent, 
lessee  and  occupant  thereof. 

Sec.  226.  Alteration,  Enlargement  or  Raising — Inspection 
Of — Other  Duties. — The  Inspectors  of  Buildings  shall  examine 
all  buildings  for  which  an  application  to  raise,  enlarge  or 
alter  has  been  made,  and  shall  make  a  written  report  upon 
the  condition  of  the  same  to  the  Commissioner  of  Buildings 
before  the  permit  is  granted.  Said  Inspectors  shall  perform 
such  other  duties  as  luay  be  required  of  them  by  said  Com- 
missioner of  Buildings,  the  rules  and  regulations  of  the 
Department  of  Buildings,  or  the  ordinances  of  the  city. 

Sec.  227.  Powers — Other. — The  Commissioner  and  Deputy 
Commissioner  of  Buildings,  as  well  as  the  Inspectors  of 
Buildings  and  of  Elevators,  are  empowered  to  enter  any 
building,  whetlier  completed  or  in  process  of  erection  for 
the  purpose  of  determining  whether  the  same  has  been  or  is 
being  constructed  in  accordance  with  the  terms  of  this  chap- 
ter, and  it  shall  not  be  lawful  to  exclude  them  from  such 
buildings. 

Sec.  228.  Elevator  Inspectors — Xot  to  Engage  in  Business 
— Duties. — The  Inspectors  of  Elevators  shall  not,  after  their 
appointment  to  office,  be  emploj'ed  or  engaged  in  any  other 
business  or  vocation. 

The  Inspectors  of  Elevators  shall  perform  such  duties  as 
may  be  required  of  them  by  the  Commissioner  of  Buildings, 
the  rules  and  regulations  of  the  Department  of  Buildings  or 
the  ordinances  of  the  city. 

ARTICLE  II. 
PERMITS,    PLANS   AND   FEES. 

Sec.  229.  Permits — When  Required — Limitations  of  Time 
For. — Amended  by  ordinance  Feb.  26.  1906,  to  read  as  fol- 
lows : 

Before  proceeding  with  the  erection,  enlargement,  alteration, 
repair  or  removal  of  any  building  in  the  city,  a  permit  for 
such  erection,  enlargement,  alteration,  repair  or  removal  shall 
first  be  obtained  by  the  owner  or  his  agent  from  the  Com- 
missioner of  Buildings,  and  it  shall  be  unlawful  to  proceed 
with  the  erection,  enlargement,  alteration,  repair,  or  removal 
of  any  building  or  of  any  structural  part  thereof  within  the 
city  unless  such  permit  shall  first  have  been  obtained  from 
the  Commissioner  of  Buildings.  And,  if  after  such  permit 
shall  have  been  granted,  the  operations  called  for  by  the  said 
permit  shall  not  be  begun  within   six  months  after  the  date 


138 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


tlicrcof,  or  if  such  operations  aro  not  coinpktctl  witliiii  a 
rcasoiiahle  time,  then  such  permit  shall  be  void,  and  no 
operations  thereunder  shall  be  begun  or  completed  until  a 
new  permit  shall  be  taken  out  by  the  owner  or  his  agent,  and 
fees  as  herein  fixed  for  the  original  permit  shall  be  paid  for 
such  new  permit. 

Sec.  2X).  .It<ti"~-"l  of  AnhUccIs  /'Aiii.t.— .Xmended  by 
ordinance  Feb.  26.  1906.  to  read  as  follows : 

In  all  cases  where  a  licensed  architect  shall  have  completed. 
signed  and  afhxed  bis  seal  to  plans,  drawings  or  specilications 
for  any  building  designed  to  be  erected  witliin  the  corporate 
limits  of  the  city,  or  any  structural  part  thereof,  for  which 
a  building  permit  must  be  procured  before  the  same  may  be 
erected,  the  architect  making  such  plans,  drawings,  or  speci- 
lications, shall  submit  same  to  the  Commissioner  of  Huildings 
for  examination  and  approval;  and,  if  the  same  shall  comply 
with  the  i)rovisions  of  this  chapter  the  .said  Conmiissioncr 
shall  stamp  such  plans,  drawings  or  specilications  in  such  a 
manner  as  to  indicate  that  same  have  been  examined  and 
approved,  and  the  date  of  such  approval,  and  such  stamp 
shall  be  preliminary  to  the  final  stamp  hereinafter  provided 
for. 

Said  preliminary  stamp  shall  be  so  .ifiixed  liefore  any 
contnct  or  contracts  shall  be  entered  into  on  behalf  of  said 
owner  in  regard  to  the  construction  of  said  building  or 
buildings  on  the  part  of  .said  .architect  or  other  person  or 
persons. 

Sec.  231.  Pcniiits—.ttHi'iilioii  l-or—Ho:c  Madc—Hoz^'  Re- 
corded— Slaiiit>cd  Plans — Hozi'  Cared  For — Return  of  Same. — 
.Aiuended  by  ordinance  Feb.  26,  1506,  to  read  as  follows : 

-Application  for  such  permits  shall  be  made  liy  tlie  mvncr 
or  his  agent  to  the  Commissioner  of  Buildings.  When  sucli 
application  is  made,  plans  and  specifications  in  conformity 
with  the  provisions  of  this  chapter,  which  have  been  exam- 
ined and  approved  by  said  Connnissioner  as  hereinbefore 
provided  for,  shall  be  filed  with  the  Commissioner  of  Build- 
ings, who  shall  then  issue  a  permit  and  shall  file  sucli  appli- 
cation, and  shall  apply  to  such  plans  and  specifications  a  final 
official  stamp,  stating  that  the  drawings  and  specifications  to 
which  the  same  have  been  applied  comply  with  the  terms  of 
this  chapter.  The  plans  and  specifications  so  stamped  shall 
then  be  returned  to  such  applicant.  True  copies  of  so  much 
of  such  plans  and  specifications  as  may  be  required  in  the 
opinion  of  the  Commissioner  of  Buildings  to  illustrate  the 
features  of  construction  and  equipment  of  the  building  re- 
ferred to,  shall  be  filed  with  the  Commissioner  of  Buildings 
and  shall  remain  on  file  in  his  office  until  the  completion  or 
occupation  of  such  building,  after  which  such  drawings  and 
specifications  shall  be  returned  by  the  Cotnmissioner  of  Build- 
ings to  the  person  by  whom  they  have  been  deposited  with 
him  upon  demand.  It  shall  not  be  obligatory  upon  the  Com- 
missioner of  Buildings  to  retain  such  drawings  in  bis  custody 
for  more  than  three  months  after  the  completion  or  occupa- 
tion of  the  building  to  which  they  relate. 

Sec.  232.  Plans — lissenlials  Of. — .Ml  such  plans  ;ind  draw- 
ings shall  be  drawn  to  a  scale  of  not  less  than  one-eighth 
of  an  inch  to  the  foot,  on  paper  or  cloth,  in  ink,  or  by  some 
process  that  will  not  fade  or  obliterate.  .Ml  distances  and 
dimensions  shall  be  accurately  figured,  and  drawings  made 
explicit  and  complete,  showing  the  entire  sewerage  and  drain 
pipes  and  location  of  all  plumbing  fixtures  within  such  build- 
ing. Each  set  of  plans  presented  shall  be  accompanied  by  a 
set  of  specifications  describing  all  materials  to  he  used  in 
the  proposed  building,  and  both  the  plans  and  specifications 


shall  be  approved  by  the  Cuinmissioner  of  Buildings  before 
a  pertuit  will  be  granted.  No  permit  shall  be  granted  or 
plans  approved  unless  such  plans  shall  be  signed  and  sealed 
by  a  licensed  architect,  as  provided  in  ".An  act  to  provide  for 
the  licensing  of  architects  and  regulating  the  practice  of 
architecture  as  a  i)rofession  in  the  State  of  Illinois,"  approved 
Jiuie  3.  1897,  provided,  that  permits  may  be  granted  for  tlie 
erection  of  buildings  of  Class  III.,  as  hereinafter  defined,  if 
such  building  shall  not  be  more  than  two  stories  in  height 
and  shall  have  a  superficial  area  of  not  more  than  1,250 
square  feel  outside  dimensions,  on  plans  approved  by  the 
Commissioner  of  Buildings,  wdiich  plans  nee<l  not  be  signed 
by  a  licensed  architect. 

Sec.  2ii.  Plans — .Uleraliiins  I  fun  .Stamped  Plans  Mot 
Permitted  Without  Permission — Certain  Alterations  Exeepted. 
—  It  shall  he  unlawful  to  erase,  alter  or  modify  any  lines, 
ligures  or  coloring  contained  upon  such  drawings  or  specifi- 
calinns  so  si.iniped  liy  the  Commissioner  of  Buildings  or 
liled  with  him  for  riference.  If.  during  the  progress  of  the 
execution  of  such  work,  it  is  desired  to  deviate  in  any  manner 
affecting  the  construction  or  other  essentials  of  the  building 
from  the  terms  of  the  application,  drawing  or  specification, 
notice  of  such  intention  to  alter  or  deviate  shall  be  given 
to  the  Commissioner  of  Buildings,  and  his  written  assent 
shall  first  be  obtained  before  such  alteration,  or  deviation 
may  be  made.  .Alterations  in  buildings  which  do  not  involve 
any  change  in  their  structural  parts  or  of  their  stairways, 
elevator.s,  fire  escapes  or  other  means  of  comnuinication  or 
ingress  or  egress  and  that  arc  not  in  violation  of  any  of  the 
provisions  of  this  chapter  may  be  made  without  the  perinis- 
sion  of  the  Commissioner  of  Buildings. 

Sec.  IM.  Deposit  ll'ith  Water  Department—How  Made- 
Indemnifying  Bond — Fees  for  Water  Used. — Before  the  Com- 
missioner of  Buildings  issues  a  permit  as  aforesaid  he  shall 
require  evidence  from  the  applicant  that  payment  has  been 
made  to  the  Bureau  of  Water  of  the  city  for  the  water  to  be 
used  or  for  a  water  meter  for  measuring  all  the  water  to  be 
used  in  the  construction  of  such  building,  under  the  regula- 
tions of  the  Bureau  of  Water.  Such  applicant  shall  produce 
evidence  that  he  has  filed  with  and  had  approved  by  the 
Commissioner  of  Public  Works  of  the  City  an  indemnifying 
bond  protecting  the  city  against  any  and  all  damage  that  may 
arise  to  the  streets  or  alleys  upon  which  such  building  abuts, 
and  to  the  city  and  to  any  person  in  consequence  or  by  reason 
of  the  proposed  operations  to  be  authorized  by  such  permit, 
or  by  reason  of  any  obstruction  or  occupation  of  any  street 
or  sidewalk  in  and  about  such  building  operations. 

The  fees  to  be  paid  for  water  used  in  connection  with  the 
erection  of  buildings  shall  be  as  follows,  to-wit : 

For  water  to  be  used  in  connection  therewith  at  the  rate 
of  five  cents  for  every  one  thousand  bricks,  wall  measure, 
used  in  the  construction  of  a  building. 

-At  the  rate  of  six  cents  for  every  one  hundred  cubic  feet 
of  rubble  stone  used  in  connection  therewith. 

.\t  the  rate  of  eight  cents  for  every  one  hundred  cubic  feet 
of  concrete  used  in  connection  therewith. 

-At  the  rate  of  fifteen  cents  for  every  one  hundred  yards 
of  plastering  used  in  connection  therewith. 

.At  the  rate  of  five  cents  for  every  one  hundred  cubic  feet 
of  hollow  tire  arch,  partition  or  fireproof  covering  use<l  in 
any  building. 

-Sec.  2.^5.  Permits — Cost  Of. — The  fees  to  be  charged  for 
building  permits  shall  he  as  follows:  For  sheds  not  exceeding 
three  hundred  square  feet  in  area,  two  dollars;  for  open 
shelter  sheds,  at  the  rate  of  fifty  cents  for  each  one  thousand 


139 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


cubic  fett  or  part  thereof;  but  iu  uo  case  shall  a  permit  be 
issued  for  a  less  fee  than  two  dollars. 

For  all  buildings  *or  structures  other  than  slieds  and  open 
shelter  sheds,  as  hereinbefore  described,  the  fee  for  the 
permit  shall  be  at  the  rate  of  ten  cents  for  every  one  thou- 
sand cubic  feet  or  fractional  part  thereof  contained  therein, 
the  cubic  contents  being  measured  to  include  every  part  of 
the  building  from  the  basement  floor  to  the  highest  point  of 
the  roof  and  to  include  all  bay  windows  and  other  projec- 
tions ;  but  in  no  case  shall  any  permit  be  issued  for  a  less 
fee  than  two  dollars,  except  that  for  a  permit  for  shingling  a 
roof  of  any  building  the  fee  shall  not  exceed  one  dollar. 

As  amended  by  ordinance  of  June  S.  1906. 

*As  amended  Nov.  25.  1907. 

Section  1.  That  Section  235  of  the  Revised  Municipal  Code 
of  Chicago  of  1905,  as  amended  June  5,  1906,  be  and  the 
same  is  hereby  amended  by  inserting  in  line  6  of  said  section, 
after  the  word  "buildings,"  the  words  "or  structures." 

Section  2.  This  ordinance  shall  be  in  force  and  effect  from 
and  after  its  passage. 

As  amended  Nov.  25,  1907. 

Sec.  236.  Permit  for  Alterations  and  Repairs — Cost  Of. — 
The  fee  to  be  charged  for  permits  issued  for  alterations  and 
repairs  in  or  to  any  building  or  structure  shall  be  as  follows : 

Where  such  alteration  or  repair  shall  equal  fifty  per  cent, 
or  more  of  the  original  building  or  structure  to  be  altered 
or  repaired,  or  of  such  part  or  portion  of  such  wiilding  or 
structure  to  be  altered  or  repaired,  the  same  fees  shall  be 
charged  as  if  such  permit  were  for  the  construction  of  a 
new   building. 

Where  such  work  of  alteration  or  repair  shall  be  less  than 
fifty  per  cent,  of  the  original  building  or  structure  or  of  the 
part  or  portion  to  be  altered  or  repaired,  the  fee  to  be  charged 
for  a  permit  for  such  work  shall  be  half  that  charged  for  the 
issuance  of  a  permit  for  new  work. 

Sec.  237.  The  fee  for  a  permit  to  raise  a  frame  building 
shall  be  one  dollar. 

Sec.  238.  Perniils  for  Raising  or  Moving  Buildings  Other 
Than  Frame. — The  fee  for  a  permit  to  raise  or  move  a  build- 
ing other  than  a  frame  building  shall  be  two  ($2)  dollars  for 
every  twenty-five  (25)  feet,  or  fractional  part  thereof,  of 
frontage,  and  when  such  building  is  to  be  moved  from  one 
location  to  another  it  shall  be  altered  or  reconstructed  so  as 
to  conform  to  the  ordinances  governing  the  construction  of 
such  building  at  the  time  of  moving  the  same. 

Sec.  238a.  Permit  for  Wrecking  Building. — Amended  by 
ordinance  of  Dec.  2,  1907  (Superseding  amendatory  ordinance 
of  Dec.  11,  1905),  to  read  as  follows: 

Before  proceeding  with  the  wrecking  or  tearing  down  of 
any  building  or  structure,  a  permit  for  such  wrecking  or  tear- 
ing down  shall  first  be  obtained  by  the  owner  or  his  agent 
from  the  Commissioner  of  Buildings,  and  it  shall  be  unlawful 
to  proceed  with  the  wrecking  or  tearing  down  of  any  build- 
ing or  structure  or  any  structural  part  thereof  within  the 
City  unless  such  permit  shall  first  have  been  obtained.  Appli- 
cation for  such  permit  shall  be  made  by  such  owner  or  his 
agent  to  the  Commissioner  of  Buildings,  who  shall  issue  such 
permit  upon  such  application  and  the  payment  of  the  fee 
herein  provided  for.  Such  application  shall  state  the  location 
and  describe  the  building  which  it  is  proposed  to  wreck  or 
tear  down.  The  fee  for  such  permit  shall  be  two  dollars  for 
every  twenty-five  feet,  or  fractional  part  thereof,  of  frontage. 
Upon    the    issuance    of    such    permit    such    building    may    be 


wrecked  or  torn  down,  provided  that  all  the  work  done 
thereunder  shall  be  subject  to  the  supervision  of  the  Com- 
missioner of  Buildings,  and  shall  be  performed  under  the 
same  restrictions  as  govern  the  erection  of  buildings. 

Any  person,  firm  or  corporation  engaged  in  the  business 
of  wrecking  buildings  within  the  City  limits  shall  file  with  the 
City  Clerk  of  the  City  of  Chicago  an  approved  bond  in  the 
sum  of  twenty  thousand  dollars  ($20,000)  to  indemnify  the 
City  against  any  lawsuits  brought  or  judgments  obtained 
against  the  City  of  Chicago,  or  any  of  its  officers,  resulting 
from  accidents  to  persons  or  property  during  wrecking  opera- 
tions, and  shall  also  procure  a  contractor's  license. 

(The  penalties  prescribed  by  Section  738,  for  violations, 
shall  apply  with  equal  force  and  effect  to  violations  of  this 
section. ) 

Sec.  239.  Permit — Revocation  Of. — If  work  in,  upon  or 
about  any  building  shall  be  conducted  in  violation  of  any  of 
the  provisions  of  this  chapter,  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the 
Commissioner  of  Buildings  to  revoke  the  permit  for  the 
building  operation  in  connection  with  which  such  violation 
shall  have  taken  place.  It  shall  be  unlawful,  after  the  revo- 
cation of  such  permit,  to  proceed  with  such  building  opera- 
tions unless  such  permit  sliall  first  have  been  reinstated  or 
reissued  by  the  Commissioner  of  Buildings.  Before  a  permit 
so  revoked  may  be  lawfully  reissued  or  reinstated  the  entire 
building  and  building  site  shall  first  be  put  into  condition 
corresponding  with  the  requirements  of  this  chapter,  and  any 
work  or  material  applied  to  the  same  in  violation  of  any  of 
the  provisions  of  this  chapter  shall  be  first  removed  from 
such  building. 


ARTICLE  III. 

CLASSIFICATION   OF  BUILDINGS. 

Sec.  240.  Buildings — Classes  Of. — All  buildings  (other  than 
sheds  and  shelter  sheds,  as  hereinafter  described)  now 
existing  or  hereafter  constructed,  altered  or  enlarged  within 
the  city,  shall  be  classified  as  follows : 

Sec.  241.  Class  /. — In  Class  I  shall  be  included  every  build- 
ing used  for  the  sale,  storage  or  manufacture  of  merchandise, 
other  than  department  stores,  as  described  in  Section  247  of 
this  chapter,  and  all  stables  covering  or  occupying  a  ground 
area  of  over  five  hundred  square  feet. 

Sec.  242.  Class  II. — In  Class  II  shall  be  included  every 
office  building,  hospital  and  every  building  used  for  hotel 
purposes  or  for  boarding  or  lodging  house  purposes  where 
such  building  so  used  for  hotel  or  boarding  or  lodging  house 
purposes  is  occupied  by  twenty  or  more  persons. 

Sec.  243.  Class  III. — In  Class  III  shall  be  included  every 
building  used  as  a  family  residence,  also  every  building  used 
for  stabling  purposes  where  such  building  so  used  shall 
occupy  a  ground  area  of  less  than  five  hundred  square  feet. 

Sec.  244.  Class  IV. — In  Class  IV  shall  be  included  every 
building  used  as  an  assembly  hall,  whether  such  hall  is  used 
for  the  purpose  of  worship,  instruction  or  entertainment, 
luiless  such  building  is  used  for  any  of  the  purposes  for 
which  buildings  of  Class  V  or  Class  VIII  are  used. 

Sec.  245.  Class  V. — In  Class  V  shall  be  included  every 
building  which  is  used  as  a  public  theater  where  an  admission 
fee  is  charged  and  in  which  movable  scenery  is  used ;   pro- 


140 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


vi(U<l,  howeviT,  that  piiMic  lialls  and  club  halls  with  a  sealing 
capacity  of  less  than  six  hundred,  although  occasionally  used 
for  theatrical  representations,  shall  not  be  construed  to  be 
public  theaters  within  the  meaning  of  the  term  as  used  in 
this  section,  notwithstanding  the  fact  that  movable  scenery 
is  used  upon  the  stage  thereof  on  such  occasions,  and  such 
public  halls  and  club  halls  shall  not  be  considered  as  build- 
ings of  Class  V  as  herein  defined.  Such  jniblic  halls  and 
club  lialls  shall  Ik-  included  in  Class  IV.  as  iKlined  in  Section 
244  of  this  chapter. 

Sec.  246.  Class  11.— lu  Class  VI  shall  be  included  every 
tenement  and  apartment  house :  that  is  to  say.  any  house  or 
building  or  portion  thereof  which  is  used  as  a  home  or 
residence   for  two  or  more   families  living  in  separate  apart- 

nuMits. 

Sec.  247.  Class  ///.— In  Class  VII  shall  be  included  all 
buildings  used  for  the  sale  at  retail  of  dry  goods  and  other 
articles  of  general  merchandise  and  commonly  known  and 
described  as  "department  stores." 

Sec.  248.  Class  17//.— In  Class  VIII  shall  be  included 
every  building  used  exclusively  for  school  purposes. 

Sec.  249.  Buildings  I'si-d  for  the  I'urposcs  of  More  Than 
One  Class. — Where  any  building  is  used  for  the  purposes  of 
two  or  more  classes  as  herein  specified  and  defined,  such  por- 
tion of  any  such  building  as  is  devoted  to  the  uses  and  pur- 
poses of  any  particular  class  shall  be  constructed,  operated 
and  maintained  in  accordance  with  the  requirements  of  this 
chapter  relating  to  such  class,  unless  such  construction  shall 
prove  impracticable  or  unless  there  would  be  a  conflict  be- 
tween the  provisions  of  this  chapter  relating  to  tlie  construc- 
tion of  buildings :  in  either  of  which  such  cases  the  provisions 
relating  to  and  governing  the  construction  of  buildings  of  the 
class  requiring  the  best  and  safest  form  of  constructioM  shall 
govern. 

Sec.  250.  Conflict  Between  Sf<eeio!  and  Genera!  Proz'isions. 
— Whenever  any  provision  or  requirement  of  this  chapter 
relating  specifically  to  the  construction,  equipment,  main- 
tenance or  operation  of  any  building  or  part  of  a  building 
used  for  the  purposes  of  any  specified  class  shall  conflict  with 
the  general  provisions  of  this  chapter  relating  to  the  con- 
struction, operation  and  equipment  of  buildings  generally,  the 
special  provisions  shall  govern  in  each  case,  except  in  the 
case  of  Section  634,  which  .shall  govern  in  all  cases  coming 
within  its  provisions. 

ARTICLE  1\'. 

PROVISIONS  REL\T1XG  SOLELY  TO  CLASS  1. 

In  Class  I  shall  be  included  every  building  used  for  the 
sale,  storage  or  manufacture  of  merchandise  other  than 
department  stores,  as  described  in  Sections  60  and  700,  and 
all  stables  covering  or  occupying  a  ground  area  of  over  five 
hundred  square   feet. 

Sec.  251.  Walls  of  Class  I— Thickness  O/.— The  thickness 
<il  surrounding  walls  and  of  all  dividing  walls  in  every  build- 
ing used  wholly  or  in  part  for  the  purposes  of  Class  I  shall 
be  made  as  indicated  in  the  following  table,  to-wit : 


SroHncs 

Uasement.    1     2    . 3     4     5     6     7     8    9  111  1 1    1.' 

One-story    12  12 

Two-story     16  12  12 

Three-story    16  16  12  12 

Four-story    20  20  16  16  12 

Five-story   24  20  20  16  16  16 

Six-story     24  20  20  20  16  16  16 

Seven-story    24  20  20  20  20  16  16  16 

l-:ight-story  24  24  24  20  20  20  16  16  16 

Xine-story    28  24  24  24  20  20  20  16  16  16 

Ten-story    28  28  28  24  24  24  20  20  20  16  16 

lileven-story    28  28  28  24  24  24  20  20  20  16  16  16 

Twelve-story    32  28  28  28  24  24  24  20  20  20  16  16  16 

Provided,  however,  in  buildings  of  steel  skeleton  fireproof 
construction  thickness  of  walls  shall  be  governed  by  Section 
510  of  this  chapter. 

Sec.  252.  liuildiniis—Heifiht  and  Construction  O/.— Build- 
ings i>f  Class  I  which  are  one  hundred  feet  or  more  in  height 
sh.ill   be  built   entirely  of   fireproof  construction. 

Buildings  of  Class  I  less  than  one  hundred  feel  and  more 
tlian  sixty  feet  in  height  shall  1)e  built  entirely  of  slow-burn- 
ing, mill  or  fireproof  construction. 

No  building  of  Class  I  more  than  five  stories  in  luigbl  shall 
be  permitted  to  be  built  of  ordinary  construction. 

Sec.  253.  Walls— E.rcet'tion  to  Table  of  Thickness  Of.— 
If  buildings  of  Class  I  are  erected  of  less  depth  than  100 
feet  from  front  to  rear  or  between  cross  walls,  or  if  the 
walls  supporting  their  floors  and  roofs  are  less  than  twenty- 
five  feet  apart,  the  thickness  of  the  walls  given  in  the  afore- 
said table  may  be  reduced  by  four  inches,  excepting  only  that 
no  wall  in  such  buildings  shall  l)c  less  than  twelve  inches 
tliick. 

Sec.  254.  Walls — Metol  Lath,  and  Solid  Cement  Plaster 
Cotr/id.i;. — .\  one  or  two-story  building  used  for  the  purposes 
of  Class  I,  no  part  of  which  is  within  twenty  feet  of  any 
lot  line,  alley  line  or  street  line,  having  a  complete  self- 
supporting  steel  frame  consisting  of  wall  columns  supporting 
steel  trusses,  with  steel  trusses  and  steel  diagonals  designed 
to  resist  safely  within  the  safe  limits  of  stress  provided  by 
tliis  chapter  a  wind  pressure  of  thirty  pounds  per  square  foot 
for  each  and  every  exterior  surface  exposed  to  the  win<l,  in 
addition  to  the  dead  weight  of  the  completed  structure  and 
in  addition  to  the  live  load  of  one  hundred  pounds  per  square 
foot  provided  for  by  this  chapter  and  any  other  live  loads 
which  may  be  imposed  on  said  structure,  may  have  exterior 
walls  measuring  not  less  than  one  and  one-third  inches  thick 
of  metal,  lath  or  metal  fabric  plastered  on  both  sides  with  a 
mortar  consisting  only  of  Portland  cement  and  torpedo  sand. 
A  complete  reinforced  concrete  framework  built  in  every 
manner  equally  as  strong  and  as  safe  as  provided  for  a  steel 
frame  in  this  section  may  have  exterior  walls  built  in  the 
same  manner  of  the  same  materials  and  of  the  same  thickness. 

Sec.  255.  Door  Openings  at  .9/rcv/  Level— Class  /.—The 
aggregate  width  of  door  openings  at  the  street  level  in  build- 
ings of  Class  I  shall  be  equal  to  the  aggregate  width  <>f  stair- 
ways, as  specified  in  Section  265  of  this  chapter,  and  such 
doors  shall  not  be  locked  during  business  hours  or  while 
such  buildings  are  occupied  by  a  number  of  persons  for  any 
purpose.     Revolving  doors  shall  not  be  considered  as  comply- 


141 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


ing  with  this  section,  unless  the  revolving  wings  of  said  re- 
volving doors  are  so  arranged  that  hy  the  application  of  a 
force  slightly  more  than  necessary  to  revolve  said  doors  and 
which  one  person  of  ordinary  strength  is  capable  of  exerting, 
all  the  wings  of  said  doors  fold  flat  on  each  other  and  in  an 
outward  direction,  and  unless  each  side,  or  the  half  circles  of 
such  revolving  doors,  are  hinged  and  fastened  so  as  to  like- 
wise swing  backwards  on  application  of  force  slightly  beyond 
the  normal,  and  which  will  permit  of  exit  space  for  two 
ordinary  persons  on  either  side  of  the  collapsed  w-ings  of 
said  revolving  doors  and  their  inclosing  half  circles. 
As  amended  by  ordinance  March  30,  1906. 

Sec.  256.  Buildings  of  Class  I— Increasing  Height  Of.— In 
all  cases  where  buildings  of  Class  I,  of  ordinary  construction, 
already  built,  are  to  be  increased  in  height  above  the  height 
of  sixty  feet  or  above  the  height  of  one  hundred  feet,  the 
additional  parts  of  such  buildings  shall  be  constructed  as 
herein  provided  for  buildings  over  sixty  feet  high  or  over 
one  hundred  feet  high,  respectively,  and  shall  be  made  to 
conform  in  all  respects  and  throughout  their  entire  extent  to 
the  requirements  for  buildings  of  this  class  more  than  sixty 
feet  or  more  than  one  hundred  feet  high,  respectively,  before 
it  shall  be  lawful  to  occupy  them. 

Sec.  257.  Ceilings  and  Roof  of  Class  I— Space  Between.— 
In  buildings  of  Class  I,  if  the  inclosed  space  between  the 
ceiling  and  the  roof  is  of  greater  average  height  than  two 
feet,  easy  and  convenient  means  of  access,  satisfactory  to  the 
fire  marshal,  shall  be  given  to  such  space. 

Sec.  258.  Fire  Walls— In  Buildings  of  Class  /.—Buildings 
occupied  by  more  than  one  person  or  corporation,  or  for 
more  than  one  business  enterprise  conducted  by  the  same 
person  or  corporation,  in  separate  inclosures  on  any  one  floor, 
shall  have  a  brick  dividing  wall  for  every  fifty  (50)  feet  of 
street  frontage  if  of  ordinary  construction,  or  for  every 
eighty  (80)  feet  of  street  frontage  if  of  slow-burning  or 
mill  construction,  and  such  dividing  walls  shall  extend  from 
the  front  to  the  rear  wall,  and  such  dividing  walls,  and  the 
doors  therein  shall  be  built  as  dividing  wafls,  and  the  doors 
therein  are  required  to  be  built  by  the  provisions  of  this 
chapter. 

All  of  the  partitions  between  the  parts  of  such  buildings, 
occupied  by  different  persons  or  corporations  shall  be  built 
of  incombustible  material  from  the  floor  to  the  floor  boards 
or  roof  boards  next  above  such  story  or  stories  so  occupied. 

Only  metal  framed  windows  glazed  with  one-quarter  inch 
thick  fire-resisting  glass  may  be  used  in  such  partitions. 

Sec.  259.  Dividing  Walls— When  Required  in  Class  I.— 
Dividing  walls  wil  be  required  in  buildings  of  Class  I  as 
follows :  For  buildings  of  ordinary  construction  if  their  floor 
area  exceeds  nine  thousand  square  feet ;  for  buildings  of 
slow-burning  or  mill  construction  more  than  one  story  in 
height  if  their  area  exceeds  twelve  thousand  square  feet ;  for 
fireproof  buildings  more  than  two  stories  in  height,  if  their 
area  exceeds  twenty-five  thousand  square  feet.  In  each  of 
the  before  mentioned  cases  such  buildings  shall  be  subdivided 
by  brick  walls  built  of  the  thickness  given  in  the  table  for 
the  thickness  of  inclosing  walls,  and  all  doors  and  other 
openings  in  such  walls  shall  have  iron  doors  or  shutters  at 
each  side  of  same.  The  buildings  so  subdivided  shall  be 
treated  as  regards  stairs  and  fire  escapes  the  same  as  two  or 
more  separate  buildings,  provided,  however,  one-story  build- 
ings of  ordinary,  mill  or  slow-burning  construction  or  two- 
story  buildings  of  fireproof  construction  of  any  size,  used  as 
one  store,  room  or  workshop  and  occupied  by  only  one  person 
or  corporation,  may  be  erected  without  any  dividing  walls. 


Sec.  260.  Dividing  Walls  and  Iron  Doors — Openings  In- 
serted In. — If  openings  are  to  be  inserted  in  dividing  walls, 
as  before  described,  or  in  dividing  walls  between  non-fireproof 
and  fireproof  buildings  or  parts  of  either  of  such  buildings, 
they  shall  be  made  as  follows ; 

They  shall  have  doors  placed  on  each  side  of  each  opening 
in  such  walls,  which  doors  shall  be  made  of  No.  12  plate  iron 
with  a  continuous  2  by  2  by  one-half-inch  angle  iron  frame 
extending  all  around  the  same  and  the  plate  riveted  thereto 
with  one-half-inch  rivets,  placed  four  inches  between  centers. 
If  such  doors  are  made  double  they  shall  have  cross  bars, 
levers  and  hooks  so  arranged  that  when  the  doors  are  closed 
they  will  be  of  strength  equal  to  that  of  a  single  door.  All 
doors  shall  be  hung  on  frames  made  of  three-quarter  by 
4-inch  iron  stiffened  with  an  angle  iron  extending  all  around 
the  same  and  fitting  up  snug  to  the  wall.  The  frames  shall 
be  fastened  to  each  other  by  bolts  extending  through  the 
wall,  such  bolts  being  not  more  than  two  feet  apart,  and 
such  doors  shall  swing  on  three  hinges  and  shall  be  made  to 
fit  closely  to  the  frame  all  around.  The  sills  between  the 
doors  shall  be  of  brick,  iron,  stone  or  concrete  and  shall  rise 
at  least  two  inches  above  the  floor  on  each  side  of  each 
opening.  The  lintel  over  the  door  shall  be  made  of  brick  or 
iron,  and  the  wall  between  the  two  door  frames  shall  be 
covered  with  a  coat  of  plaster  at  least  one-half  inch  thick. 

Sec.  261.  Elevator  Buildings — Bins  Of. — Elevator  buildings 
( which  term  shall  be  interpreted  as  including  all  buildings 
intended  solely  for  the  receipt,  storage  and  delivery  of  grain 
in  bulk)  may  be  constructed  with  the  bin  walls,  both  ex- 
ternally and  internally,  made  entirely  of  wood;  provided  such 
walls  are  made  solid  and  without  cellular  open  spaces  within 
them.  The  external  bin  walls  shall  have  a  covering  of  brick 
or  hollow  tile  not  less  than  twelve  inches  thick,  which  shall 
be  united  to  the  bin  walls  by  anchors,  in  the  construction  and 
arrangement  of  which  due  allowance  is  made  for  the  varia- 
tions of  shrinkage  of  the  inclosing  wall  and  of  the  wooden 
bin  wall.  If  the  weight  of  the  bins  is  independently  carried 
on  a  skeleton  construction  of  timber,  steel  or  iron,  the  first- 
story  walls  shall  be  of  brick  not  less  than  twenty  inches  thick. 
If  the  outer  walls  of  the  outside  bins  and  their  facing  are 
not  carried  on  a  skeleton  construction,  then  the  first-story 
wall  shall  not  be  less  than  twenty-eight  inches  thick,  or  as 
much  thicker  as  may  be  required  to  keep  the  load  upon  the 
brickwork  within  the  limits  of  stress  elsewhere  specified  in 
this  chapter.  Elevator  buildings  may  be  built  of  reinforced 
concrete  and  in  such  case  they  shall  be  built  according  to  the 
provisions  of  Section  554  of  this  chapter. 

Sec.  262.  Cupola — Inclosing  Walls  Of — Openings. — The  in- 
closing walls  of  cupolas  on  elevator  buildings,  if  constructed 
of  wood,  shall  be  covered  with  corrugated  iron  or  other  in- 
combustible material. 

The  outside  openings  in  elevator  buildings  shall  have  pro- 
tections of  wire  netting  made  of  No.  14  wire,  with  meshes 
not  over  one-half  by  one-half  inch. 

All  openings  in  the  body  of  the  first  story  of  elevator  build- 
ings and  the  openings  in  the  engine  and  boiler  houses  of  the 
same  and  between  these  and  the  main  building  shall  have  iron 
doors  made  in  accordance  with  the  provisions  of  Section  260 
of  this  chapter. 

Sec.  263.  I'entilating  Duets — Chutes — Walls  Surrounding. 
— Walls  surrounding  ventilating  ducts  and  rubbish  and  ash 
chutes  shall  be  considered  in  accordance  with  the  regulations 
governing  the  construction  of  smoke  flues  elsewhere  herein 
contained.  Walls  around  ventilating  ducts  shall  not  be  less 
than  four  inches  thick,  and  when  the  ventilating  duct  is  larger 


U2 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


tlum  260  square  inclu'S  llu-  walls  >liall  In-  mil 
inclic-s  thick. 


than  eight 


Sec.  264.  Store  l-'roiils — Coliiiniis  iiiid  Lintels  Siift""'l'"li- — 
The  colunins  and  lintel.';  supporliuK  store  fronts  in  buildings 
within  the  lire  limits  of  more  than  one  story  in  height  shall 
be  made  of  incombustible  material. 

Sec.  265.  Stairs  in  Buildings  of  Class  I — Xiintbcr  and 
Width  t)/.— .Vmended  by  ordinance  .\ov.  25,  1907,  to  read  as 
follows : 

There  shall  be  in  all  buildings  of  Class  I  of  ordinary  con- 
structions two  flights  of  stairs  not  less  than  three  feet  wide 
each.  For  buildings  of  ordinary  construction  of  Class  I  and 
of  greater  floor  area  than  three  thousand  square  feet,  there 
shall  be  six  inches  added  to  the  width  of  each  such  flight  of 
stairs  for  eacli  additional  one  thousand  s(|uari'  feet  of  floor 
area  or  fractional  part  thereof  up  In  nine  thcmsand  square 
feet  of  floor  area. 

Every  Class  I  building  of  sluw-lnniiiiig  or  mill  construction 
less  than  4,000  square  feet  floor  area  sliall  have  two  llighls 
of  stairs,  not  less  than  three  feet  wide  each,  and  there  shall 
be  si.x  inches  added  to  the  width  of  each  such  flight  of  stairs 
for  each  additional  one  thousand  square  feet  of  floor  area, 
or  fractional  part  thereof,  up  to  twelve  thousand  .square  feet. 
Provided,  however,  that  additional  flights  of  stairs  may  be 
used  to  make  the  aggregate  width  re<inired,  instead  of  widen- 
ing the  two  flights  above  mentioned.  It  is  further  provided, 
however,  that  such  stairs  may  be  reduced  one  foot  in  width 
for  each  four  stories  in  height  or  fractional  part  thereof, 
above  the  fourth  story  of  such  building,  but  such  stairs  shall 
in  no  case  be  of  less  width  than  three  feet. 

For  fireproof  buildings  there  shall  be  required  two  flights 
of  stairs  not  less  than  three  feet  wide  for  the  first  three 
thousand  square  feet  of  floor  area,  or  fractional  part  thereof. 
For  buildings  of  more  than  three  thousand  square  feet  and 
not  exceeding  five  thousand  square  feet  of  floor  area,  there 
shall  be  required  two  flights  of  stairs  each  not  less  than  three 
feet  six  inches  in  width.  For  more  than  five  thousand  square 
feet  and  less  than  ten  thousand  square  feet  of  floor  area, 
there  shall  be  an  additional  flight  of  stairs  not  less  than  three 
feet  in  width.  For  more  than  ten  thousand  square  feet  and 
less  than  fifteen  thousand  square  feet  of  floor  area,  each  of 
such  stairs  shall  be  of  not  less  width  than  five  feet.  For  more 
than  fifteen  thousand  square  feet  and  less  than  twenty-five 
thousand  square  feet  of  floor  area  there  shall  l)c  not  less 
than  three  stairways  of  an  aggregate  width  of  fifteen  feet; 
none  of  such  stairs  shall  be  of  less  width  than  three  feet. 

The  width  of  the  different  stairways  need  not  be  alike. 
The  width  of  each  stairway  in  the  fiflh.  sixth,  seventh  and 
eighth  stories  may  be  six  inches  less  in  the  clear  than  the 
width  of  the  stairways  in  the  first  In  tin-  fourtli  stories, 
inclusive. 

The  width  of  each  stairway  in  the  ninth,  tenth,  eleventh  and 
twelfth  stories  may  be  twelve  inches  less  in  the  clear  than 
the  width  of  the  stairways  in  the  first  of  the  fourth  stories, 
inclusive. 

The  width  of  each  stairw.iy  in  llit  lliiileentli,  fdinteenth, 
fifteenth  and  si.xicenth  stories  may  be  eighteen  inches  less 
in  the  clear  than  the  width  of  the  stairways  in  the  first  to 
the  fourth  stories,  inclusive,  and  this  reduction  in  width  may 
he  continued  in  the  same  ratio  in  each  additional  four  stories 
added  to  the  height  of  the  building :  provided,  however,  that 
no  stairways  shall  have  a  less  clear  width  than  three  feet. 

All  stairways  in  buildings  of  Class  I  shall  have  a  hand 
rail  on  each  side  thereof.  an<l  where  there  is  more  than  one 
stairway  in  any  building  nf  Class   1.   such   stairways  shall  be 


located  at  each  end  of  the  building,  or  as  f.ir  apart  from 
each  other  as  is  practicable. 

The  width  of  the  difTereiil  stairways  need  not  be  alike.  The 
width  of  each  stairway  in  the  fifth,  sixth,  seventh  and  eighth 
stories  may  be  six  (6)  inches  less  in  the  clear  than  the  width 
of  the  stairways  in  the  first  to  the  fourth  stories,  inclusive. 

The  width  of  each  stairway  in  the  ninth,  tenth,  eleventh 
and  twelfth  stories  may  be  twelve  (12)  inches  less  in  the 
clear  than  the  width  of  the  stairways  in  the  first  to  the  fourth 
stories,  inclusive. 

The  width  of  each  stairway  in  the  thirteenth,  fourteenth, 
fifteenth  and  sixteenth  stories  may  be  eighteen  (18)  inches 
less  in  the  clear  than  the  width  of  the  stairways  in  the  first 
to  the  fourth  stories,  inclusive,  and  this  reduction  in  width 
may  be  continued  in  the  same  ratio  in  each  additional  four 
(4)  stories  added  to  the  height  of  the  building;  provided, 
however,  that  no  stairway  shall  have  a  less  clear  width  than 
three   (3)    feet. 

All  si.iirways  in  buildings  of  Class  I  shall  have  a  hand  rail 
nil  e.uh  side  thereof,  and  where  there  is  more  than  one  stair- 
way in  any  building  of  Class  I  such  stairways  shall  be  located 
at  each  end  of  the  building,  or  as  far  apart  from  each  other 
as  is  practicable. 

Doors  and  ll'indoii's. — When  required  to  be  clased,  fire- 
resisting  glass.     See  Section  632. 

Limitations  in  Changing  Class  of  Buildings. — See  Sec- 
tion 633. 

Buildings  I  srd  for  the  Piir/>oses  of  More  Than  One  Class. 
— See  Section  249. 

See.  266.  Courts,  Light  Shafts  and  Well  Holes. — Courts, 
light  shafts  and  well  holes  shall  be  built  in  accordance  with 

tlie  provisions  of  Section  455  of  this  chapter. 

Sec.  267.  Loads — .Uhncanee  for  Live  Loads  in  Conslrue- 
tion  of  Floors  of  Class  /. — The  floors  of  all  buihlings  of 
Class  I  shall  be  designed  and  constructed  in  such  a  manner 
as  to  be  capable  of  bearing  in  all  their  parts,  in  addition  to 
the  weight  of  floor  construction,  of  partitions  and  permanent 
fixtures  and  nuch.misms  that  may  be  set  upon  the  same,  a  live 
load  of  niu-  liuiidred  pounds  for  every  square  foot  of  surface 
in  such  fiiinr:  and  the  strength  of  such  building  shall  be 
increased  al)ove  the  capacity  to  carry  each  a  live  load  of  one 
hundred  pounds  per  square  foot  of  floor  surface  when  the 
uses  to  which  such  building  or  part  thereof  is  to  be  applied 
involve  greater  stress. 

Sec.  268.  Floors — Dis/<lay  of  Plaeard  Indieating  Strength 
Of. — Tt  shall  be  the  duty  "f  the  owner  of  every  building  of 
Class  I  already  constructed,  or  hereafter  to  be  constructed, 
or  of  his  agent,  or  of  tlie  occupant  or  person  in  possession, 
charge  or  control  of  the  same,  to  affix  and  display  con- 
spicuously on  each  floor  of  such  building  a  placard  stating 
the  load  |)er  square  foot  of  floor  surface  wliich  may  with 
safety  be  applied  to  that  particular  floor,  or  if  the  strength 
of  different  parts  of  any  floor  varies,  then  there  shall  be  such 
placards  for  each  varying  part  of  such  floor.  It  shall  be 
unlawful  to  load  any  such  floors,  or  any  part  thereof,  to  a 
greater  extent  than  the  load  indicated  upon  .such  placards. 
It  shall  be  the  duty  of  occupants  of  buildings  to  maintain 
such  placards  during  their  occupation  of  the  premises,  and 
the  owners  of  buildings,  or  their  agents,  to  cause  the  same 
to  be  properly  aflixed  with  each  change  of  occupation.  It 
shall  be  part  of  the  duty  of  architects  of  all  buildings  to 
calculate  the  figures  for  such  placards,  which  are  to  be 
verified  and  approved  by  the  Commissioner  of  Buihlings  be- 
fore they  are  aflixed  upon  the  respective  floors  of  the  different 
buildings. 


143 


A     HALF    CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


JValls—Lcdgcs.—See  Section  588. 

PV alls.— Around  Stairs,  Elevators  and  Shafts.  See  Sec- 
tion 588. 

Walls. — Reinforced  concrete.     See  Section  SS4. 
Tozvcrs — Domes — Spires. — See   Section  613. 

ARTICLE  V. 

PROVISIONS  RELATING  SOLELY  TO  CLASS  II. 

In  Class  II  shall  be  included  every  oflice  building;  every 
liospital  and  every  building  used  for  hotel  purposes,  or  for 
boarding  or  lodging  house  purposes,  where  such  building  so 
used  for  hotel,  hospital  or  boarding  or  lodging  house  pur- 
poses is  occupied  by  twenty  or  more  persons. 

Sec.  269.  Walls  of  Class  //.—The  thickness  of  the  walls 
of  buildings  of  Class  II  shall  conform  to  the  following  re- 
quirements : 

The  thickness  of  the  enclosing  walls  of  buildings  of  this 
class  shall  be  made  in  accordance  with  the  following  table, 
to-wit : 

STORIES 

Basement.     1     2    3     4     5     6     7     8     9  10  11  12 

Basement  and   12    8 

Two-story    12  12    8 

Three-story   16  12  12  12 

Four-story    20  16  16  12  12 

Five-story    20  16  16  16  12  12 

Six-story    20  20  16  16  16  12  12 

Seven-story   24  24  20  20  16  16  12  12 

Eight-story   24  24  24  20  20  16  16  12  12 

Nine-story    28  24  24  20  20  20  16  16  12  12 

Ten-story  28  24  24  24  20  20  20  16  16  12  12 

Eleven-story    28  28  24  24  24  20  20  20  16  16  12  12 

Twelve-story    32  28  28  24  24  24  20  20  20  16  16  12  12 

Provided,  however,  in  buildings  of  steel  skeleton  fireproof 
construction,  thickness  of  walls  shall  be  governed  liy  the 
provisions  of  Section  510  of  this  chapter. 

Sec.  270.  Buildings— Constntetion  Of— Height  Of.—  . 
Buildings  of  Class  II  which  are  one  hundred  feet  or  more  in 
height  shall  be  built  entirely  of  fireproof  construction. 

Buildings  of  Class  II  less  than  one  hundred  feet  and  more 
than  sixty  feet  in  height  shall  be  built  entirely  of  slow- 
Inirning,  or  mill  or  lireproof  construction.  Buildings  of  Class 
II  not  exceeding  four  stories  in  height  and  less  than  sixty 
feet  in  height  may  be  built  of  ordinary  construction. 

Sec.  271.  Walls — Division  and  Partitions  in  Boarding  or 
Lodging  Houses  and  Hotels. — In  buildings  used  wholly  or  in 
part  for  boarding  houses,  lodging  houses  or  hotels,  sixty  feet 
or  less  in  height,  there  shall  be  for  every  eight  rooms  in  any 
one  story  dividing  walls  or  partitions  of  incombustible  mater- 
ial, separating  such  eight  rooms  for  the  contiguous  spaces. 
Partitions  surrounding  stairs  and  corridors  shall  1)e  made  of 
fireproof  material. 

Sec.  272.  Stairs  in  Buildings  of  Class  //. — Stairs  in  Build- 
ings of  Class  II  shall  be  adapted,  in  number  and  width,  to  the 
area,  height  and  to  the  uses  to  be  made  of  the  liuikling  in 
which  they  occur. 

For  office  buildings,  by  which  shall  be  understood  buildings 
divded  into  apartments  intended  for  business  uses  only,  and  in 
which  there  shall  be  no  sleeping  apartments  whatever,  there 
shall  be  in  buildings  of  ordinary  construction  and  of  less 
ground  area  than  three  thousand  square  feet,  two  flights  of 
stairs  not  less  than  three  feet  wide  each ;  for  office  build- 
ings of  ordinary  construction  and  of  greater  floor  area  than 


three  thousand  square  feet,  llicru  shall  Ijc  six  inches  added 
to  the  width  of  each  such  flight  of  stairs  for  each  additional 
one  thousand  feet  of  floor  area,  or  fractional  part  thereof, 
up  to  six  thousand  square  feet  of  floor  area ;  for  office  build- 
ings of  ordinary  construction  and  of  greater  floor  area  than 
six  thousand  square  feet,  there  shall  be  an  additional  flight  of 
stairs  not  less  than  three  feet  wide  for  each  additional  three 
thousand  square  feet  of  floor  area,  or  fractional  part  there- 
of. 

For  office  buildings  of  slow-burning  or  mill  construction 
there  shall  be  at  least  two  flights  of  stairs  three  feet  wide 
each  for  the  first  four  thousand  square  feet  of  floor  area, 
and  there  shall  be  six  inches  added  to  the  width  of  each  such 
flight  of  stairs  for  each  additional  one  thousand  square  feet  of 
floor  area,  or  fractional  part  thereof,  up  to  eight  thousand 
square  feet  of  floor  area ;  and  an  additional  flight  of  stairs  not 
less  than  three  feet  wide  shall  be  required  for  each  addition- 
al four  thousand  square  feet  of  floor  area,  or  fractional  part 
thereof,  above  eight  thousand  square  feet. 

For  fireproof  ofiice  buildings  there  shall  lie  required  one 
flight  of  stairs  not  less  than  four  feet  in  width  for  the  first 
three  thousand  square  feet  of  floor  area,  or  fractional  part 
thereof. 

Fore  fireproof  oifice  buildings  more  than  three  thousand, 
and  not  exceeding  five  thousand  square  feet  of  floor  area, 
there  shall  be  required  one  flight  of  stairs  not  less  than  five 
feet  in  width. 

'  For  more  than  five  thousand  and  less  than  ten  thousand, 
square  feet  of  floor  area  there  shall  be  required  an  addi- 
tional flight  of  stairs  not  less  than  three  (3)   feet  in  width. 

For  more  than  ten  thousand  and  less  than  twenty  thousand 
square  feet  of  floor  area  there  shall  be  required  two  flights  of 
stairs  of  not  less  width  than  five  (5)  feet  each;  provided,  that 
for  each  and  every  fireproof  office  building  of  more  than  ten 
thousand  square  feet  floor  area  there  shall  be  at  least  two 
stairway  fire  escapes,  placed  as  far  apart  as  practicable,  on 
such  buildings,  in  addition  to  the  standpipe  and  platform  fire 
escape  required  by  this  chapter  and  the  statutes  of  this  state. 

An  additional  flight  of  stairs  shall  be  required  for  each 
additional  ten  thousand  sc^uare  feet  of  floor  area;  provided, 
that  for  each  additional  five  thousand  scjuare  feet  of  floor 
area  such  stairway  shall  be  not  less  than  three  feet  wide. 

And  for  additional  floor  areas  between  five  thousand  and 
ten  thousand  square  feet  such  stairway  shall  be  not  less  than 
five  feet  in  width.  The  width  of  the  different  stairways 
need  not  be  tlic  same. 

Sec.  273.  Hospitals,  Hotels.  Boarding  or  Lodging  Houses 
— Stairways — Fire  Stops. — For  all  buildings  of  Class  II  of  or- 
dinary construction  used  as  hotels,  boarding  or  lodging 
houses,  or  hospitals,  there  shall  be  required  for  each  building 
at  least  two  flights  of  stairs,  which,  for  buildings  of  three 
thousand  square  feet  or  less  in  floor  area,  shall  be  of  not  less 
width  than  three  feet  each,  with  an  increase  of  six  inches  in 
width  for  each  additional  one  thousand  square  feet  of  floor 
area,  or  fractional  part  tliereof,  up  to  a  floor  area  of  five 
thousand  square  feet :  and  after  that  there  shall  be  an  addi- 
tional flight  of  stairs  not  less  than  three  feet  wide  for  each 
additional  two  thousand  feet  of  floor  area,  or  fractional  part 
thereof. 

For  all  buildings  of  Class  II  of  slow -burning  or  mill  con- 
struction used  as  hospitals,  hotels,  boarding  or  lodging  houses 
there  shall  be  required  for  each  building  at  least  two  flights 
of  stairs,  which,  for  buildings  of  four  thousand  square  feet 
or  less  in  floor  area,  shall  be  of  not  less  width  than  three 
feet  each,  with  an  increase  of  six  inches  in  width  for  each  ad- 
ditional one  thousand  square  feet  of  floor  area,  or  fractional 


144 


A     HALF     CENTURY      OF    CHICAGO      BUILDING 


pan  tlicTi-ol,  up  to  a  floor  area  of  six  thousand  square  feci ; 
anil  afli-r  thai  there  shall  he  an  a<lditi<>nal  flight  of  stairs  not 
less  than  three  feet  wide  for  each  additional  three  thousand 
feet  of  floor  area,  or  fractional  part  thereof. 

For  all  hnildings  of  Class  II  of  fireproof  construction  used 
as  hospitals,  hotels,  hoarding  or  lodging  houses,  there  shall 
he  required  for  each  building  at  least  two  flights  of  stairs, 
which,  for  huildings  of  live  thousand  square  feet  or  less  in 
floor  area,  shall  he  of  not  less  width  than  three  feet  each, 
with  an  increase  of  live  inches  in  width  for  each  additional 
one  thousand  square  feet  of  floor  area  up  to  a  floor  area  of 
ten  thousand  square  feet,  and  there  shall  be  required  an  addi- 
tional flight  of  stairs  not  less  than  three  feet  wide  for  each 
additional  four  thousand  square  feet  of  floor  area,  or  frac- 
tional  part   thereof. 

Each  stairway  in  the  fifth,  sixth,  seventh  and  eighth  stories 
may  be  built  six  (6)  inches  less  in  width  in  the  clear  than 
the  stairways  in  the  first  to  the  fourth  stories,  inclusive. 

Each  stairway  in  the  ninth,  tenth,  eleventh  and  twelfth  stor- 
ies may  be  built  twelve  (12)  inches  less  in  width  in  the  clear 
than  the  stairways  in  the  first  to  the  fourth  stories,  inclusive. 

Each  .stairway  in  the  thirteenth,  fourteenth,  fifteenth  and 
sixteenth  stories  may  be  built  eighteen  (18)  inches  less  in 
width  in  the  clear  than  the  stairways  in  the  first  to  the  fourth 
stories  inclusive,  and  this  reduction  in  width  may  be  contin- 
ued in  the  same  ratio  in  each  additional  four  (4)  stories  add- 
ed to  the  height  of  the  building;  provided,  however,  that 
no  stairways  shall  have  a  less  clear  width  than  three  (3)- 
feet. 

.Ml  stairways  in  buildings  of  Class  II  shall  have  a  hand 
rail  on  each  side  thereof,  and  where  there  is  more  than  one 
flight  of  stairs  in  any  building  of  Class  II  such  stairways 
shall  be  located  at  each  end  of  the  building,  or  as  far  apart 
from  each  other  as  is  practicable. 

In  hotels,  hospitals,  lodging  houses  or  boarding  houses,  of 
other  than  fireproof  construction,  there  shall  be  a  fire  stop  of 
brick,  concrete  or  tile,  between  the  ceiling  and  floor  in  each 
floor  of  joists  for  each  twenty-five  feet,  or  fractional  part 
thereof,  measured  in  the  direction  of  the  length  of  the  joists. 

Sec.  274.  Air — Means  of  Communication  With  Outer  Air 
in  Buildings  of  Class  II. — .Vmended  by  ordinance  of  Oct.  22, 
1906,  to  read  as  follows : 

In  all  buildings  of  this  class,  the  fire  escape,  stairs,  stair 
halls,  entrance  halls,  bay  windows,  vent  shafts,  courts,  lights 
in  halls,  porches,  windows  in  public  halls,  shall  be  of  the 
size  and  dimensions  as  are  prescribed  in  Sections  392,  400, 
402,  404.  412.  415.  416,  417,  418,  419,  420,  421,  422,  and  423  of 
this  chapter  relating  to  buildings  of  Class  VI. 

Where  vent  shafts  as  defined  in  Section  389  of  this  ordi- 
nance, are  used  to  ventilate  water  closet  compartments,  bath 
rooms,  or  pantries,  of  hotels,  oflice  buildings,  or  club  houses, 
they  shall  be  of  the  following  dimensions : 

Square    Least 
Ruilding  feet     width 

2  stories     22;^     3  feet 

3  stories  27        3  feet 

4  stories  36        3  feet 

5  stories    48        5  feet 

6  stories  72        6  feet 

7  stories   96        8  feet 

8  stories  120        8  feet 

In  every  hotel,  ofiice  building,  or  club  house,  hereafter 
erected,  and  every  hotel.  oflSce  building,  or  club  house,  which 
shall  be  increased  or  diminished  in  size,  nr  otherwise  altered 
after  its  erection,  and  in  every  building,  now  or  hereafter  in 


existence,  not  now  used  as  a  hotel,  office  building  or  club 
house,  but  hereafter  constructed  or  altered  to  such  use,  and 
every  habitable  room,  excepting  water  closet  compartments, 
bathrooms  and  pantries,  shall  have  at  least  one  window  open- 
ing directly  upon  a  street,  alley,  yard,  or  court.  The  total 
area  of  the  windows  opening  from  any  such  room  (other 
than  water  closet  compartments,  bathrooms  an<l  pantries), 
shall  be,  at  least  one-tenth  the  floor  area  of  that  room,  and 
the  top  of,  at  least,  one  window  shall  be  not  less  than  seven 
feet  above  the  floor,  ami  the  upi)er  h.ilf  of  that  window  shall 
be  made  so  as  to  open  its  full  width.  .\o  window  in  any 
such  room  (other  than  pantries,  water  closet  compartments 
and  bath  rooms),  shall  have  less  than  ten  square  feet  of 
glass  area.  Every  such  water  closet  compartment,  bathroom 
or  pantry,  shall  have  a  window  not  less  than  one  foot  wide 
and  of  an  area  of,  at  least,  four  square  feet  for  a  floor  area 
of  forty-five  square  feet  or  less,  opening  directly  into  the 
outer  air,  or  special  light  or  air  shafts,  into  which  no  other 
rooms,  or  compartments,  other  than  toilet  compartments, 
bathrooms,  or  pantries,  arc  ventilated.  For  upwards  of  forty- 
five  square  feet  of  floor  area  there  shall  be  a  window  area  of 
at  least  one-tenth  of  the  floor  area.  The  windows  in  all  cases 
shall  l)e  arranged  so  as  to  admit  of  their  being  opened  at 
least  one-half  of  their  height.  The  urinal,  bath  or  water 
closet  compartments  on  the  top  floor  of  any  building  may  be 
lighted  and  ventilated  by  means  of  a  skylight  and  ventilator. 
The  area  of  the  skylight  shall  conform  to  the  above  specified 
areas  for  windows. 

It  is  provided  that  in  hotels,  oflice  buildings  and  club  houses, 
the  bathroom,  water  closet  and  urinal  compartments,  may  be 
ventilated  by  exhausting  the  air  from  the  same  at  the  rate  of 
at  least  six  complete  changes  of  air  from  each  room  per  hour 
by  approved  positive  mechanical  means  through  special  air 
ducts  to  the  outer  air.  The  special  ventilating  duct  or  ducts, 
together  with  tlieir  branches,  shall  be  of  such  size  or  sizes  as 
to  provide  for  the  required  chan.ges  of  air  from  each  of  .such 
rooms. 

It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  owner,  agent,  architect,  or  of 
the  party  in  possession  or  control  of  the  same  to  notify  the 
Commissioner  of  Health  in  writing  twenty-four  hours  in  ad- 
vance when  any  such  system  is  completed,  for  the  supervision 
of  the  test. 

When  the  installation  of  the  mechanical  ventilating  system 
for  toilet  and  bathrooms  is  complete,  and  the  ventilating  ap- 
pliances are  l)eing  operated  at  their  normal  capacities,  they 
sliall  be  tested  by  the  party  notifying  for  test  for  volumetric 
efficiency  in  the  presence  of,  and  under  the  direction  of,  the 
Chief   Sanitary  Inspector  of  the   Department  of   Health. 

The  mechanical  ventilating  system  shall  at  all  times  be 
kept  in  good  repair  and  in  operation  to  insure  the  required 
ventilation  during  the  hours  when  the  above  specified  build- 
ings are  used  for  human  occupancy. 

.Ml  such  toilet  or  bathrooms  as  mentioned  in  this  section, 
shall  have  a  fi.xed  window,  or  windows,  having  a  gross  glass 
area  and  equal  to  at  least  one-eighth  of  the  floor  area  of 
rooms.  The  windows  are  to  be  provided  and  placed  in  the 
dividing  or  enclosing  partitions,  and  shall  be  suitably  ar- 
ranged so  as  to  admit  of  natural  light  from  an  adjoining 
room  which  has  direct  communication  to  the  outside  air.  All 
such  rooms  or  compartments  shall  have  proper  means  for  ar- 
tificially lighting  the  same,  and  they  shall  be  properly  and 
adequately  lighted  by  natural  or  artificial  means  during  the 
occupancy  of  the  building. 

Sec.  275.  Joists — Su/'I'orls  For. — If  in  buildings  of  Class 
II  the  distance  between  the  enclosing  walls  is  more  than 
twenty-four  feet  in  the  clear,  there  shall  be  intermediate  sup- 


143 


A     HALF     CENTURY      OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


ports  for  tlie  joists,  which  supports  shall  be  either  brick  walls 
or  iron  or  steel  columns  and  beams  or  trusses  or  girders.  If 
brick  walls  are  used  for  this  purpose,  they  may,  in  all  cases 
where  the  thickness  of  walls  is  given  in  the  table  as  sixteen 
inches  or  more,  be  made  four  inches  less  in  thickness  than 
the  dimensions  stated  in  the  talkie. 

Sec.  276.  Loads — Allcrwancc  for  Lire  Loads  in  Cousinic- 
tion  of  Floors  of  Class  //.—For  all  buildings  of  Class  II  the 
floors  shall  be  designed  and  constructed  in  such  manner  as 
to  be  capable  of  bearing  in  all  their  parts,  in  addition  to  the 
weight  of  the  floor  construction,  partitions  and  permanent 
fixtures  and  mechanisms  that  may  be  set  upon  the  same,  a  live 
load  of  fifty  pounds  for  every  square  foot  of  surface  in  such 
floors. 

Sec.  277.  Stalls  or  Rooms  of  Class  II— When  Considered 
Habitable. — In  buildings  of  Class  II  no  room  shall  be  con- 
sidered habitable  or  used  as  a  habitation  unless  it  has  at 
least  one  window  of  an  area  equal  to  one-tenth  of  the  super- 
ficial area  of  such  room,  opening  into  the  external  air.  Pro- 
vided, however,  that  no  stall  or  compartment  used  as  a  sleep- 
ing room  in  a  building,  the  walls  of  which  stall  or  compart- 
ment do  not  extend  within  a  distance  of  two  and  one-half 
feet  from  the  ceiling  thereof,  shall  be  regarded  and  consid- 
ered to  be  a  room  within  the  intent  and  meaning  of  the  pro- 
visions hereof,  but  the  walls  of  every  such  stall  or  compart- 
ment shall  be  of  incombustible  material. 

Sec.  278.  Hospitals—Construetion— Height  Of— Permits 
—Special  Consents. — It  shall  be  unlawful  for  any  person  or 
corporation  to  build,  construct,  maintain,  conduct  or  manage 
in  any  block,  if  two-thirds  of  the  buildings  fronting  upon 
both  sides  of  the  streets  bounding  such  block  or  square  are 
devoted  chiefly  to  residence  purposes,  any  hospital  for  the 
care,  treatment  or  nursing  of  three  or  more  insane  persons ; 
or  any  hospital  for  the  care,  treatment  or  nursing 
of  three  or  more  inebriates ;  or  persons  suffering  from  the 
effect  of  the  excessive  use  of  alcoholic  liquors ;  or 
any  hospital  for  the  care,  treatment  or  nursing  of 
three  or  more  epileptics ;  or  any  hospital  for  the  care,  treat- 
ment or  nursing  of  three  or  more  persons  addicted  to,  or 
suffering  from,  the  excessive  use  of  morphine,  cocaine, 
or  other  similar  drugs  or  narcotics ;  or  any  hos- 
pital for  the  care,  treatment  or  nursing  of  any 
person  affected  with  any  infectious  or  contagious  disease, 
unless  the  owners  of  a  majority  of  the  frontage  in  such  block 
or  square,  and  in  addition  thereto  the  owners  of  a  majority 
of  the  frontage  on  the  opposite  sides  of  the  streets  bounding 
such  block  or  square,  consent  in  writing  to  the  building,  con- 
structing, maintaining,  managing  or  conducting  of  any  such 
hospital  in  such  block  or  square.  Such  written  consents  of 
the  majorities  of  such  property  owners  shall  be  filed  with  the 
Commissioner  of  Buildings,  and  an  exact  copy  of  same  shall 
be  filed  with  the  Commissioner  of  Health  before  a  permit 
shall  be  granted  for  the  building  or  constructing,  or  a  license 
issued  for  the  maintaining,  conducting  or  managing  of  any 
such  hospital.  Provided,  that  any  building  that  may  be  used 
for  hospital  purposes  which  is  over  two  stories  in  height 
shall  be  of  fireproof  construction  throughout,  and  no  hospital 
shall  be  built  to  exceed  six  stories  in  height. 

Sec.  279.  Hospitals — Location  of  iVear  School  Honses. — 
No  hospital  of  any  kind  or  description  hereafter  erected  or 
established  shall  be  erected  or  established  within  four  hundred 
feet  of  property  used  for  school  purposes.  (Note:  This 
section  is  repealed  by  ordinance  of  June  1.  1908,  page  509. 
governing  hospitals,    [Sections   1102,   etc.]) 


Walls — Ledges — .loist   Supports. — All   ledges   in   walls   shall 
be  as  specified  in  Section  588  of  this  chapter. 
Walls. — Reinforced   concrete.     See   Section   554. 

Sec.  280.  Roofs — Strength  Of. — The  roofs  of  buildings 
of  Class  II  shall  be  designed  and  constructed  as  is  required 
in  Section  610. 

Roofs — Shingle. — See  Section  609. 

Toivers,  Domes  and  Spires — Construction  Of — See  Section 
613. 

Skylights — Construction,   Glass  In. — See   Section  614. 

Bay  IVindozus  and  Light  Shafts. — Material  for.  See  Sec- 
tion 600. 

Doors  and  Windoics. — When  required  to  be  closed. — Fire 
resisting  glass.     See  Section  632. 

Wind  Pressure. — Precautions  against.     See  Section  603. 

IVindoics. — Cleaning,  safety  devices.     See  Section  726. 

Buildings  Used  for  the  Purposes  of  More  than  One  Class. — 
See  Section  249. 

Limitations  in  Changing  Class  of  Buildings. — See  Section 
633. 

Walls — Around  Stairs,  Elevators  and  Shafts. — See  Sec- 
tion 588. 

ARTICLE  VI. 

PROVISIONS  RELATING  SOLELY  TO  CLASS  III. 

In  Class  III  shall  be  included  every  building  used  as  a 
family  residence;  also  every  building  used  for  stabling  pur- 
poses, where  such  building  so  used  shall  occupy  a  ground 
area  of  less  than  five  hundred  square  feet. 

Section  281.  — Walls  of  Class  HI — Thickness  of. — Build- 
ings of  Class  III.  shall  conform  to  the  following  require- 
ments : 

The  thickness  of  enclosing  walls  of  buildings  of  this  class 
shall  be  in  accordance  with  the  following  table,  to-wit : 

STORIES 

Basement.     1     2    3    4    5     6    7    8    9  10  11   12 

Basement  and   12     8 

Two-story    12  12    8 

Three-story   16  12  12  12 

Four-story    20  16  16  12  12 

Five-story   20  16  16  16  12  12 

Six-story    20  20  16  16  16  12  12 

Seven-story   24  24  20  20  16  16  12  12 

Eight-story    24  24  24  20  20  16  16  12  12 

Nine-story   28  24  24  20  20  20  16  16  12  12 

Ten-story     28  24  24  24  20  20  20  16  16  12  12 

Eleven-story    28  28  24  24  24  20  20  20  16  16  12  12 

Twelve-story    32  28  28  24  24  24  20  20  20  16  16  12  12 

Provided,  however,  in  buildings  of  steel  skeleton  fireproof 
construction,  thickness  of  Avails  shall  be  governed  by  the  pro- 
visions of  Section  510  of  this  chapter. 

Sec.  282.  Buildings— Construction  Of— Height  Of.— 
Buildings  of  Class  III  which  are  one  hundred  feet  or  more 
in  height  shall  be  made  entirely  of  fireproof  construction. 

Buildings  of  Class  III  less  than  one  hundred  feet  and  more 
than  si.xty  feet  in  height  shall  be  built  entirely  of  slow-burning 
mill  or  fireproof  construction. 

Buildings  of  Class  III  less  than  sixty  feet  in  height  may 
lie  built   of  ordinary  construction. 

Sec.  283.  Skylights— Construction  Of— Glass  /((.—The 
skylight  on  the  roof  of  any  building  of  Class  III  other  than 
a  frame  building,  shall  have  the  sides,  sashes  and  frames 
constructed  of  metal,  or  of  wood  metal  clad  on  all  exterior 


146 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


surf.-iccs.  If  tin-  building  i-xcccil  llirui-  siorics  in  hfiKht,  such 
skylixlil  sliiiU  li;ivi'  at  liast  six  iiiclics  over  sanii-  a  strong  win- 
iictiiiin  I  wire  not  liglittr  than  \o,  8  anil  niish  not  coarser 
than  ll.'xU..  inches),  unless  the  glass  contains  a  wire  netting 
within  itself. 

Sec.  284.  Loads — .Ulowaiuc  for  Live  Loads  in  Coiislruc- 
lioii  of  rioors  of  Class  IIL — For  all  buildings  of  Class  III 
the  floors  shall  be  designed  and  constructed  in  such  manner 
as  to  be  capable  of  bearing  in  all  their  parts,  in  addition  to 
the  weight  of  floor  construction,  partitions  and  permanent 
fixtures  and  mechanisms  that  may  be  set  upon  the  same,  a  live 
load  of  forty  pounds  for  every  square  foot  of  surface  in  such 
floors. 

Sec.  285.  Rooms  of  Class  III — ll'hcii  Coiisidciid  ilabit- 
abli: — III  buildings  of  Class  IIL  no  room  shall  be  considered 
habitable  or  used  as  a  habitation  unless  it  has  at  least  one 
window  of  an  area  equal  to  one-tenth  of  the  superficial  area 
of  such  room  opening  into  the  external  air. 

Sec.  286.  Fire  iralls—Tliifkiicss  Of—Uhen  Dispensed 
With. — In  buildings  of  Class  III,  lire  walls  of  brick  not  less 
than  twelve  inches  thick  shall  be  built,  extending  above  the 
roof  thereof,  if  such  roof  is  flat,  and  also  above  the  roof  of 
such  building  where  the  same  abuts  against  another  building, 
or  where  the  same  stands  upon  any  line  of  any  lot.  excepting 
street  or  alley  lines.  Provided,  tli.it  where  eight-ineli  walls 
are  permitted  in  the  top  story  of  buildings,  or  where  the 
building  is  not  over  three  stories  high,  the  lire  walls  may  be 
eight  inches  thick.  Such  fire  walls,  where  they  stand  upon  lot 
lines  or  where  they  are  over  the  dividing  walls  between  build- 
ings, or  over  the  dividin.g  walls  in  the  interior  of  buildings. 
where  such  are  required  1)y  the  provisions  of  this  chapter  by 
reason  of  the  great  area  of  such  l)uildings.  shall  extend  at 
least  two  feet  above  the  roof  of  such  buildings.  Fire  walls 
upon  street  and  alley  lines  shall  e.xtend  not  less  than  eighteen 
inches  above  the  roofs  of  .such  buildings.  Fire  walls  may  be 
dispensed  with  on  .street  and  alley  lines,  if  the  tops  of  the 
roof  boards  and  roof  joists  are  protected  against  fire  for  a 
distance  of  at  least  five  feet  from  such  street  or  alley  lines 
by  a  coating  of  mortar  or  hollow  tile  or  porous  tile  at  least 
two  inches  thick.  Fire  walls  at  street  and  alley  lines  may 
also  be  dispensed  with  in  all  cases  where  the  entire  framing 
and  material  of  the  roof  is  made  strictly  fireproof. 

Walls  facing  upon  courts  and  light  shafts  shall  be  treated 
as  in  the  same  category  with  walls  t.icing  upon  streets  and 
alleys. 

Fire  walls  shall  be  covered  with  a  weather  proof  coping  of 
incombustible  material. 

Sec.  287.  Bay  U'indozcs  and  Light  Shafts — Material  For. — 
Hay  or  oriel  windows  and  light  shafts  may  be  built  of  com- 
bustible material  in  buildings  of  Class  III  of  two  stories  or 
less  in  height,  provided,  such  bay  and  oriel  windows  or  light 
shafts  shall  not  have  a  greater  width  than  twelve  feet  at  wall 
line  of  building,  and,  provided,  that  the  outside  walls,  roofs 
and  soffits  of  such  bay  or  oriel  windows  and  light  shafts, 
when  .so  constructed,  shall  be  covered  with  sheet  metal  or 
other  incombustible  material.  In  all  other  cases,  bay  and  oriel 
windows  and  light  shafts  and  their  supports  shall  be  con- 
structed enlircly  of  incombustible  material. 

Sec.  288.  trails— Briek-  Wall  Cpon  Wooden  Sills— Level 
of  Sills  Alloiivd. — .Ml  buildings  of  Class  III  not  exceeding 
one  story  in  height  and  twenty  feet  in  height  from  top  of 
sills  to  hightest  point  of  roof,  and  with  side  walls  not  ex- 
ceeding fourteen  feet  in  luight.  an<l  with  floor  area  not  ex- 
ceeding  one    thousand    two    hiindreil    square    feet,    may    have 


brick  walls  not  les>  than  eight  inches  in  thickness  erected  on 
wooden  sills,  the  sills  supported  on  iron,  masonry  or  concrete 
supports  extending  four  feet  below  the  surface  of  the  ground, 
rile  foundations  under  such  supports  shall  be  of  concrete, 
stone  or  brick,  each  covering  not  less  than  (ive  square  feel 
area  and  not  more  than  eight  feet  apart  to  support  the  weight 
that  may  rest  upon  them  with  safety;  sills  shall  be  placed  not 
higher  than  four  feet  above  the  established  grade  of  the 
street  upon  which  the  lot  fronts,  and  upon  which  lot  the 
building  is  erected,  where  grades  are  established,  and  not  ex- 
ceeding seven  feet  above  the  ground  where  grades  are  not 
established.  In  all  cases  of  buildings  being  m(»re  than  one 
story  and  less  than  two  stories  high,  and  having  a  gable  or 
hip  roof  of  not  less  than  one-third  (1-3)  pilch,  8-inch  walls  on 
solid  brick  or  stone  masonry  may  be  used,  provided  they  do 
not  exceed  14  feet  in  height  measured  from  the  first  floor 
joist,  and  provided  such  buildings  have  a  floor  area  not  ex- 
ceeding one  thousand  two  hundred  (1,200)  feet,  and  arc  not 
over  twenty-two  feet  in  width. 

Koofs— Strength   Of.     See  Section  dill. 

Hoofs — Shingle  and  Gravel.     See  Section  609. 

Wind  Pressure.     Precautions  against.     See   Section  603. 

Walls — Reinforeed  Conerete.     See  .Section  554. 

Walts — Ledges.     See  Section  588. 

Towers,  Domes  and  Spires.     See  Section  613. 

Liinilalioiis  in  Changing  Class  of  Buildings.  See  Section 
633. 

ARTICl.l'.  \  II. 

PROVISIONS  RF.L.VTING  SOLI-XV  TO  CLASS  IV. 

In  Class  IV  shall  be  included  every  building  used  as  an  as- 
senil)Iy  hall,  whether  such  hall  is  used  for  the  purpose  of  wor- 
ship, instruction  or  entertainment,  unless  such  building  is 
used  for  any  of  the  purposes  for  which  buildings  of  Class  V 
or  Class  VIII  are  used. 

Sec.  289.  H'alls-Outside  Walls  of  Class  ll—Struetures 
Built  Above — Walls  Of. — The  outside  walls  of  every  building 
used  wholly  or  in  part  for  the  purposes  of  Class  IV  the  roof 
or  ceiling  of  which  is  carried  on  trusses  or  girders  of  a  span 
of  fifty  feet  or  more,  shall  be  as  follows: 

If  .such  walls  are  less  than  twenty-five  feet  high,  not  less 
than  twenty  inches  thick. 

If  they  are  more  than  twenty-five  feet  high  and  less  than 
forty-five  feet  high,  they  shall  not  be  less  than  twenty-four 
iiiclies  thick. 

If  they  ;ire  more  than  forty-five  feet  and  less  than  sixty 
feet  hi.gli.  tluy  shall  not  be  less  than  twenty-eight  inches 
thick. 

If  tiny  are  more  tli.m  >ixty  feet  .unl  less  than  .seventy-five 
feel   high,  they  shall  not  l)e  less  than  thirty-two  inches  thick. 

If  they  are  more  than  seventy-five  feet  and  less  than  ninety 
feet  high,  they  shall  not  be  less  than  thirty-six  inches  thick. 

.\n  increase  of  four  inches  in  thickness  of  such  walls  shall 
be  made  in  all  cases  where  they  are  over  one  hundred  feet 
long  without  cross  walls  of  eiiual  height. 

Walls  around  stairs,  elevators  and  shafts.     See  Section  588. 

I""or  rooms  used  for  the  purposes  of  Class  IV  where  such 
rooms  are  less  than  fifty  feet  wide  in  the  clear,  the  thickness 
of  the  walls  enclosing  or  surrounding  such  rooms  ni.iy  be 
reduced  by  four  inches. 

The  outside  walls  of  every  lii-ilding  of  Class  IV  the  roof 
or  ceiling  which  is  not  carried  on  trusses  or  girders,  shall  be 
of  the  same  thickness  as  in  buildings  of  Class  I. 

If  one  or  mr>re  stories  are  built  above  the  rofmi  or  rooms. 
or  portion  of  any  such  Imilding  devoted  to  the  uses  of  Class 


147 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


IV  and  such  stories  are  carried  on  trusses  or  girders,  the 
thickness  of  walls  shall  be  increased  by  four  inches  for  each 
two  stories  or  part  thereof  above  every  such  room. 

If  solid  masonry  buttresses  are  employed,  and  placed 
eighteen  feet  or  less  apart,  and  extended  to  the  foot  of  the 
trusses  or  girders  carrying  the  ceiling,  or  if  iron  or  steel 
pillars  are  inserted  in  such  walls  for  the  support  of  the  super- 
structure, and  at  distances  not  more  than  twenty-four  feet 
between  centers,  and  if  such  pillars  extend  to  and  carry  the 
superimposed  trusses  and  girders,  the  thickness  of  such  walls 
may  be  reduced  in  proportion  to  the  increase  of  strength 
afforded  by  such  buttresses  or  pillars;  but  in  no  case  shall 
any  such  wall  be  less  than  twelve  inches  thick  in  the  top 
story;  four  inches  shall  be  added,  going  downward,  for  each 
story,  or  for  each  twenty-five  feet  in  height  of  wall.  Pro- 
vided, that  if  in  any  building  of  this  class  now  in  existence 
the  structural  parts  thereof  do  not  comply  with  the  foregoing- 
requirements,  and  structural  changes  are  made  therein,  then 
all  walls,  columns  or  other  structural  parts  shall  be  strength- 
ened in  a  maimer  satisfactory  to  the  Commissioner  of 
Buildings. 

Sec.  290.  Walls — Coliiiiiiis  In. — If  iron  or  steel  columns 
are  introduced  in  such  walls,  the  brickwork  around  the  same 
shall  be  bonded  into  that  of  the  connecting  walls,  and  each 
of  such  columns  shall  be  fireproofed,  as  provided  in  Section 
511  of  this  chapter. 

Sec.  291.  Frontage  of  Class  IV—Seatirig  Less  Than  800.— 
Buildings  of  Class  IV  containing  halls  or  rooms  of  an  aggre- 
gate seating  capacity  of  eight  hundred  persons  or  less,  shall 
have  for  each  hall  or  room  a  frontage  upon  two  public 
spaces,  of  which  at  least  one  shall  be  a  street,  and  of  which 
the  other,  if  it  is  not  a  street,  shall  be  a  public  or  private 
alley,  not  less  than  ten  feet  wide,  opening  directly  on  a  public 
street. 

Sec.  292.  Frontage  of  Class  IJ'— Seating  Over  800.— 
Buildings  of  Class  IV  containing  halls  or  rooms  used  for  the 
purposes  of  Class  IV  of  greater  aggregate  seating  capacity 
than  eight  hundred,  shall  have  for  each  such  hall  or  room  a 
frontage  upon  three  open  spaces,  of  which  at  least  one  shall 
be  a  public  street,  while  the  two  others,  if  not  streets,  shall 
be  public  or  private  alleys  of  a  width  of  not  less  than  ten  feet 
each,  opening  directly  on  a  public  street,  or  fireproof  passage- 
ways or  tunnels  of  not  less  than  seven  feet  each  in  width 
may  be  used  in  place  of  these  alleys,  provided,  such  passage- 
ways or  tunnels  lead  to  a  public  thoroughfare. 

Sec.  293.  Bnildings,  Class  IV — Construction  Of. — Amended 
Dec.  11,  1905,  to  read  as  follows: 

Buildings  of  Class  IV  containing  halls  of  an  aggregate 
seating  capacity  of  not  more  than  eight  hundred,  may  be 
built  of  ordinary  construction.  If  such  halls  have  a  greater 
aggregate  seating  capacity  than  eight  hundred  (800)  and 
less  than  one  thousand  five  hundred  (1,500),  such  building 
shall  be  built  of  mill,  slow-burning,  or  fireproof  construction. 
If  such  hall  have  an  aggregate  seating  capacity  of  one 
thousand  five  hundred  (1,500)  or  more,  such  buildings  shall  be 
built  entirely  of  fireproof  construction,  provided  that  buildings 
mainly  used  for  exposition  or  exhibition  purposes,  and  not 
exceeding  two  stories  in  height,  or  having  for  pulilic  use  only 
a  main  floor  and  one  gallery,  and  which  have  their  outside 
walls  and  structural  members  of  incombustible  material  and 
which  comply  in  all  other  respects  with  this  ordinance,  may 
have  their  temporary  seats,  boxes,  showcases,  platforms,  or 
booths,  constructed  of   combustible   material. 


In  computing  the  seating  capacity  of  any  room  or  building 
used  for  the  purposes  of  Class  IV  in  which  the  seats  are 
not  fixed,  an  allowance  of  eight  square  feet  of  floor  area 
shall  be  made  for  each  person,  and  all  space  between  the 
walls  or  partitions  of  such  room  or  building  shall  be 
measured  in  this  computation.  Provided,  that  in  church 
buildings  not  having  more  than  two  stories  and  each  floor 
having  its  own  separate  exits  and  standing  free  from  all 
buildings,  the  seating  capacity  of  each  floor  shall  be  estimated 
alone  as  determining  the  kind  of  construction  under  this 
article. 

Distance  of  said  building  from  any  other  structure  or 
building,  to  be  at  least  seven  feet  on  all  sides. 

."^s  amended  February  4,  1907. 

Sec.  294.  Buildings  of  Class  II'  Used  Partly  for  Other 
Purposes. — Any  building  occupied  wholly  or  in  part  for  the 
purposes  of  Class  IV  shall  be  built  entirely  of  fireproof  con- 
struction, if  the  halls  or  rooms  used  for  the  purposes  of  Class 
IV  therein  have  an  aggregate  seating  capacity  greater  than 
one  thousand  five  hundred. 

Sec.  295.  Buildings  of  Certain  Height — Construction  Of. — 
Any  building  higher  than  sixty  feet  and  connected  with  or 
made  part  of  any  building  used  wholly  or  in  part  for  the 
purposes  of  Class  IV  shall  be  entirely  of  fireproof  construc- 
tion. Any  such  building  less  than  sixty  feet  in  height  shall, 
if  its  case  is  not  already  covered  by  other  provisions  of  this 
chapter,  be  made  of  fireproof,  slow-burning  or  mill  con- 
struction. 

Sec.  296.  Opening  Betzi'cen  Non-Fireproof  Buildings. — 
In  all  cases  where  fireproof  construction  is  not  used  for  the 
whole  of  two  or  more  connected  buildings,  used  wholly  or 
in  part  for  the  purposes  of  Class  IV  there  shall  be  at  each 
connecting  opening  double  iron  doors. 

Sec.  297.  Spires.  Cupolas  and  Domes  Upon  Houses  of 
Worship — J'iolation — Spires,  etc..  to  be  Taken  Down — Roofs 
of  Isolated  Buildings  of  Class  IV. — Spires,  cupolas  or  domes 
with  a  framework  of  non-fireproof  material  and  covered  on 
the  outside  with  incombustible  material,  may  be  erected  as 
part  of  any  house  of  public  worship,  and  if  such  house  of 
worship  is  so  built  that  it  is  nowhere  nearer  than  twenty 
feet  to  any  line  of  the  lot  upon  which  it  stands  (street  and 
alley  lines  excepted),  sucli  non-fireproof  spires,  cupolas  or 
domes  may  be  maintained  only  while  this  intervening  space 
of  twenty  feet  is  maintained  unoccupied  as  part  of  the 
grounds  or  premises  belonging  to  such  house  of  public  wor- 
ship. If  the  conditions  of  such  building  be  so  changed  that 
there  shall  not  be  a  vacant  space  as  hereinbefore  required 
surrounding  same,  such  spire,  cupola  or  dome  shall  be  forth- 
with taken  down. 

The  roofs  of  isolated  buildings,  occupied  for  purposes  of 
Class  IV  shall  be  constructed  in  the  same  manner  as  that 
provided  for  spires,  domes  and  cupolas. 

Provided,  however,  that  the  roofs  of  houses  of  worship 
outside  the  fire  limits  not  exceeding  twentj-eight  hundred 
square  feet  in  area  may  be  covered  with  shingles. 

Sec.  298.  Floor  Levels — Limitation  of  Floor  Levels  of 
Class  IV — Atiditorium  Floor  of  Class  IV — Height  Aboz'e 
Sidczealk — Stairs. — The  following  limitations  of  floor  levels 
in  buildings  occupied  either  wholly  or  in  part  for  purposes  of 
Class  IV  shall  be  observed  in  all  cases. 

In  buildings  occupied  either  wholly  or  in  part  for  purposes 
of  Class  IV  no  auditorium  of  a  greater  seating  capacity  than 
one  thousand  shall  have  the  highest  part  of  its  main  floor  at 
a  greater  distance  than  ten   feet  above  the  adjacent  sidewalk 


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A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


grades.  Xo  room  or  rooms  usi-il  for  the  purposes  of  Class 
I\'  of  greater  seating  capacity  than  live  hundred,  shall  be  at 
a  greater  distance  above  the  sidewalk  grade  than  thirty  feet. 
No  room  or  rooms  used  for  the  purpose  of  Class  IV  of 
greater  seating  capacity  than  Iwt)  hundred,  shall  he  at  a 
higher  level  above  the  sidewalk  grade  than  forty-live  feet. 

Provided,  however,  that  in  the  case  of  a  building  used 
either  wholly  or  in  part  for  the  purposes  of  Class  IV  and 
built  wholly  of  fireproof  construction,  a  room  or 
rooms  to  be  used  for  the  purposes  of  Class  IV  and 
of  an  aggregate  seating  capacity  of  less  than  five  hundred, 
may  be  located  in  any  story  thereof,  but  in  such  case  there 
shall  be  at  least  two  separate  and  distinct  flights  of  stairs 
from  the  floor  or  floors  in  which  such  room  or  rooms  are 
located  to  the  ground,  each  of  which  stairs  shall  be  not  less 
than  four  feet  wide  in  the  clear. 

Sec.  2S9.  Loads,  AHoivancc  for  Live  Loads  in  Coiisliui-- 
lion  of  Floors  of  Class  II' — Stairways — Eiilraiiccs  and  Exits, 
Width  Of.—\\\  floors  of  all  buildings  of  Class  IV  shall  be 
designed  and  constructed  in  such  a  manner  as  to  be  capable 
of  bearing  in  all  their  parts,  in  addition  to  the  weight  of 
floor  construction,  partitions  and  permanent  lixtures  and 
mechanisms  that  may  be  set  upon  the  same,  a  live  load  of 
one  hundred  pounds  for  every  square  foot  of  surface  in 
such  tloor.  The  width  of  stairways  in  buildings  used  wlioUy 
or  in  pan  for  the  purposes  of  Class  IV  shall  be  eigliteen 
inches  for  every  one  hundred  of  the  aggregate  seating 
capacity  of  all  rooms  in  such  building,  which  are  used  for 
the  purposes  of  Class  IV  and  for  fractional  parts  of  each 
one  hundred  seating  capacity  a  proportionate  part  of 
eighteen  inches  shall  be  added  to  the  width  of  such  stair- 
ways, but  no  stairway  in  such  building  shall  be  less  than 
four  feet  wide  in  the  clear,  except  as  hereinafter  provided; 
and  provided,  further,  that  in  any  such  building  having  a 
room  or  rooms  used  for  purposes  of  Class  IV  the  aggregate 
seating  capacity  of  which  shall  not  exceed  two  hundred  and 
fifty  persons,  two  separate  and  distinct  tlircc-foot  stairways 
shall  be  permitted. 

.Ml  stairways  shall  have  hand  railings  on  each  side  tlicreof. 
Stairways  which  are  over  7  feet  wide  shall  have  double  in- 
termediate handrails,  with  end  newel  posts  at  least  5^^  feet 
high.  No  stairways  shall  ascend  a  greater  height  than 
thirteen  feet  six  inches  without  a  level  landing,  which,  if  its 
width  is  in  the  direction  of  the  run  of  the  stairs,  shall  not 
be  less  than  three  feet  wide,  or  which,  if  at  a  turn  of  the 
stairs,  shall  not  be  of  less  width  than  the  widlli  of  the 
stairs. 

Stairways  leading  to  a  box  or  boxes,  seating  not  to  exceed 
thirty  people  in  the  aggregate,  shall  be  independent  of  all 
other  stairs  or  seats  and  not  less  than  two  feet  six  inches 
wide  in  the  clear.  For  each  additional  twenty-five  of  seating 
capacity,  or  major  portion  thereof,  in  such  boxes,  an  addi- 
tional width  of  five  inches  shall  be  added  to  such  stairways. 

Walls — Ledges. — See  Section  588. 

Doors  and  Windows — When  Required  to  Be  Closed — P ire- 
Resisting  Glass. — See  Section  632. 

Sec.  300.  Balconies  and  Galleries — E.vil  and  Entrance. — 
Distinct  and  separate  places  of  exit  and  entrance  shall  be 
provided  for  each  gallery.  .\  common  place  of  exit  and 
entrance  may  serve  for  the  main  floor  of  the  auditorium  and 
the  balcony,  provided  its  capacity  be  equal  to  the  aggregate 
capacity  of  all  aisles  or  corridors  leading  from  the  main  floor 
and  such  balcony  to  such  place  of  exit  and  entrance. 

Sec.  301.  Balconies  and  Galleries — Designation  Of. — 
Where  there  arc  balconies  or  galleries,  the  first  balcony  or 


gallery  >\y.i\l  be  designated  the  "Ualcony,"  and  the  second  and 
third  balcony  or  gallery  shall  be  designated,  respectively, 
"(iallery"  and  "Second  Gallery."  Such  designation  shall  be 
plainly  printed  on  all  admission  tickets. 

Sec.  30.'.  Aisles — Steps  in  Aisles — rassagezcays — Kept 
L'nobslnuled — Width  of  Corridors,  Passages,  llalln'ays  and 
Doors. — .-\isles  in  rooms  or  auditoriums  used  for  the  pur- 
poses of  Class  IV  shall  in  the  aggregate  be  eighteen  inches 
in  width  for  each  one  hundre<l  of  the  seating  capacity  of 
such  room  or  auditorium,  and  for  fractional  parts  of  one 
hundred,  a  proportionate  part  of  eighteen  inches  shall  be 
added ;  but  no  aisle  shall  be  less  than  two  feet  and  six  inches 
in  width  in  its  narrowest  part. 

Steps  shall  be  permitted  in  aisles  only  as  extending  from 
bank  to  bank  of  seats,  and  whenever  the  rise  from  bank  to 
bank  of  seats  is  less  than  five  inches  the  floor  of  the  aisles 
shall  be  made  as  an  inclined  plane,  and  where  steps  occur 
in  outside  aisles  or  corridors,  they  shall  not  be  isolated,  but 
shall  be  grouped  together  and  there  shall  be  a  light  so  placed 
as  to  illuminate  such  steps  in  such  outside  aisles  or  corridors. 
.Ml  aisles  and  passageways  in  such  rooms  or  auditoriums 
shall  be  kept  free  from  camp  stools,  sofas,  chairs  and  other 
obstructions,  and  no  person  shall  be  allowed  to  stand  in  or 
occupy  any  of  such  aisles  or  passageways  during  any  per- 
formance, service,  exhibition,  lecture,  concert,  ball,  or  any 
public  assembly. 

Sec.  303.  Corridors,  J\issage:>.ays.  JLilhuvys  and  Doors — 
Width  Of. — The  width  of  corridors,  passageways,  hallways 
and  doors  adjacent  to,  connected  with  or  a  part  of  such 
rooms  or  auditoriums,  shall  be  computed  in  the  same  manner 
as  is  herein  provided  for  stairways  and  aisles,  excepting, 
liowever,  that  no  such  corridor,  passageway  or  hallway  shall 
l)e  anywhere  less  than  four  feet  in  width,  and  no  such  door 
shall  be  less  than  three  feet  in  width. 

Sec.  304.  Seals— Number  of  in  Rozfs.— There  shall  not 
be  more  than  fourteen  seats  in  any  one  row  between  aisles. 

Rows  of  seats  shall  not  be  less  than  2  feet  8  inches  from 
liack  to  back,  and  no  bank  of  seats  shall  be  of  greater  rise 
tlian  24  inches. 

Sec.  305.  Emergency  £.ri/i.— Emergency  exits  and  stair- 
ways shall  be  provided  outside  of  the  walls  of  all  assembly 
halls  of  a  larger  seating  capacity  than  eight  hundred.  Pro- 
vided, however,  that  if  any  such  assembly  hall  is  used  for 
any  of  the  purposes  described  in  Section  311  of  this  chapter, 
and  has  a  seating  capacity  of  more  than  four  hundred,  such 
assembly  hall  shall  have  emergency  exits  to  the  street  of 
one-half  the  aggregate  width  of  the  main  exits,  but  no  such 
emergency  exit  shall  be  less  than  three  feet  in  width. 

Such  emergency  exits  and  stairways  therefrom  may  be 
built  inside  the  walls  of  the  building  in  a  corridor  or  passage- 
way not  less  than  seven  feet  wide,  which  corridor  or  pass- 
ageway shall  be  surrounded  liy  a  fireproof  partition,  not  less 
tlian  four  inches  thick. 

Such  stairways  shall  be  made  of  wrought  iron  or  steel, 
or  other  approved  fireproof  material  and  cast  iron  is  not 
approved  for  this  work.  .Ml  emergency  exits  and  stairways 
therefrom  shall  be  kept  free  from  obstruction  of  any  kind, 
including  snow  and  ice. 

Sec.  306.  Doors  to  Open  Outward.— .\\\  doors  affording 
access  directly  or  indirectly  to  the  street  from  any  room  used 
for  the  purposes  of  Class  IV  shall  open  outward  upon 
suitable  hinges. 

Exit  doors  from  such  rooms  shall  not  be  obscured  by 
draperies  and  shall  not  be  locked,  or  fastened,  in  any  manner 


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A     HALF    CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


during  the  entire  time  any  such  room  is  open  to  the  pubHc, 
but  shall  be  so  constructed  and  maintained  that  they  may  be 
easily  opened  from  the  interior. 

Sec.  307.  JValls  Between  Auditoriuin  and  Stage. — In 
buildings  used  either  wholly  or  in  part  for  the  purposes  of 
Class  IV  hereafter  erected,  there  shall  be  a  solid  brick  wall, 
of  the  same  thickness  as  that  called  for  on  the  outside  walls, 
between  the  auditorium  and  stage ;  and  in  non-fireproof 
buildings  such  walls  shall  extend  to  a  height  of  three  feet 
above  the  roof.  Provided,  however,  that  in  existing  build- 
ings, any  room  used  for  the  purposes  of  Class  IV  and  having 
a  seating  capacity  greater  than  four  hundred,  shall  have  the 
proscenium  wall  built  of  incombustible  material. 

Sec.  308.  Curtain  Shall  Be  Iron,  Steel  or  Asbestos — In- 
speetioH  Of — Fee. — The  main  curtain  opening  in  any  such 
room  shall  have  a  wrought  iron  or  steel  or  asbestos  curtain, 
which  shall  be  inspected  by  the  building  department  semi- 
annually, for  which  inspection  a  charge  of  two  dollars  shall 
be  made,  and  all  other  openings  in  the  proscenium  wall  shall 
have  self-closing  iron  doors. 

Sec.  309.  Stnietures  Over  Ceiling — Construction. — If  any 
structure  is  built  over  the  ceiling  or  roof  of  any  building 
used  either  wholly  or  in  part  for  the  purposes  of  Class  IV 
the  different  members  of  the  girders  or  trusses  supporting 
same  shall  have  their  fireproofing  double,  in  the  manner  re- 
quired for  columns  for  fireproof  buildings  of  Class  I. 

Sec.  310.  Fire  Apparatus  on  Stage. — In  all  rooms  used 
for  the  purpose  of  Class  IV  of  a  seating  capacity  of  two 
hundred  and  fifty  or  more,  where  stationary  scenery  is  used, 
there  shall  be  kept  for  use  two  or  more  portable  fire  ex- 
tinguishers or  hand  fire  pumps  on  and  under  the  stage,  and 
also  four  fire  department  axes,  two  fifteen-foot  hooks  and 
two  ten-foot  hooks  on  each  tier  or  floor  of  the  stage,  subject 
to  the  approval  of  the  Fire  Marshal,  and  in  such  rooms  of 
less  seating  capacity  than  two  hundred  and  fifty,  there  shall 
be  at  least  one  portable  fire  extinguisher. 

Sec.  311.  Rooms  Used  for  Regular  Theatrical  or  I'aiide- 
ville  Performances — Exit  Doors — Fireman — Employment  Of 
— Duties. — Amended  by  ordinance  June  8,  1908,  to  read  as 
follows : 

Exit  doors  shall  not  be  obscured  by  draperies  and  shall 
not  be  locked  or  fastened  in  any  manner  during  the  entire 
time  any  such  room  of  Class  IV  is  open  to  the  public,  so 
as  to  prevent  them  from  being  easily  opened  outwardly; 
and  such  doors  shall  be  so  constructed  and  maintained  as  to 
require  no  special  knowledge  or  effort  to  open  them  from  the 
interior. 

It  shall  be  the  duty  of  every  person,  firm  or  corporation 
conducting,  operating  or  maintaining  any  room  having  a 
seating  capacity  of  three  hundred  or  more,  used  for  the 
purposes  of  Class  IV  and  which  is  used  regularly  for  the- 
atrical or  vaudeville  performances,  and  where  an  admission 
fee  is  charged,  to  procure  at  his,  their  or  its  own  expense 
the  attendance  at  each  and  every  performance  of  one  fireman 
who  shall  be  detailed  by  the  Fire  Marshal  from  the  regular 
City  Fire  Department;  he  shall  be  in  the  uniform  of  the 
Chicago  Fire  Department  and  he  shall  be  on  duty  at  such 
place  wherein  such  theatrical  or  vaudeville  performance  is 
given  during  the  entire  time  it  is  open  to  the  public.  He 
shall  report  to  and  be  subject  to  the  orders  of  the  Fire 
Marshal  and  shall  see  that  all  fire  apparatus  required  by  this 
Chapter  is  in  its  proper  condition,  ready  for  use,  and  that  all 
exit  doors  are  unlocked  during  the  entire  time  such  building 


is  open  to  the  public,  and  are  all  in  efticient  and  ready  working 
order. 

Such  fireman  and  the  Fire  Marshal  shall  require  all  persons 
employed  in  or  about  such  room  to  be  drilled  in  the  use  of  all 
apparatus  and  appliances  for  the  prevention  of  fire  installed 
therein,  at  least  twice  in  every  week,  and  such  fireman  shall 
report  to  the  Fire  Marshal  the  manner  and  efficiency  of  sucli 
drill.  Such  fireman  shall  report  in  writing  daily  to  the  Fire 
Marshal  the  condition  and  equipment  of  the  building,  or 
portion  thereof,  to  which  he  is  detailed.  No  fireman  shall 
be  on  duty  at  any  one  building  for  a  longer  period  than 
two  weeks. 

The  compensation  to  be  paid  to  the  city  for  the  services 
of  such  city  fireman  so  detailed  shall  be  based  on  the  regular 
salary  paid  by  the  city  to  such  fireman  and  shall  be  computed 
according  to  the  ratio  between  the  number  of  hours  such 
fireman  is  required  by  his  duties  hereunder  to  devote 
to  such  theater  and  the  total  nuiuber  of  hours  such 
fireman  is  employed  by  the  city  for  all  purposes.  All  sums 
received  by  the  city  under  the  provisions  of  this  section  shall 
be  for  the  use  and  benefit  of  tlie  Fire  Department. 

Sec.  312.  Standpipe  and  Hose  on  Stage. — A  standpipe  not 
less  than  one  and  one-half  inches  in  diameter,  with  a  hose 
connection  and  hose  valve  therein,  shall  be  installed  on  each 
side  of  the  stage  in  such  room,  and  shall  at  all  times  have  a 
hose  connected  thereto,  ready  for  use. 

Such  standpipe  shall  be  connected  with  a  power  pump  or 
gravity  tank  so  that  a  sufficient  pressure  of  water  shall  be 
furnished  through  such  standpipe  to  afford  adequate  fire 
protection.  The  pressure  to  be  furnished  by  such  tank  or 
pump   shall  be   satisfactory   to  the  Fire   Marshal. 

Sec.  313.  I'cnts  or  Flue  Pipes. — One  or  more  vents  or 
flue  pipes  of  metal  construction  or  other  incombustible  ma- 
terial approved  by  the  Commissioner  of  Buildings  shall  be 
built  over  the  stage,  and  shall  extend  not  less  than  ten  feet 
above  the  highest  point  of  the  roof,  and  hsall  be  equivalent 
in  area  to  one-twentieth  of  the  area  of  the  stage. 

In  buildings  where  additional  stories  are  built  above  the 
stage,  such  vents  or  flue  pipes  may  be  carried  out  near  the 
top  of  the  stage  walls,  and  shall  be  continued  and  run  up' 
on  the  exterior  of  the  building  to  a  point  five  feet  above  the 
highest  point  of  the  additional  stories. 

All  such  flues  or  vents  shall  be  provided  with  metal  dam- 
pers, and  shall  be  opened  by  a  closed  circuit  battery,  approved 
by  the  City  Electrician. 

Such  dampers  shall  be  controlled  by  two  switches,  one  at 
the  Electrician's  station  on  the  stage,  which  station  shall  be 
fireproof,  and  the  other  at  the  city  fireman's  station  on  the 
opposite  side  of  the  stage ;  such  switches  shall  be  located  in 
such  places  on  the  stage  as  may  be  designated  by  the  Fire 
Marshal,  and  each  switch  shall  have  a  sign  with  plain  direc- 
tions as  to  the  operation  of  same  printed  thereon. 

Sec.  314.  Fuse  Boxes. — All  fuse  boxes  shall  be  sur- 
rounded by  two  thicknesses  of  fireproof  material,  with  an 
air  space  between,  and  no  fuse  shall  be  exposed  to  the  air 
between  the  switchboards ;  all  electrical  equipment  in  such 
rooms  shall  be  installed  and  maintained  to  the  satisfaction 
and  approval  of  the  City  Electrician. 

Sec.  315.  License. — The  amusement  license  for  each  room 
used  for  the  purposes  of  Class  IV  shall  state  the  number  of 
persons  such  room  has  accommodations  for,  which  number 
shall  be  governed  by  the  provisions  of  this  chapter  relating 
thereto,  and  no  more  than  that  number  shall  be  allowed  to  be 
in  such  room  at  any  one  time. 


150 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


No  anuisemfiit  liccnsv  shall  In-  issurd  lor  any  room  used 
lor  till-  purposes  of  Class  l\'  unless  tlie  Coinniissioner  of 
Buildings,  tlic  Fire  Marshal  and  the  City  Klectrician  shall 
lirst  have  certified,  in  writing,  that  such  room  complies  with 
the  provisions  of  this  chapter  in  every  respect. 

Sec.  316.  £.ri/.f — Dinjiniiii  of.  Printed  on  I'ronrtiins — 
Signs  Over. — It  shall  he  the  duty  of  the  owner,  lessee,  or 
manager  of  every  room  used  for  the  purposes  of  Class  IV' 
and  in  which  programs  are  issued  for  performances  given 
therein,  to  cause  to  be  printed  on  such  programs  a  diagram 
showing  conspicuously  the  exits  from  such  room.  The  word 
"Exit"  shall  be  in  letters  at  least  six  inches  high  over  the 
opening  to  every  means  of  egress  from  any  such  room,  and 
in  any  such  room  having  a  greater  seating  capacity  than  four 
hundred,  a  red  light  furnished  by  gas  or  sperm  oil  shall  be 
kept  burning  over  such  word  during  the  entire  period  such 
room  is  open  to  the  public  and  until  the  audience  has  left 
such  room. 

Sec.  317.  All  Paris  of  Room  Well  Lighted  During  Per- 
formanee. — Every  portion  of  any  room  used  lor  the  purposes 
of  Class  IV  and  all  outlets  therefrom  leading  to  the  streets, 
including  the  passageways,  courts  and  corridors,  stairways, 
exits  and  emergency  exit  stairways,  shall  be  well  and  prop- 
erly lighted  during  every  performance,  and  the  same  shall 
be  kept  so  lighted  until  the  entire  audience  has  left  the 
premises ;  and  every  passageway,  or  court,  or  corridor,  or 
stairway,  or  exit,  or  emergency  exit  stairway,  shall  be  pro- 
vided with  signs,  indicating  the  way  out  of  the  building,  tlie 
letters  of  which  shall  not  be  less  than  six  inches  in  height. 

Sec.  318.  /.i,!,'/i/,f  in  llolls.  Corridors  ond  Lohhies.  Control 
of — Sefarote  Shut-Off — Cunneelion  leith  l,\is  Moins — Pru- 
leclion  of  Siisfended  and  Bracket  Linhls — Protection  of 
Lights  Inserted  in  Halls — Protection  of  Fool  Lights — Con- 
struction of  Border  Lights — Duels  and  Shafts  Conducting 
Heated  Air  from  Lights — Protection  of  Stage  Lights. — .All 
gas  or  electric  lights  in  the  halls,  passageways,  corridors, 
lobby  or  other  means  of  ingress  to  or  egress  from  any  such 
room  shall  be  controlled  by  a  separate  shut-off,  located  in 
the  lobby,  and  controlled  only  iii  that  particular  place.  Gas 
mains  supplying  any  such  room  shall  have  independent  con- 
nections for  the  auditorium  and  stage,  and  provision  shall 
be  made  for  shutting  ofT  the  gas  from  the  outside  of  the 
building.  .Ml  suspended  or  bracket  lights  surrounded  by 
glass,  in  the  auditorium,  or  in  any  part  of  any  such  room, 
shall  he  provided  with  proper  wire  netting  underneath.  N'o 
gas  or  electric  light  shall  be  inserted  in  the  walls,  woodw-ork. 
ceilings,  or  in  any  part  of  any  such  room,  uidess  protected 
by  fireproof  materials.  The  footlights,  if  gas  light,  in  addi- 
tion to  the  wire  network,  shall  be  protected  by  a  strong  wire 
guard,  not  less  than  two  feet  distant  from  such  footlights. 
and  the  trough  containing  such  footlights  shall  be  formed  of. 
and  be  surrounderl  by.  fireproof  materials.  .Ml  border  lights 
shall  be  constructed  according  to  the  best  known  methods, 
subject  to  the  approval  of  the  City  Electrician,  and  shall  be 
suspended  by  wire  rope.  .Ml  ducts  and  shafts  used  for 
concluding  heated  air  from  the  main  chandelier,  or  from 
any  other  light  or  lights,  shall  he  constructed  of  metal,  and 
made  double,  with  an  air  space  between.  .Ml  stage  lights, 
if  gas,  shall  have  strong  metal  wire  guards  or  screens,  not 
less  than  ten  inches  in  diameter,  so  conslructeil  that  any 
material  coming  in  contact  therewith  shall  be  out  of  reach 
of  the  flame,  and  such  guards  or  .screens  shall  be  firmly 
soldered  to  the  fixtures  in  all  cases. 

The  use  of  calcium  lights  in  any  hall  or  room  used  rcgu- 
l.irly   for   theatrical   or   \andeville   performances   is   prohibited 


an<l  nil  c.ilcium  lights  shall  lie  permitted  upon  any  stage:  all 
arc  lights  used  on  the  stage  shall  be  subject  to  the  apjiroval 
of  the  City  Electrician. 

.Sec.  3IXa.  It  is  hereby  maile  the  di.ly  of  all  owners,  occu- 
pants or  lessees  of  theaters  or  places  of  .-iinusemeni  to  provide 
separate  dressing  room  or  rooms  for  males  and  females  in 
all  theaters  and  places  of  amusement  where  dressing  room  or 
rooms  are  provicled  underneath,  adj:icenl  to  or  above  the 
stage,  or  elsewhere  in  the  buibling  wherein  said  theater  or 
place  of  amusement  is  located  or  maintained.  The  partitions 
forming  said  <lressing  room  or  rooms,  except  wdiere  already 
built,  shall  be  coiistructeil   with  incombustible  material. 

It  shall  1)e  unlawful  for  any  person,  firm  or  corporation, 
whether  owner,  occupant  or  lessee  of  any  theater  or  place 
of  amusement,  to  permit  the  joint  use  i)y  both  males  and 
females  of  any  dressing  room  either  underneath,  adjacent  lo 
or  above  the  stage,  or  elsewhere  in  the  building  wherein  any 
theater  or  place  of  amusement  is  located  or  maintained. 

Passed  March  22.  1909. 

Sec.  319.  .Ipl'aralns  I'nder  Control  of  l-ire  .Marshal.— '\'\\v 
standiiipes.  hose,  and  all  apparatus  for  the  extinguishing  of 
fire  or  guarding  again.st  the  same,  recpiired  by  the  provisions 
of  this  Chapter  to  be  provided,  shall  be  at  all  times  so  pro- 
vided and  kept  in  a  maimer  satisfactory  to  the  Fire  Marshal. 

Sec.  321).  Scenery  lo  Br  Incombustible. —  No  scenery  or 
stage  paraphernalia  of  any  sort  shall  be  used  upon  the  stage 
of  any  room  useil  for  the  purixises  of  class  IV^.  unless  such 
scenery  and  paraphernalia  shall  have  been  treated  with  a 
paint  or  chemical  solution  which  shall  make  in  non-inflani- 
nialile.  and  which  treated  scenery  or  stage  paraphernalia,  or 
both,  sh.iU  ])c  tested  and  .ipproved  by  the  Fire  .Marshal. 

Two  sets  of  such  scenery  may  be  used  in  existing  buildings 
of  this  class  having  a  seating  capacity  of  less  than  800.  and 
the  main  fioor  of  wliich  is  not  more  than  three  (3)  feel 
above  the  street  level  of  the  street  upon  which  such  1luildin^; 
opens. 

Two  sets  of  such  scenery  may  also  be  allowed  in  existing 
buildings  of  this  class  having  a  seating  capacity  of  over  800 
and  not  over  1,200,  and  the  main  fioor  of  which  is  not  more 
than  three  feet  above  the  street  level  of  the  street  upon 
which  such  building  opens:  provided,  that  the  main  curtain 
opening  in  any  such  room  shall  have  a  wrought  iron  or  steel 
curtain  which  shall  lie  inspected  by  the  Ruilding  Department 
semi-annually,  for  which  insjiection  a  charge  of  two  dollar'- 
shall  be  made. 

.\s  amended  by  ordinance  Feb.   10,   1908. 

Sec.  321.  Commissioner  of  Buildings.  City  Electrician.  Fire 
Marshal  and  Superintendent  of  Police  Emfoz^-cred  to  Enter.— 
The  Connnissioner  of  Buildings.  City  Electrician,  Fire  Mar- 
shal. Superintendent  of  Police,  ;ind  their  respective  assistants, 
shall  have  the  right  to  enter  any  building  used  wholly  or  in 
part  for  the  purposes  of  Class  IV  and  any  and  all  parts 
thereof,  at  any  reasonable  time,  and  at  any  time  when  occu- 
pied by  the  public,  in  order  to  examine  such  building,  and 
it  shall  be  unlawfid  for  any  person  l<i  interfere  with  them 
in  the  performance  of  their  duties. 

Sec.  322.  Pozi-er  of  Officers  to  C7<ij<-.— The  Conmiissioner 
of  Buildings,  Fire  Marshal,  City  Electrician  or  Superintendent 
of  Police,  or  any  one  of  them,  shall  have  the  power,  and  it 
shall  be  their  joint  and  several  duty,  to  order  any  building 
used  wholly  or  in  part  for  the  purposes  of  Class  IV  closed, 
where  it  is  discovered  that  there  is  any  violation  of  any  of 
the  provisions  of  this  article,  until  the  same  are  complied 
with. 


151 


A     HALF    CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


Sec.  323.  License— Mayor  Shall  Revoke— Upon  the  report 
to  the  Mayor  by  the  Commissioner  of  Buildings,  Fire  Mar- 
shal, City  Electrician,  or  Superintendent  of  Police,  or  any  of 
them,  that  any  order  of  requirement  of  this  article  in  regard 
to  buildings  used  wholly  or  in  part  for  the  purposes  of 
Class  IV  has  been  violated  or  is  not  being  complied  with,  in 
any  such  building,  the  Mayor  shall  revoke  the  amusement 
license  of  any  amusement  or  entertainment  therein  conducted, 
and  shall  cause  such  building,  or  portion  thereof,  devoted  to 
the  uses  of  Class  IV,  to  be  closed. 


ARTICLE  VIII. 
PROVISIONS   RELATING   SOLELY    TO   CLASS   V. 

liLTILDINCS    or   CL.^SS    V    NOW    IN   E.XISTENCE. 

In  Class  V  sliall  be  included  every  building  which  is  used 
as  a  public  theater  where  an  admission  fee  is  charged  and 
in  which  movable  scenery  is  used :  provided,  however,  that 
public  halls  and  club  halls,  with  a  seating  capacity  of  less 
than  six  hundred,  although  occasionally  used  for  theatrical 
representations,  shall  not  be  construed  to  be  public  theaters 
within  the  meaning  of  the  term  as  'used  in  this  section, 
notwithstanding  the  fact  that  movable  scenery  is  used  upon 
the  stage  thereof  on  such  occasions,  and  such  public  halls 
and  club  halls  shall  not  be  considered  as  buildings  of  Class  V 
as  herein  defined.  Such  public  halls  and  club  halls  shall  be 
included  in  Class  IV,  as  defined  in  Section  400  of  this  ordi- 
nance. 

Sec.  324.  The  following  provisions  shall  apply  to  buildings 
now  in  existence  and  used  wholly  or  in  part  for  the  purposes 
of  Class  V. 

Sec.  325.  JValls—Oiifside-Slrueliires  Built  Abovc.-The 
outside  walls  of  all  such  buildings,  the  roofs  or  ceilings  of 
which  are  carried  on  trusses  or  girders  of  a  span  of  fifty  feet 
or  more,  shall  be  as  follows ; 

If  such  walls  are  less  than  twenty-five  feet  high,  they  shall 
be  not  less  than  twenty  inches  thick. 

If  they  are  more  than  twenty-five  feet  and  less  than  forty- 
five  feet  high,  they  shall  be  not  less  than  twenty-four  inches 
thick. 

If  they  are  more  than  forty-five  feet  and  less  than  sixty 
feet  high,  they  shall  be  not  less  than  twenty-eignt  inches  thick. 

If  they  are  more  than  sixty  feet  and  less  than  seventy-five 
feet  high,  they  shall  be  not  less  than  thirty-two  inches  thick. 

If  they  are  more  than  seventy-five  feet  and  less  than  ninety 
feet  high,  they  shall  be  not  less  than  thirty-six  inches  thick. 

An  increase  of  four  inches  in  thickness  of  such  walls  shall 
be  made  in  all  cases  where  they  are  over  one  hundred  feet 
long,  without  cross-walls  of  equal  height. 

The  thickness  of  the  walls  enclosing  or  surrounding  rooms 
used  for  the  purposes  of  Class  V,  where  such  rooms  are  less 
than  fifty  feet  wide,  may  be  reduced  by  four  inches. 

If  one  or  more  stories  are  built  above  any  room  devoted 
to  the  uses  of  Class  V,  and  such  stories  are  carried  on  trusses 
or  girders,  the  thickness  of  walls  shall  be  increased  by  four 
inches  for  each  two  stories  or  part  thereof  above  such  room. 

If  solid  masonry  buttresses  are  employed  and  placed 
eighteen  feet  or  less  apart,  and  extended  to  the  foot  of  the 
trusses  or  girders  carrying  the  ceiling,  or  if  iron  or  steel 
columns  are  inserted  in  such  walls  for  the  support  of  the 
superstructure,  and  at  a  distance  not  more  than  twenty-four 
feet  between  centers,  and  if  such  columns  extend  to  and  carry 
the  superimposed  trusses  and  girders,  the  thickness  of  such 
walls  may  be  reduced  in  proportion  to  the  increase  of  strength 


afforded  by  such  buttresses  or  columns,  but  in  no  case  shall 
any  such  wall  be  less  than  twelve  inches  thick  in  the  top 
story,  and  four  inches  shall  be  added,  going  downward,  for 
each  story,  for  each  gallery,  or  for  each  twenty-five  feet  in 
height  of  wall.  Provided,  that  if  in  any  such  building  now 
in  existence  the  structural  parts  thereof  do  not  comply  with 
the  foregoing  requirements  and  structural  changes  are  made 
therein,  then  all  walls,  columns  or  other  structural  parts  shall 
be  strengthened  in  a  manner  satisfactory  to  the  Commissioner 
of  Buildings. 

Sec.  326.  Columns  in  Walls — Alterations. — Amended  l)y 
ordinance  Dec.  2,  1907,  to  read  as  follows ; 

If  iron  or  steel  columns  are  introduced  in  such  walls,  the 
brick  work  around  the  same  shall  be  bonded  into  that  of  the 
connecting  walls,  and  each  of  such  columns  shall  be  fire- 
proofed,  as  provided  in  Section  511  of  this  Chapter.  All 
alterations  in  such  existing  buildings  intended  to  make  them 
comply  with  the  requirements  of  this  chapter  may  be  executed 
with  the  same  kind  of  materials  as  those  originally  used  in 
the  construction  of  such  buildings;  provided,  that  after  the 
said  building  is  brought  into  compliance  with  the  provisions 
of  this  chapter,  then,  all  subsequent  alterations,  enlargements, 
repairs,  replaced  or  strengthened  structural  parts  damaged 
by  fire,  wear  and  tear,  or  otherwise,  shall  be  made  of  fire- 
proof construction,  iron  or  steel  construction,  covered  with 
fireproof  materials,  as  provided  by  Article  XII  of  this  chapter. 

Sec.  327.  Other  Classes  Built  in  Conjunction  luitli  Class  l' 
— Doors  for  Openings  Between  Connecting  Buildings. — In  all 
cases  where  existing  buildings  used  wholly  or  in  part  for  the 
purposes  of  Class  V  are  built  in  conjimction  with  or  as  part 
of  buildings  devoted  to  the  uses  of  other  classes,  and  where 
such  buildings  of  the  other  classes,  as  specified  in  this  chapter, 
are  not  built  entirely  or  fireproof  construction,  double  iron 
doors  shall  be  placed  at  each  connecting  opeiling  between  such 
buildings  of  Class  V.  and  the  building  connected  therewith. 

Sec.  328.  Floor  Levels — Limitations  Of. — The  audience 
ruom  or  rooms  or  auditorium  or  auditoriums  used  for  the 
purposes  of  Class  V,  containing  in  the  aggregate  not  more 
than  five  hundred  seats,  if  in  a  fireproof  building,  may  be 
located  in  any  story  thereof,  but  in  such  case  there  shall  be 
at  least  two  separate  stairways  from  the  floor  or  floors  in 
wiiich  such  audience  room  or  auditorium  is  located  to  the 
ground,  each  of  which  stairways  shall  be  not  less  than  four 
feet  in  width  in  the  clear. 

In  existing  buildings  of  fireproof  construction,  having  an 
audience  room  or  an  auditorium  with  a  seating  capacity  of 
more  than  five  hundred  and  less  than  fifteen,  hundred,  the 
lowest  bank  of  seats  of  the  main  floor  thereof  shall  be  not 
more  than  twelve  feet  above  the  street  level,  and  every  such 
floor  shall  in  all  other  respects  conform  to  the  require- 
ments of  this  chapter.  The  main  floor  of  no  existing  theater 
of  any  construction  other  than  fireproof  sliall  be  raised  above 
its  present  elevation. 

Sec.  329.  Loads — .-llloieanee  for  Live  Loads  in  Construc- 
tion of  Floors  of  Class  1'. — For  all  buildings  of  Class  V,  all 
floors  shall  be  designed  and  constructed  in  such  manner  as 
to  be  capable  of  bearing  in  all  their  parts,  in  addition  to  the 
weight  of  floor  construction,  partitions  and  permanent  fixtures 
and  mechanisms  that  may  be  set  upon  the  same,  a  live  load 
of  one  hundred  pounds  for  every  square  foot  of  surface  in 
such  floors. 

Sec.  330.  Staineays  —  Entrance  and  E.rits.  —  Stairways 
affording  ingress  to  or  egress  from  any  room  or  rooms  used 
for  the  purposes  of  Class  V  shall  be  in  width   equivalent  to 


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A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


iwriily  iiiclus  lor  every  one  Inuulrcd  of  sialiiig  lapacily  "i 
such  room  anil  for  fractional  parts  of  one  lunulreil  a  pro- 
portionate part  of  twenty  inches  of  width  shall  he  aihleil,  hnt 
in  no  event  shall  any  such  stairway  he  less  than  four  feet 
wide  in  the  clear,  except  as  hereinafter  i)rovided  in  this 
section. 

All  such  stairways  shall  have  hand  railings  on  each  side 
thereof  and  shall  not  ascend  a  Rrealer  height  than  thirteen 
feet  si.\  inches  without  a  level  landing,  and  the  length  and 
width  of  such  landing  shall  not  he  less  than  the  width  of 
the  stairs;  no  run  of  stairs  shall  consist  of  less  than  six 
risers  hetween  platforms,  and  risers  shall  not  he  placed  on 
return  platforms.  Stairways  which  are  over  7  feet  wide  shall 
have  douhle  intermediate  handrails,  with  end  newel  posts  at 
least  5!  J  feet  higli. 

Steps  shall  not  have  a  greater  rise  than  seven  and  three- 
eighths  inches,  treads  shall  not  be  narrower  than  eleven 
inches,  anti  winders  shall  not  he  used  on  any  slairc.ise.  except 
where  circular  staircases  are  expressly  permitted. 

In  existing  theaters  each  and  every  hak-ony  and  gallery 
shall  have  separate  and  distinct  entrance  stairways  from  the 
sidewalk  level,  except  that  in  cases  where  tlie  vestibule  or 
entrance  to  any  such  theater  is  not  more  than  fifteen  inches, 
or  two  steps,  above  the  sidewalk  level  and  such  steps  are  at 
or  near  the  building  line,  the  stairways  to  such  balcony  and 
gallery  may  ascend  from  the  floor  of  such  vestibule  or  en- 
trance, but  if  the  run  of  the  stairs  at  the  bottom  is  not 
toward  the  street,  there  shall  he  a  hand  rail  or  rails  three 
feet  above  the  floor,  constructed  from  the  foot  of  such  stair- 
ways for  a  distance  of  not  less  than  live  feel  leading  toward 
the  street.  .-Ml  doors  intervening  between  such  stairways  and 
the  street  shall,  during  each  and  every  performance.  l>e  kept 
unfastened. 

There  shall  be  an  iron  stairway  or  stairways  from  the 
stage  to  the  fly  galleries  and  gridiron,  continuing  to  the  roof 
of  the  building  or  to  some  fireproof  passageway  or  exit.  Such 
stairways  may  be  circular.  Such  circular  stairways,  however. 
shall  not  he  used  for  access  to  the  dressing  rooms. 

Stairs  leading  to  a  box  or  boxes  seating  not  to  exceed 
thirty  people,  in  the  aggregate,  shall  be  independent  of  all 
other  stairs  and  scats  and  not  less  than  two  feet  eight  inches 
wide  in  the  clear.  For  each  additional  twenty-five  of  seating 
capacity,  or  major  portion  thereof,  there  shall  be  an  additional 
width  of  five  inches  added  to  such  stairways. 

.\11  stairways  on  the  stage  side  of  the  proscenium  wall  sb.dl 
be  not  less  than  two  feet  six  inches  wide. 

Instead  of  increasing  the  width  requirKl  for  enlrances, 
aisles,  exits  and  stairways  to  that  required  by  this  chapter, 
ihe  owner,  lessee  or  manager  of  any  such  theater  shall  have 
the  privilege  of  reducing  the  number  of  permanent  scats 
therein  until  the  same  ratio  between  such  width  and  number 
of  seats  as  hereinbefore  provided  for  shall  be  established, 
and  if  such  privilege  be  taken  advantage  of.  it  shall  be  the 
duly  of  the  Commissioner  of  Buildings  to  make  inspection 
aiul  Certify  that  such  ratio  actually  exists  before  a  license  for 
the  operation  of  any  such  theater  shall  he  issued. 

Sec.  331.  Floors  at  Exits. — Floors  at  all  exits  shall  be  so 
designed  as  to  be  level  and  flush  with  adjacent  floors  and 
shall  extend  for  an  unbroken  width  of  not  less  than  four 
feet  in  front  of  each  exit,  and  shall  be  two  feet  wider  than 
such  exit. 

Sec.  332.  Scats  in  l<<):^s  lict-.^rni  . /I'j/c-i.— More  than  ten 
seats  in  any  row  between  aisles  in  any  gallery  shall  not  be 
permitted.  On  the  main  floor  and  balcony,  not  more  than 
eleven  scats  hetween  aisles  shall  be  permitted:  provided,  how- 


ever, that  in  banks  of  seats  no  main  floors  an<l  balconies  that 
.ire  not  :il  a  greater  <listance  than  twenty  feet  from  ;m  exit, 
thirteen  seats  slall  be  permitted  hetween  aisles. 

Se;ils  slall  be  not  less  than  twenty  inches  in  width,  meas- 
ureil  at  the  lop  of  the  seat  backs. 

Rows  of  seats  shall  be  not  less  than  two  feet  eight  inches 
from  back  to  hack. 

.\'o  h.ink  of  seats  shall  be  of  greater  rise  than  tweiily-two 
inches. 

.\ll  groups  of  .seals  shall  be  so  arranged  that  there  shall  be 
,111  aisle  at  each  side  of  each  group,  provided,  however,  that 
groups  of  five  seals  or  less  may  abut  upon  a  tunnel  at  one 
side  and  an  aisle  at  the  other  side. 

The  number  of  banks  of  seats  on  the  main  floor  shall  not 
exceed  fifleeii,  unless  an  intervening  or  cross  aisle  is  pro- 
vided betwein  each  fifteen  banks  of  seats  or  a  direct  exit  is 
provided   for  each  aisle. 

The  number  of  banks  of  seals  in  Ihe  balcony  shall  not 
exceed  nine  unless  an  intervening  or  cross  aisle  is  provided 
lietween  each  nine  lianks  of  seats  or  a  direct  exit  is  provided 
for  each  aisle. 

Sec.  i3X  Tiiiiiirls— Cross  Aislrs — I'crlical  Rise — Foyer. — 
■fhere  shall  be  no  more  than  twelve  feet  rise,  measured 
vertically,  in  any  aisle  in  any  gallery  without  a  direct  exit 
by  tunnel  or  otherwise  to  a  corridor  with  free  opening  on  to 
Ihe  gallery  stairs  or  other  direct  discharge  to  the  street,  or 
at  such  elevation  of  twelve  feet  an  intervening  or  cross  aisle 
leading  directly  to  an  exit.  Xo  tunnel  shall  be  less  than 
three  feet  wide  in  the  clear.  Xo  foyer  shall  be  open  to  the 
iheaUT  pro])cr  except   through   the  exits. 

."set'.  .?.^4.  Moin  Floor — Balcony  and  Gallery — Desinnalion 
()/  — Ibi  I'lwer  floor  of  all  theaters  shall  be  designated  the 
■-.Main   l-'li.or." 

Where  there  are  balconies  or  galleries,  Ihe  first  balcony  or 
gallery  shall  be  designated  the  "Balcony"  and  the  second  and 
third  balcony  or  gallery  shall  be  designated,  respectively, 
"Gallery"  and  "Second  (iallery."  Such  designation  shall  be 
printed  plainly  on  all  admission  tickets. 

Sec.  3.^5.  Aisles.  Corridors  and  I'assaiiezeays — Kel>t  Cn- 
obstrueled — Stel's  in  .lisles. — The  miniinum  width  of  aisles 
w'ith  diverging  sides  in  any  room  or  auditorium  used  for  the 
purposes  of  Class  V  shall  be  two  feet  eight  inches  at  the 
end  near  the  stage  and  not  less  than  three  feet  at  the  other 
end. 

The  Miininniiii  width  of  aisles  with  parallel  sides  shall  be 
three    feet. 

I-^very  aisle  shall  lead  as  nearly  as  possible  directly  to  an 
exit,  but  in  no  case  shall  the  center  line  of  such  exit  be  more 
than  three  feet  from  the  center  line  of  any  such  aisle  leading 
tlicrelo.  Steps  shall  not  be  permitted  in  aisles  except  as 
extending  from  bank  to  bank  of  seats  and  no  riser  shall  be 
greater  than  seven  and  three-eighths  inches,  and  no  tread  shall 
be  less  than  nine  and  one-half  inches,  and  whenever  the  rise 
from  bank  to  bank  of  scats  is  less  than  five  inches,  the  floor 
of  the  aisles  shall  be  made  as  an  inclined  plane,  and  where 
steps  are  placed  in  outside  aisles  or  corridors  they  shall  not 
be  isolated,  but  shall  be  grouped  together  and  a  light  shall 
be  m.iintained  .so  that  every  place  where  there  are  steps  in 
inclosing  aisles  or  corridors  shall  be  clearly  lighted.  .-Ml  aisles, 
passageways,  corridors  and  exits  shall  be  kept  free  from  camp 
stools,  chairs,  sofas  an<l  other  obstructions,  and  no  person 
shall  be  allowed  to  stand  in  or  occupy  any  such  aisles,  pas- 
sageways, corridors  or  exits  during  any  performance,  service, 
exhibition,  lecture,  concert  or  any  public  assemblage. 


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A     HALF    CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


Sec.  336.  Corridors.  Passagcivays,  Hallways  and  Doors — 
Width  Of. — The  width  of  corridors,  passageways,  hallways 
and  doors  shall  be  computed  in  the  saine  manner  as  that 
hereinbefore  provided  for  stairways,  excepting,  however,  that 
no  corridor  shall  be  anywhere  less  than  four  feet  in  width, 
and  no  door  less  than  three  feet  wide,  except  as  otherwise 
herein  provided. 

All  corridors,  passageways,  hallways  and  stairways  leading 
from  any  balcony  or  gallery  to  any  toilet  room,  retiring  room, 
smoking  room,  check  room  or  private  office,  shall  permit  of 
free  passage,  without  returning  to  an  outer  exit  of  the  build- 
ing. Such  corridors,  passageways,  hallways  and  stairways 
shall  be  at  least  three  feet  in  width  in  every  part  between 
such  balcony  or  gallery  and  such  outer  exit,  and  shall  be 
unobstructed  in  every  part  except  by  doors,  not  less  than 
three  feet  in  width  in  the  clear,  which  shall  swing  outward 
.ind  which  shall  not  be  provided  with  locks  or  catches  of  any 
kind  whatever. 

Sec.  i37.  Doors — Entrance. — The  entrance  doors  to  every 
theater  shall  be  of  sufficient  width  to  accommodate  the  entire 
audience,  computed  on  the  basis  of  twenty  incites  in  width 
in  the  clear  to  each  hundred  permanent  seats,  and  in  addition 
thereto  a  proportionate  part  of  twenty  inches  for  a  fractional 
part  of  each  one  hundred  seats  in  the  audience  room  or 
auditorium. 

No  mirrors  shall  be  so  arranged  as  to  give  the  appearance 
of  a  doorway,  e.xit,  hallway  or  corridor,  when  no  such  door- 
way, exit,  hallway  or  corridor  is  really  in  existence,  nor  shall 
there  be  any  false  doors  or  windows  giving  the  appearance 
of  an  opening  where  none  really  exits. 

Walls — Ledges. — See  Section  588. 

Doors  and  Windows — When  Required  to  be  Closed — Fire- 
resisting  Glass. — Sec  .Section  632. 

Sec.  338.  Emergency  Exits — Width — Emergency  Stairs — 
Width — Emergency  Exits  Inside  Walls  of  Buildings — Fire 
Escapes,  Construction — Fire  Escapes  Leading  to  Street  or 
Alley — Doors  Open  OutK'ard. — Emergency  exits  and  stair- 
ways shall  be  provided  separately  for  each  floor,  balcony  and 
gallery.  They  shall  be  of  the  same  aggregate  width  as  that 
provided  for  the  main  exits,  and  no  emergency  exit,  doorway 
or  stairway  shall  be  less  than  three  feet  in  width.  Such  emer- 
gency stairways  shall  be  made  of  iron,  steel  or  other  incom- 
bustible materials.  Sixh  emergency  exits  shall  be  kept  free 
of  obstructions  of  any  kind,  including  snow  and  ice. 

Such  emergency  exits  and  stairways  may  be  built  inside 
the  walls  of  the  building,  provided  they  are  surrounded  by  a 
fireproof  partition  not  less  than  four  inches  thick  separating 
the  exits  and  stairways  from  the  audience  room  nr  audi- 
torium. 

If  said  emergency  exits  lead  outside  the  building,  the  open- 
ing leading  thereto  shall  have  metal  frames  filled  with  wire 
glass  doors  opening  outward,  hung  from  the  inside  corner 
of  the  jambs,  and  so  constructed  as  not  to  project,  when 
opened,  beyond  the  outside  face  of  the  wall.  Outside  shutters 
will  not  be  permitted,  except  when  the  same  shall  open 
automatically  from  the  interior,  without  resistance,  and  when 
used  or  opened  will  automatically  fasten,  securely,  flat  against 
the  wall,  so  as  not  to  in  any  way  obstruct  the  passage  on 
the  Offside;  all  sucli  automatic  devices  or  attachments  to  said 
doors  to  be  subject  to  the  ai  prova!  of  the  Commissioner  of 
Buildings  and  the  Fire  Marshal  of  the  City  of  Chicago. 

As  amended  Oct.  22,   1906. 

Whenever  any  such  emergency  stairway  passes  over  an  exit 
door  or  window  or  other  opening,  such  stairway  shall  be 
completely  inclosed  for  a  space  of  five  feet  greater  in  width 


than  such  opening  liy  iron,  steel  or  other  incombustible  ma- 
terial. 

All  such  emergency  exits  and  stairways  shall  land  at  the 
ground  level  in  a  public  thoroughfare  or  in  some  space  that 
connects  directly  with  a  street  or  alley  and  direct  and  im- 
mediate exit  to  such  public  thoroughfare  shall  not  be  ob- 
structed by  any  doors,  gates,  bars  or  other  obstruction  of 
any  character. 

Every  court  in  which  there  is  an  emergency  stairway  shall 
have  direct  and  unobstructed  access  along  the  surface  of  the 
ground  to  a  street,  alley  or  yard  opening  into  an  alley  or 
street,  without  entering  into  or  passing  through  or  over  any 
building  unless  by  a  four-foot  wide  fireproof  passage  on  the 
court  or  ground  level. 

All  doors  in  openings  from  any  and  all  exits  and  stairways 
shall  be  so  constructed  that  when  opened  they  shall  not 
obstruct  any  portion  of  any  other  doorway,  opening  or  pas- 
sageway. 

All  doors  affording  ingress  to  or  egress  from  any  theater 
shall  open  outward  upon  suitable  hinges. 

Sec.  339.  E.rit  Doors — Particulars  as  To. — Exit  doors  shall 
not  be  obscured  by  draperies  and  shall  not  be  locked  or 
fastened  in  any  manner  during  the  entire  time  such  theater 
is  open  to  the  public,  so  as  to  prevent  them  from  being  easily 
opened  outwardly ;  and  such  door  shall  be  so  constructed  and 
maintained  as  to  require  no  special  knowledge  or  effort  to 
open  them   from  the  interior. 

Sec.  340.  Wall — Brick  Proscenium  Wall  Bctiveen  Audi- 
torium and  Stage — Steel  Curtain  Fireproof ed  on  Stage  Side — 
No  Combustible  Material  on  Audience  Side — Plans  for  Cur- 
tain— Permit  from  Building  Department — Inspection — Fee. — 
There  shall  be  in  every  theater  a  solid  brick  wall  of  the  same 
construction  and  thickness  as  is  required  in  outside  walls 
between  the  auditorium  and  the  stage.  The  maiti  proscenium 
opening  shall  have  a  substantial  steel  curtain  vertically  oper- 
ated and  fireproofcd  on  the  stage  side,  which  shall  be  raised 
and  lowered  by  mechanical  power  and  which  shall  be  in  con- 
stant use  as  tlie  regular  curtain  and  act  drop. 

No  combustible  material  other  than  painted  decorations 
shall  be  applied  to  the  audience  side  of  such  curtains. 

Plans  for  such  curtain  shall  be  approved  by  the  building 
department  and  a  permit  obtained  for  its  erection.  The 
building  department  shall  inspect  such  curtain  semi-annually, 
for  which  inspection  a  fee  of  two  ($2)  dollars  shall  be 
charged. 

All  other  openings  in  such  proscenium  wall  shall  have  iron 
doors,  frames  and  thresholds. 

Sec.  341.  Stage.  Construction  Of — Fireproof  Paint — Scenery 
— IJow  Treated. — The  framing  of  the  floor  of  every  stage 
shall  be  of  iron  or  steel.  The  stage  floor  may  be  of  wood,  but 
shall  not  be  less  than  two  and  three-fourths  inches  thick.  The 
entire  floor  construction  and  floor  of  fly  galleries,  rigging 
lofts  and  paint  gallery,  all  railings  and  supports  and  stan- 
chions thereon,  and  all  sheaves,  pulleys  and  cables  and  their 
supports  shall  be  of  iron  or  steel.  All  woodwork,  including 
the  under  side  of  floor  boards,  and  all  framing  for  scenery 
used  on  or  about  the  stage  shall  be  coated  with  a  fireproof 
paint,  the  qualities  of  which  shall  be  submitted  to  and  ap- 
proved by  the  Commissioner  of  Buildings.  All  wood  used 
for  floor  and  floor  supports  shall  be  coated  on  the  under  side 
with  the  same  kind  of  paint. 

No  scenery  or  stage  paraphernalia  of  any  sort  shall  be  used 
upon  the  stage  of  any  room  used  for  the  purposes  of  Class  V, 
unless  such  scenery  and  paraphernalia  shall  have  been  treated 
with   a  paint  or  chemical   solution  which   shall   make  it  non- 


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A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


iiiH;miin;il)lc.  Jiiid  wliicli  trialcd  sci'iuTy  or  staj-c  parapluT- 
nalia.  or  hotli.  shall  he  lostod  and  approved  by  thi-  Firr 
>rarshal. 

Sec.  342.  I'l-slibult-  of  Slagc  Doors. — All  doorways  or  open- 
ings in  the  rear  or  sides  of  tlic  stage  shall  be  vestihulcd  or 
protected  in  a  manner  satisfactory  to  the  Commissioner  of 
Buildings,  so  as  to  protect  the  curtain,  scenery  and  auditorium 
against  drnnghts  of  air. 

Sec.  343.  I  ill  Is.  l-'hii-  I'iffS.  Sice  Of—Duiiil'iis—SiCilflu-s 
for  Diiiiifcrs. — One  or  more  vents  or  Hue  pipes,  of  metal  con- 
struction, or  other  incombustible  material  suitable  for  carry- 
ing away  smoke,  approved  by  the  Commissioner  of  Huildings, 
and  extending  not  less  than  fifteen  feet  above  the  highest 
point  of  the  roof,  and  equivalent  in  area  to  one-twentieth  of 
the  area  of  the  stage,  shall  be  built  over  the  stage. 

In  buildings  where  additional  stories  are  built  above  the 
stage,  such  vents  or  Hue  pipes  may  be  carried  out  near  the 
top  of  the  stage  walls  and  shall  be  continued  and  run  up  on 
the  exterior  of  the  building  to  a  point  five  feet  above  the 
highest  point  of  such  additional  stories. 

All  sucli  flues  or  vents  shall  be  provided  willi  metal  damp- 
ers, and  shall  be  opened  by  a  closed  circuit  battery  approved 
by  the  city  electrician :  such  dampers  shall  be  controlled  by 
two  switches,  one  at  the  electrician's  station  on  the  stage, 
which  station  shall  be  fireproof,  and  the  other  at  tlie  city 
fireman's  station  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  stage ;  such 
switches  shall  be  located  at  such  places  on  the  stage  as  are 
designated  by  the  fire  marshal,  and  each  shall  have  a  sign 
with  plain  directions  as  to  the  operation  of  same  printed 
thereon. 

All  fuse  boxes  shall  l)e  surrounded  l)y  two  thicknesses  of 
fireproof  material,  with  an  air  space  lietween,  and  no  fuses 
shall  he  exposed  to  the  air  between  the  switchboards. 

Sec.  344.  .Aiitoiiuilii  .Sfriitklcrs — Locution  Of — Tonk — Con- 
nections.— There  shall  be  provided  an  approved  system  of 
automatic  sprinklers,  with  approved  automatic  closed  circuit 
electric  devices  connecting  the  valves  regulating  the  flow  of 
water  in  the  various  sprinkler  pipes,  with  the  headquarters 
of  the  city  fire  alarm  telegraph  and  such  other  place  or  places 
as  the  Fire  Mar.shal  shall  direct,  so  arranged  as  to  prevent 
any  tampering  with  the  system  or  the  shutting  oflf  of  the 
water  from  the  sprinkler  pipes  without  automatic  notice  to 
the  fire  department. 

Such  system  of  automatic  sprinklers  shall  I)e  supplied  with 
water  from  a  tank  located  not  less  than  twenty  feet  above 
the  level  of  the  highest  sprinkler  head  in  the  system,  and  it 
shall  be  the  duty  of  the  fireman  provided  for  in  this  chapter 
to  include  in  his  daily  report  the  result  of  an  inspection  to 
determine  the  sufliciency  of  water  in  this  tank.  .Automatic 
sprinklers  shall  be  placed  in  the  paint  room,  store-room, 
property  room,  scene  storage  room,  carpenter  shop  and  dress- 
ing rooms,  if  such  rooms  are  in  or  connected  with  a  building 
used  for  the  purposes  of  Class  V,  such  tank  shall  not  be  con- 
nected with  a  standpipe  and  ladder  system,  but  shall  be  filled 
through  a  separate  pipe  from  a  fire  pump,  and  a  three-inch 
iron  pipe  shall  extend  from  such  tank  to  the  outsfile  of  such 
building,  with  Siamese  connections  for  fire  department  use. 
Such  entire  automatic  sprinkler  system  and  equipment  and 
the  location  thereof  shall  be  subject  to  the  approval  of  the 
Fire   Marshal. 

.Sec.  345.  l-irc  .Ift'oiatiis  on  .Sloiic — Hand  I'irc  I'uinps— 
Fire  .\hilcrials — Hot  Air  Furnaces. — .A  standpipe  not  less 
than  two  and  one-half  inches  in  diameter,  having  a  hose  valve 
or  valves  thereon,  shall  be  installed  on  each  si<le  of  the  stage. 


with  a  hose  connection  at  the  stage  and  at  each  level  above 
and  below  the  stage,  and  hose  connected  thereto  at  each  valve 
ready  for  use  at  all  times.  Such  standpipe  shall  be  connected 
with  ;i  tank  on  the  roof  containing  not  less  than  three  thou- 
sand g.illons  of  water,  protected  from  frost,  and  also  with  a 
power  puni]),  all  of  which  shall  be  subject  to  the  approval 
(if  the  l-"ire  Marshal.  Portable  fire  extinguishers  or  hand  fire 
pumps  shall  always  be  kept  ready  for  use  on  and  under  the 
stage ;  in  fly  galleries  an<l  in  rigging  lofts,  and  in  additions 
thereto  ;it  least  four  fire  department  axes  and  six  pike  poles 
shall  be  kept  ready  for  use  on  each  tier  or  floor  of  the  stage, 
all  of  whicli  shall  be  subject  to  tlu-  approval  of  ihe  Fire 
Marshal. 
The  Use  of  ordinary  hoi  air  furnaces  or  stoves  is  prohibited. 

Sec.  346.  li.vits — Diaarain  Of,  Printed  on  Program. — It 
sh;dl  be  the  duty  of  the  owner,  lessee  or  manager  of  any 
theater,  for  any  performance  in  which  programs  are  issued, 
to  cause  to  be  printed  on  such  programs,  on  the  page  opposite 
that  upon  which  the  cast  is  printed,  a  diagram  showing  con- 
spicuously all  exits  of  such  building.  .\  diagram  of  seats  of 
e.ich  floor,  and  the  exits  leading  from  eacli  floor  drawn  to  a 
scale  of  one-eighth  inch  to  tlie  foot,  shall  be  hung  in  a  frame 
within  two  feet  of  the  ticket  seller's  window  and  so  as  to  he 
easily  seen  by  the  public. 

Sec.  .347.  Lighting — !iulef>cndent  Lighting  System  for  E.rils 
— Red  Liglit  Over  E.vits. — .Ml  stairways  and  corridors  shall  be 
supplied  with  a  supplementary  lighting  system  of  electricity, 
gas  or  sperm  oil.  and  such  system  shall  be  independent  of 
all  other  lights  in  such  building  and  shall  be  in  operation 
during  the  entire  period  such  theater  is  open  to  the  public 
and  until  the  audience  has  left  the  building.  The  word 
"F'.XIT"  shall  be  in  letters  :it  least  six  inches  bigli  over  the 
opening  to  every  means  of  egress  from  such  theater  and  a 
red  light  furni.shed  by  gas  or  sperm  oil  shall  be  kept  burning 
over  such  word  "EXIT"  at  every  .such  opening,  during  the 
entire  period  such  theater  is  open  to  tlie  pu1)lic  and  until  Ihe 
audience  has  left  the  building. 

Sec.  348.  fire  .Alarm  .-Ipfaratiis. — Every  theater  shall  be 
provided  with  an  .ipproved  system  of  automatic  or  manual 
fire  alarm  telegraph  apparatus,  connected  by  the  necessary 
wires  with  the  headquarters  of  the  city  fire  alarm  telegraph, 
and  such  other  place  or  places  as  the  Fire  Marshal  may  direct. 
The  number  and  location  of  the  boxes  and  the  character  of 
the  system,  whether  automatic  or  manual,  or  both,  shall  be 
determined  by  the  Fire  Marshal. 

Sec.  349.  Firemen— Emt>loymenl  0/—/)h/;<\«.— Amended  by 
ordinance,  June  8,  1908,  to  read  as  follows : 

It  shall  be  the  duty  of  every  person,  firm  or  corporation 
conducting,  operating  or  maintaining  a  theater  to  procure  at 
his,  their  or  its  own  expense,  the  attendance,  at  each  and 
every  performance,  of  one  lireman  who  shall  be  detailed  by 
the  h^ire  Mar.shal  from  the  regular  City  Fire  Department;  he 
shall  be  in  the  uniform  of  Ihe  Chicago  Fire  Department  and 
he  shall  be  on  duty  at  such  theater  during  the  entire  time 
it  is  open  to  the  public,  lie  shall  report  to  and  be  subject 
to  the  orders  of  the  Fire  Marshal  and  shall  see  that  all  fire 
apparatus  required  by  this  Chapter  is  in  its  proper  condition, 
ready  for  use  and  that  all  exit  doors  are  unlocked  during 
Ihe  entire  time  such  theater  is  open  to  the  public  and  are  all 
in  efficient  and  ready  working  order.  During  the  performance 
he  shall  remain  on  the  stage  and  shall  generally  perform 
such  duties  as  may  be  required  of  him  by  ihe  rules  and 
regulations  of  the  F^ire  Department  governing  firemen  detailed 
at  theaters. 


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It  shall  also  be  the  duty  of  every  person,  firm  or  corpora- 
tion conducting,  operating  or  maintaining  a  theater  to  employ 
in  addition  to  the  fireman  hereinbefore  provided  for,  one 
other  experienced  and  competent  person  as  a  private  watch- 
man or  fireman  who  shall  be  approved  by  the  Fire  Marshal 
and  who  shall  be  in  distinctive  uniform  and  shall  be  on  duty 
at  such  theater  during  the  entire  time  it  is  open  to  the  public. 
Such  private  watchman  or  fireman  shall  report  and  be  subject 
to  the  orders  of  the  Fire  Marshal  and  it  shall  be  his  duty  to 
see  that  the  provisions  of  this  Chapter  are  complied  with  in 
all  portions  of  the  theater  occupied  and  used  by  the  public, 
and  that  all  exit  doors  are  unlocked  during  the  entire  time 
such  theater  is  open  to  the  public,  and  in  efficient  and  ready 
working  order.  The  city  fireman  and  Fire  Marshal  shall  re- 
quire a  drill  of  the  employes  of  such  theater,  including  such 
private  watchman  or  fireman,  in  the  use  of  all  apparatus  and 
appliances  for  the  prevention  of  fire  inside  the  building  and 
the  saving  of  life,  at  least  twice  in  every  week,  and  such 
city  fireman  shall  report  to  the  Fire  Marshal  the  manner  and 
efficiency  of  such  drill.  Such  city  fireman  shall  report  in 
writing  daily  to  the  Fire  Marshal  the  condition  and  equip- 
ment of  the  theater  to  which  he  is  detailed.  No  city  fireman 
shall  be  on  duty  at  any  one  theater  for  a  longer  period  than 
two  weeks. 

The  compensation  to  be  paid  the  city  for  the  services  of 
such  city  fireman  so  detailed  shall  be  based  on  the  regular 
salary  paid  by  the  city  to  such  fireman,  and  shall  be  computed 
according  to  the  ratio  between  the  number  of  hours  such 
fireman  is  required  by  his  duties  hereunder  to  devote  to  such 
theater  and  the  total  number  of  hours  such  fireman  is  em- 
ployed by  the  city  for  all  purposes.  All  sums  received  by  the 
city  under  the  provisions  of  this  section  shall  be  for  the  use 
and  benefit  of  the  Fire  Department. 

Sec.  350.  Aiinisc'iiiciit  License. — The  amusement  license 
issued  for  each  theater  shall  state  the  number  of  permanent 
seats  the  theater  contains,  which  number  shall  be  governed 
by  the  provisions  of  this  ordinance  relating  thereto,  and  no 
more  than  that  number  of  persons  shall  be  permitted  to  be 
in  such  theater  at  any  one  time. 

No  license  for  the  operation  of  a  theater  will  be  issued  un- 
less the  Commissioner  of  Buildings,  Fire  Marshal  and  the 
City  Electrician  shall  first  have  certified,  in  writing,  that  such 
theater  complies  with  the  provisions  of  this  chapter  in  every 
respect. 

Sec.  351.  Lighting— All  Parts  IVclI  Lighted  Dnring  Per- 
formances.— Every  portion  of  any  theater  devoted  to  the  use 
or  accommodation  of  the  public  and  all  outlets  therefrom 
leading  to  the  streets,  including  all  open  courts,  corridors, 
stairways,  exits  and  emergency  exit  stairways,  shall  be  well 
and  properly  lighted  during  every  performance,  and  the  same 
shall  remain  lighted  until  the  entire  audience  has  left  the 
premises. 

Sec.  352.  Lights — Control  of  Lights  in  Halls,  Corridors  and 
Lobbies — Separate  Shut-off^Connections  zcith  Gas  Mains — 
Indej^endent  Connections  —  Protection  of  Suspended  and 
Bracket  Lights — Protection  of  Lights  Inserted  in  Walls — 
Protection  of  Footlights — Construction  of  Border  Lights — 
Ducts  and  Shafts  Conducting  Heated  Air  from  Lights—Gas 
Stage  Lights  to  Have  Metal  Screens. — All  gas  or  electric 
lights  in  the  halls,  corridors,  lobbies  or  any  part  of  any  the- 
ater used  by  the  audience,  except  the  auditorium,  shall  be 
controlled  by  a  separate  shut-ofT,  located  in  the  lobby,  and 
controlled  only  in  that  particular  place.  Gas  mains  supplying 
such  theater  shall  have  independent  connections  for  the  audi- 


torium and  the  stage,  and  provision  shall  be  made  for  shut- 
ting oft  the  gas  from  the  outside  of  the  building.  All  sus- 
pended or  liracket  lights  surrounded  by  glass  in  the  audi- 
torium, or  in  any  other  part  of  the  theater,  shall  be  provided 
with  proper  wire  netting  underneath.  No  gas  or  electric 
lights  sliall  be  inserted  in  the  walls,  woodwork,  ceilings,  or  in 
any  part  of  the  theater,  unless  protected  by  fireproof  ma- 
terials. In  case  gas  is  used  the  footlights,  in  addition  to  the 
wire  network,  shall  be  protected  by  a  strong  wire  guard  not 
less  than  two  feet  distant  from  such  footlights,  and  the 
trough  containing  such  footlights  shall  be  formed  of  and 
surrounded  by  fireproof  material.  All  border  lights  shall  be 
constructed  according  to  the  best  known  method,  and  subject 
to  the  approval  of  the  Fire  Marshal  and  the  City  Electrician, 
and  shall  be  suspended  by  wire  rope.  All  ducts  and  shafts 
used  fo.-  conducting  heated  air  from  the  main  chandelier,  or 
from  any  other  light  or  lights,  shall  be  constructed  of  metal 
and  made  double,  with  an  air  space  between.  All  gas  stage 
lights  shall  have  strong  metal  wire  guards  or  screens  not  less 
than  ten  inches  in  diameter,  so  constructed  that  any  material 
coming  in  contact  therewith  shall  be  out  of  reach  of  the 
flames  of  such  lights,  and  such  guards  or  screens  shall  be 
soldered  to  the  fixtures  in  all  cases. 

The  use  of  calcium  lights  in  any  theater  is  prohibited.  All 
arc  lights  used  on  the  stage  shall  at  all  times  be  subject  to 
the  approval  of  the  city  electrician,  and  no  arc  lights  shall 
be  used  on  any  stage  unless  approved  by  said  city  electrician. 

Sec.  353.  Fire  Apparatus — Under  Control  of  Fire  Depart- 
ment.— The  standpipes,  automatic  sprinklers,  gas  pipes,  electric 
wires,  hose,  footlights,  fire  alarm  boxes,  fireproof  proscenium 
curtain,  switch  boxes,  ventilators,  controlling  levers,  axes  and 
pike  poles,  and  all  apparatus  for  the  extinguishing  of  fire  or 
guarding  against  the  same,  as  provided  for  by  this  chapter, 
shall  be  made  and  kept  at  all  times  in  condition  satisfactory 
to  and  under  the  control  of  the  Fire  Marshal. 

Sec.  354.  Officers  E)npowered  to  Enter  Buildings. — The 
Commissioner  of  Buildings,  Fire  Marshal,  City  Electrician, 
Superintendent  of  Police,  or  any  of  them,  and  their  respective 
assistants,  shall  have  the  right  to  enter  any  building  used 
wholly  or  in  part  for  the  purposes  of  Class  V,  and  any  and 
all  parts  thereof,  at  any  reasonable  time,  and  at  any  time 
when  occupied  by  the  public,  in  order  to  examine  such  build- 
ings ;  to  judge  of  the  condition  of  the  same  and  to  discharge 
their  respective  duties,  and  it  shall  be  unlawful  for  any  per- 
son to  interfere  with  them,  or  any  of  them,  in  the  perform- 
ance of  their  duties. 

Sec.  355.  The  Commissioner  of  Buildings,  Fire  Marshal, 
City  Electrician  or  Superintendent  of  Police  Shall  Close 
Buildings  for  Violations. — The  Commissioner  of  Buildings, 
Fire  Marshal,  City  Electrician  and  the  Superintendent  of 
Police,  or  any  one  of  them,  shall  have  the  power  and  it  shall 
be  their  joint  and  several  duty,  to  order  any  building  used 
wholly  or  in  part  for  the  purposes  of  Class  V,  closed,  where 
it  is  discovered  that  there  is  any  violation  of  any  of  the 
provisions  of  this  chapter  and  keep  same  closed  until  such 
provisions  are  complied  with. 

Sec.  356.  License — Mayor  Shall  Revoke. — Upon  a  report 
to  the  Mayor  by  the  Commissioner  of  Buildings,  Fire  Mar- 
shal, City  Electrician  or  the  Superintendent  of  Police  that  any 
requirement  of  this  chapter,  or  that  any  order  given  by  them 
or  any  of  them  in  regard  thereto  has  been  violated,  or  not 
complied  with,  the  ^Nlayor  shall  revoke  the  license  of  any 
such  theater  or  place  of  amusement  so  reported  and  cause 
the  same  to  be  closed. 


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lIllLlilXCS   OF   CLASS    V    HKREAFTEK   KRKCTKl). 

Sec.  357.  The  following  provisions  shall  apply  to  buildings 
hereafter  erected  and  used  wholly  or  in  part  for  tlic  purposes 
of  Class  V. 

Sec.  358.  It'iills—Oiilsiil,-  lliills—Slni,lun'S  Built  Above. 
— The  outside  walls  of  all  such  buildings,  the  roofs  or  ceilings 
of  which  are  carried  on  trusses  or  girders  of  a  span  of  fifty 
feet  or  more,  shall  be  as  follows : 

If  such  walls  are  less  than  twenty-five  feet  liigli  they  shall 
not  he  less  than  twenty  inches  thick. 

If  they  are  more  than  twenty-five  feet  and  less  than  forly- 
fivo  feci  high  they  shall  he  not  less  than  twenty-four  inclies 
thick. 

It  they  are  more  than  forty-live  feet  and  less  llian  sixty 
feel  high  they  shall  he  not  less  than  twenty-eight  inches  thick. 

If  they  are  more  than  sixty  feet  and  less  than  seventy-five 
feet  high  they  shall  be  not  less  than  thirty-two  inches  thick. 

If  they  are  more  than  seventy-five  feet  and  less  than  ninety 
feel  high,  they  shall  be  not  less  than  thirty-six  inches  thick. 

.\n  increase  of  four  inches  in  thickness  of  such  walls  shall 
be  made  in  all  cases  where  they  are  over  one  hundred  feet 
long  without  cross  walls  of  equal  height. 

The  thickness  of  the  enclosing  or  surrounding  walls  of 
rooms  used  for  the  purposes  of  Class  V,  where  such  rooms 
are  less  than  fifty  feet  wide,  may  be  reduced  by  four  inches. 

If  one  or  more  stories  are  built  above  any  room  devoted 
to  the  use  of  Class  V,  and  such  stories  are  carried  on  trusses 
or  girders,  the  thickness  of  walls  shall  be  increased  by  four 
inches  for  each  two  stories  or  part  thereof  above  such  room. 

If  solid  masonry  buttresses  are  employed  and  placed 
eighteen  feet  or  less  apart,  and  extended  to  the  foot  of  the 
trusses  or  girders  carrying  the  ceiling,  or  if  iron  or  steel 
columns  are  inserted  in  such  walls  for  the  support  of  the 
superstructure,  and  at  distances  not  tiiore  than  twenty-four 
feet  between  centers,  and  if  .such  columns  extend  to  and  carry 
the  superimposed  trusses  or  girders,  the  thickness  of  such 
walls  may  be  reduced  in  proportion  to  the  increase  of  strength 
aflforded  by  such  buttresses  or  columns,  but  in  no  case  shall 
any  such  w-all  be  less  than  twelve  inches  thick  in  the  top 
story,  and  four  inches  shall  be  added,  going  downward,  for 
each  story,  for  each  gallery,  or  for  each  twenty-five  feet  in 
height  of  wall. 

Sec.  359.  Columns  in  IWitls. — If  iron  or  steel  columns  are 
introduced  in  such  walls,  the  ])rickwork  around  such  colunms 
shall  be  bounded  into  the  brickwork  of  the  connecting  wall, 
and  each  of  such  columns  shall  1)e  fireproofed,  as  provided  in 
Section  511   of  this  chapter. 

Walls  Around  Stairs,  Elevators  and  Shafts. — See  Section 
588. 

Sec.  360.  Construction — Frunla'^c — Open  Spaces  and  En- 
closed Passages. — All  buildings  hereafter  erected  and  used 
wholly  or  in  part  for  the  purposes  of  Class  V  shall  be  built 
entirely  of  fireproof  construction  and  shall  be  located  so  that 
they  adjoin  at  least  two  public  thoroughfares,  one  of  which 
shall  be  a  public  street,  and  the  other  may  be  a  public  alley 
not  less  than  ten  HO)   feet  in  width. 

.Ml  floors,  balconies  and  galleries  of  the  audience  room  of 
every  theater  shall  have  open  spaces  or  fireproof  passageways 
on  the  three  sides  other  than  the  proscenium ;  and  on  each 
of  the  two  opposite  sides  other  than  the  back  and  proscenium 
of  every  stage  there  shall  be  open  spaces  or  fireproof  passage- 
ways, and  such  open  spaces  or  fireproof  passageways  shall 
open  on  or  connect  directly  with  the  public  thoroughfares. 


All  open  spaces  shall  not  l)e  less  than  ten  (,10)  feet  in  width 
and  all  fireproof  passageways  shall  not  be  less  than  eight  (S) 
feet  in  width,  and  shall  be  outside  of  the  audience  room,  and 
shall  be  kept  and  maintained  free  and  clear  of  obstructions 
of  any  and  all  kinds  at  any  and  all  times. 

Provided,  however,  that  where  said  theater  does  not  seat 
more  than  (wi;  hundred  persons  on  the  main  floor,  the  width 
of  such  fireproof  passageway  on  each  side  of  the  auditorium 
on  the  main  floor  may  be  reduceil  to  \wq  feet  for  that  portion 
of  passageway  immediately  adjoining  the  auditorium. 

Tlie  width  of  such  passageways  shall  be  increased  twelve 
(12)  inches  for  each  100  ailditional  seating  capacity  or  frac- 
tion thereof  of  such  main  floor,  until  the  maximum  now 
required  by  law,  namely,  eight  (8)  feet,  is  reached,  but  m. 
such  passageway  shall  be  less  than  five  (5)  feel  in  width  in 
this  class. 

.\s  amended   Xov.  25,   1907. 

.\1I  open  spaces  shall  be  open  and  unobstructed  from  the 
floor  or  pavement  of  such  space  to  the  sky,  with  the  exception 
tliat  emergency  stairs  and  emergency  balconies  may  be  built 
in  such  open  spaces.  The  entire  floor  of  every  open  space 
shall  1)e  level  or  inclined;  the  incline  shall  not  exceed  two  (2) 
inches  in  height  for  each  one  foot  of  horizontal  measurement. 

If  one  or  more  fireproof  passageways  are  required  on  one 
side  of  the  stage,  then  the  fireproof  passageways  of  each  floor 
and  the  balcony  and  each  gallery  of  the  auilience  room  shall 
be  continued  through  the  stage  house  as  fireproof  passage- 
ways to  an  open  space  or  public  thoroughfare,  and  from  the 
end  of  each  such  fireproof  passageway  there  shall  be  doors 
or  stairs,  or  both,  which  shall  be  arranged  so  as  to  afford  a 
safe  exit  for  the  audience  of  .such  theater  to  the  pavement 
of  the  public  thoroughfares,  and  if  fireproof  passageways  are 
required  on  both  sides  of  the  stage,  then  they  shall  be  ar- 
ranged and  connected  with  all  of  the  fireproof  passageways 
on  both  sides  of  the  audience  room  in  the  same  manner  as 
descril)ed  for  lireproof  passageways  when  these  are  required 
only  on  one  side  of  the  stage. 

The  fireproof  passageways  for  the  main  floor  may  pass 
under  the  stage  floor. 

Provided,  however,  tlial  wliere  there  is  no  public  thorough- 
fare or  open  space  at  llie  back  of  the  stage  and  on  one  side 
of  the  stage,  then  the  fireproof  passageways  for  the  main 
floor  shall  be  on  the  stage  floor  and  shall  be  built  along  that 
side  of  the  stage  on  which  there  is  no  public  thoroughfare  and 
across  the  back  of  the  stage  to  one  of  the  public  thorough- 
fares, and  the  fireproof  passageways  for  tlie  balcony  and  the 
fireproof  passageways  for  the  galleries  shall  each  be  buili 
along  the  side  of  the  stage  and  across  the  back  of  the  stage, 
in  a  continuation  of  the  balcony  and  gallery  floor  level  to  a 
public  thoroughfare. 

The  fireproof  passageways  of  the  different  floors,  of  the 
lialcony  and  of  the  galleries,  shall  be  indcpen<lent  of  each 
other  and  shall  not  be  connected  with  each  other  in  any 
manner. 

No  doors  or  other  openings  e.\cept  entrance  doors  from  the 
audience  room  or  exit  doors  to  a  thoroughfare  shall  be  in 
the  walls  of  a  fireproof  passageway;  and  all  such  doors  shall 
be  so  arranged  that  when  open  they  shall  not  obstruct  the 
passage. 

The  walls  of  a  fireproof  passageway  shall  be  not  less  than 
four  (4)  inches  thick,  and  each  and  every  part  of  such 
passageway,  including  each  and  all  of  its  supports,  shall  he 
built  of  fireproof  construction  as  required  in  the  general  pro- 
visions relating  to  fireproof  construction  of  this  chapter. 

Radiators  for  warming  passageways  sliall  be  in  recesses. 


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There  shall  he  no  steps  or  risers  in  a  lireproof  passageway, 
liiit  where  necessary  inclined  floors  of  the  full  width  of  the 
lireproof  passageways  may  be  built;  the  incline  of  the  floor 
shall  not  exceed  two  and  one-half  (2y2)  inches  in  height  per 
foot,  measured  horizontally,  and  no  such  incline  shall  be  less 
than  ten  (10)  feet  in  length.  No  fireproof  passageway  shall 
be  less  than  eight  (8)  feet  high  in  any  part  thereof,  except 
at  doors,  and  these  shall  not  be  less  than  seven  (7)   feet  high. 

If  the  principal  entrance  corridor  of  a  theater  is  at  one  side 
of  the  audience  room,  then  the  center  line  extended  of  such 
principal  entrance  shall  intersect  the  center  axis  of  the  stage 
and  the  audience  room  between  the  back  of  the  seat  most 
remote  from  the  stage  on  said  center  axis  of  the  stage  and 
the  audience  room,  and  a  point  midway  between  such  seat  and 
the  wall  opposite  the  proscenium  wall. 

Sec.  361.  Buildings  of  Other  Classes  Built  in  Conjunction 
With  Class  V— Construction  Of.—li  buildings  used  wholly  or 
in  part  for  purposes  of  Class  V  are  built  in  conjunction  with 
or  as  part  of  buildings  devoted  to  the  uses  of  other  classes, 
then  such  buildings  of  other  classes  shall  be  built  entirely  of 
fireproof  construction. 

Sec.  362.  Floor  Leeds— Limitation  Of.— In  all  cases  where 
the  floors  of  the  auditorium  of  any  theater  in  any  such  build- 
ing of  Class  V  are  banked  or  stepped  up.  the  floor  level  of 
the  lowest  bank  shall  not  be  above  the  sidewalk  level. 

All  floors  shall  be  designed  and  constructed  in  such  manner 
as  to  be  capable  of  bearing  in  all  their  parts,  in  addition  to 
the  weight  of  floor  construction,  permanent  fixtures  and 
mechanisms  that  may  be  set  upon  the  same,  a  live  load  of 
one  hundred  pounds  for  every  square  foot  of  surface  in  such 
floors. 

The  audience  room  or  rooms  or  auditorium  or  auditoriums 
used  for  the  purposes  of  Class  V  containing,  in  the  aggre- 
gate, not  more  than  five  hundred  seats,  if  in  a  fireproof 
building,  may  be  located  in  any  story  thereof,  but  in  such 
case  there  shall  be  at  least  two  separate  stairways  from  the 
floor  or  floors  in  which  such  audience  room  or  auditorium  is 
located  to  the  ground,  each  of  which  stairways  shall  be  not 
less  than  four  feet  in  width  in  the  clear. 

Sec.  363.  Slairzeays — Entrances  and  Exits. — Stairways  af- 
fording ingress  to  or  egress  from  any  room  used  for  the 
purposes  of  Class  V  shall  be  in  width  equivalent  to  twenty 
inches  for  every  one  hundred  of  seating  capacity  of  such 
room,  and  for  fractional  parts  of  one  hundred  a  proportionate 
part  of  twenty  inches  of  width  shall  be  added,  but  in  no  event 
shall  any  such  stairway  be  less  than  four  feet  wide  in  the 
clear,  except  as  hereinafter  provided. 

All  such  stairways  shall  have  hand  railings  on  each  side 
thereof,  and  shall  not  ascend  a  greater  height  than  thirteen 
feet  six  inches  without  a  level  landing,  and  the  length  and 
width  of  such  landing  shall  be  not  less  than  the  width  of  the 
stairs ;  no  run  of  stairs  shall  consist  of  less  than  six  risers 
between  platforms,  and  risers  shall  not  be  placed  on  return 
platforms.  Stairways  which  are  over  seven  feet  wide  shall 
have  double  intermediate  handrails  with  end  newel  posts  at 
least  five  and  a  half  feet  high. 

Steps  shall  not  have  a  greater  rise  than  seven  and  three- 
eighths  inches,  treads  shall  be  not  narrower  than  eleven  inches, 
and  winders  shall  not  be  used  on  any  staircase. 

Each  and  every  balcony  and  gallery  shall  have  separate  and 
distinct  entrances  and  stairways  from  the  sidewalk  level.  The 
bottom  run  of  the  stairs  shall  be  directly  toward  the  street. 
Such  stairs  may  ascend  from  the  vestibule  or  entrance  inside 
of  the  building,  but  the  bottom  riser  of  such  stairs  shall  be 
not    more    than    sixty-five    feet    from    the    building   line.      All 


doors  between  such  stairs  and  the  street  shall  be  kept  un- 
locked and  unfastened  during  each  and  every  performance 
and  until  the  audience  has  left  the  building. 

There  shall  be  an  iron  stairway  or  stairways  from  the  stage 
to  the  fly  gallery  and  gridiron,  continuing  to  the  roof  of  the 
building  or  to  some  fireproof  passageway  or  exit.  Such 
stairways  may  be  circular.  Such  circular  stairways,  however, 
shall  not  be  used  for  access  to  the  dressing  rooms. 

Stairs  leading  to  a  box  or  boxes  seating  not  to  e.xceed 
thirty  people  in  the  aggregate  shall  be  independent  of  all 
other  stairs  and  seats,  and  not  less  than  two  feet  eight  inches 
wide  in  the  clear.  For  each  additional  twenty-five  of  seating 
capacity  or  major  portion  thereof  in  such  box  or  boxes  there 
shall  be  an  additional  five  inches  in  width  of  such  stairway. 

All  stairways  on  the  stage  side  of  the  proscenium  wall  shall 
be  not  less  than  two  feet  six  inches  wide. 

Sec.  364.  floors  at  Exits — Seating.-  ^"loors  at  all  exits 
shall  be  so  designed  as  to  be  level  and  flush  with  adjacent 
floors  and  shall  extend  for  an  unbroken  width  of  not  less 
than  four  feet  in  front  of  each  exit,  and  shall  be  two  feet 
wider  than  such  exit. 

More  than  ten  seats  in  any  one  row  between  aisles  shall 
not  be  lawful. 

Seats  shall  be  not  less  than  twenty-two  inches  in  width, 
measured  at  the  top  of  the  seat  backs. 

Rows  of  seats  shall  not  be  less  than  two  feet  ten  inches 
from  back  to  back. 

Xo  bank  of  seats  shall  have  a  greater  rise  than  twenty-two 
inches. 

All  groups  of  seats  shall  be  so  arranged  that  there  shall 
be  an  aisle  at  each  side  of  each  group,  provided  groups  of 
five  seats  or  less  may  abut  upon  a  tunnel  at  one  side  and  an 
aisle  at  the  other  side. 

The  number  of  banks  of  seats  on  the  main  floor  shall  not 
exceed  fifteen,  unless  an  intervening  or  cross  aisle  is  provided 
between  each  fifteen  banks  of  seats  or  a  direct  exit  is  pro- 
vided for  each  aisle.  The  number  of  banks  of  seats  in  the 
"balcony"  shall  not  e.xceed  nine,  unless  an  intervening  or 
cross  aisle  is  provided  between  each  nine  banks  of  seats  or  a 
direct  exit  is  provided   for  each  aisle. 

Sec.  365.  Tunnels — Cross  Aisles — Vertical  Rise — Foyer. — 
There  shall  be  no  more  than  eleven  feet  rise,  measured  ver- 
tically, in  any  aisle  in  any  gallery  without  a  direct  exit  by 
tunnel  or  otherwise,  to  a  corridor  with  free  opening  on  to 
the  gallery  stairs  or  other  direct  discharge  to  the  street,  or 
at  any  such  elevation  of  eleven  feet  an  intervening  or  cross 
aisle  leading  directly  to  an  exit.  Xo  tunnel  shall  be  less  than 
three  feet  wide  in  the  clear. 

X'o  foyer  shall  be  open  to  the  theater  proper  except  through 
the  exits. 

Sec.  366.  .1/(7/);  Floor — Inilcony  and  Gallery — Designation 
Of. — The  lower  floor  shall  be  designated  the  "Main  floor." 

Where  there  are  balconies  or  galleries  the  first  balcony  or 
gallery  shall  be  designated  the  "Balcony,"  and  the  second 
and  third  balcony  or  gallery  shall  be  designated,  respectively, 
"Gallery"  and  "Second  Gallery."  Such  designation  shall  be 
printed  plainly  on  all  admission  tickets. 

Sec.  367.  .Aisles  and  Passageicays — Keft  Unobstructed — 
Steps  in  Aisle:.. — The  mininnun  width  of  aisles  with  diverg- 
ing sides  in  any  room  or  auditorium  used  for  the  purposes 
of  Class  V  shall  be  two  feet  eight  inches  at  the  end  near  the 
stage,  and  not  less  than  three  feet  at  the  other  end. 

The  minimum  width  of  aisles  with  parallel  sides  shall  be 
three  feet. 


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A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


Evory  aisle  shall  leail  directly  lu  an  exit.  Steps  shall  not 
be  permitted  in  aisles  except  as  extending  from  hank  to  bank 
of  scats,  and  no  riser  shall  be  more  than  seven  and  three- 
eighths  inches  in  height,  and  no  tread  shall  be  less  than  ten 
inches  in  width,  and  whenever  the  rise  from  bank  to  l)ank 
of  seats  is  less  than  live  inches,  the  floor  of  the  aisles  shall 
he  made  as  an  inclined  plane :  and  where  steps  are  placed  in 
outside  aisles  or  corridors  they  shall  not  he  isolateil.  Imt  shall 
he  grouped  together,  and  a  light  shall  he  maintained  so  that 
every  place  where  there  are  steps  in  enclosing  aisles  or  cor- 
ridors shall  be  clearly  lighted.  .Ml  aisles,  passageways,  cor- 
ridors and  exits  shall  he  kept  free  from  camp  stools,  chairs, 
sofas  and  other  obstructions,  and  no  person  shall  be  allowed 
to  stand  in  or  occupy  any  such  aisles,  passageways,  corridors 
or  exits  during  any  performance,  service,  exhibition,  lecture, 
concert  or  at  any  public  assemblage. 

Sec.  .368.  Corridors — t'ossuncMiys — l/allz^vys  and  Doors — 
H'idlli  of  Entrance  Doors. — The  width  of  corridors,  passage- 
ways, hallways  and  doors  shall  be  computed  in  the  same  man- 
ner as  that  hereinliefore  provided  for  stairways,  excepting, 
however,  that  no  corridors  sliall  l)e  anywhere  less  tlian  four 
feet  in  width  and  no  doorway  less  than  three  feel  wide. 
except  as  otherwise  herein  provided. 

All  corridors,  passageways,  hallways  and  stairways  leading 
from  any  balcony  or  gallery  to  any  toilet  room,  retiring  room. 
smoking  room,  cloak  room,  check  room  or  private  office  shall 
permit  of  free  passage,  without  returning,  to  an  outer  exit  of 
the  building.  Such  corridors,  passageways,  hallways  and 
stairways  shall  be  at  least  throe  feet  in  width  in  every  part 
between  such  balcony  or  gallery  and  such  outer  exit,  and  shall 
be  unobstructed  in  every  part,  except  by  doors  not  less  than 
three  feet  in  width  in  the  clear,  which  shall  swing  outward 
and  which  shall  not  be  provided  with  locks  or  catches  of  any 
kind  whatever. 

The  entrance  doors  to  every  tlieater  shall  be  of  sufficient 
width  to  accommodate  the  entire  audience,  coniputeil  on  the 
basis  of  twenty  inelies  of  width  in  the  clear  to  eacli  one 
hundred  permanent  seals  or  proportionate  part  thereof  in 
the  audience  room  or  auditorium  of  such  theater,  and  all 
doors  shall  be  so  arranged  that  when  open  they  sliall  not 
obstruct  any  corridor  or  passage  whatsoever  into  which  they 
open. 

\o  mirrors  shall  be  so  arranged  as  to  give  llie  appearance 
of  a  doorway,  exit,  hallway  or  corridor,  when  no  such  door- 
way, exit,  hallway  or  corridor  is  really  in  existence,  nor  shall 
there  be  any  false  doors  or  windows  giving  the  appearance 
of  an  opening  where  none   really  exists. 

Sec.  369.  Hntcrgcniy  Exits.  Width — Emergency  Stairs, 
ll-'idlh — Emergency  E.vits  Inside  Walls  of  Bnildings — Fire 
Escal>es  Construction — Fire  Escofcs  Leading  to  Street  or 
.illey — Doors  Ol>cn  OK/ri'orrf.— F.mergency  exits  and  stairways 
shall  be  provided  separately  for  each  floor,  balcony  or  gallery. 
They  shall  be  of  the  same  size  as  that  provided  for  tlie  main 
exits,  and  no  emergency  exit,  doorway  or  stairway  sliall  be 
less  than  three  feet  in  width.  Such  emergency  stairway  sliall 
be  made  of  iron,  steel  or  other  incoml)Ustible  material.  Sucii 
emergency  exit  shall  be  kept  free  of  obstructions  of  any  kind, 
including  snow  and  ice. 

Such  emergency  exits  and  stairways  may  be  built  inside  the 
walls  of  the  building,  provided  they  are  surrounded  by  a  lire- 
proof  partition  not  less  than  four  inches  thick,  separating  the 
exits  and  stairways  from  the  audience  room  or  auditorium. 

If  such  emergency  exits  lead  outside  the  building,  the  open- 
ings leading  thereto  shall  have  metal  door  frames  and  metal 
doors  with  panels  filled  with  fire-resisting  glass,  opening  out- 


ward, hung  from  the  inside  corner  of  the  janib.s,  and  so 
constructed  as  not  to  project  when  opened  beyond  the  outside 
face  of  the  wall,  and  outer  shutters  shall  not  be  permitted. 

Whenever  any  such  emergency  stairway  passes  over  an  exit 
or  door  or  window  or  other  opening,  such  stairway  shall  be 
completely  enclosefl  for  a  space  of  live  feel  greater  in  width 
than  such  opening,  by  iron,  steel  or  other  incombustible  ma- 
terial. 

.\11  such  emergency  exits  and  stairway^  >hall  land  at  the 
ground  level  in  a  jiublic  thoroughfare  or  in  some  space  that 
connects  directly  with  a  street  or  alley,  and  direct  and  im- 
mediate exit  to  such  public  thoroughfare  shall  not  be  ob- 
structed by  any  door,  gate,  bars  or  other  obstruction  of  any 
character. 

Every  court  in  which  there  is  an  emergency  stairway  shall 
liave  direct  .Mid  unobstructed  access  along  the  surf.ice  of  the 
ground  to  a  street,  alley  or  yard  opening  into  an  alley  or 
street  without  entering  into  or  passing  through  or  over  any 
building  unless  by  a  four-foot  wide  fireproof  passage  on  the 
court  or  ground  level. 

.Ml  doors  in  openings  from  emergency  exits  and  stairways 
shall  be  so  constructed  that  when  opened  they  will  not  ob- 
struct any  portion  of  any  other  doorway,  opening  or  passage- 
way. 

.Ml  doors  affording  ingress  to  or  egress  from  any  theater 
shall  open  outward  upon  .suitable  hinges. 

Exit  doors  shall  not  be  obscured  by  draperies  and  shall  not 
lie  locked  or  fastened  in  any  manner  during  the  entire  time 
such  theater  is  open  to  the  public,  so  as  to  prevent  them 
from  being  easily  opened  outwardly :  and  such  doors  shall  be 
so  constructed  and  maintained  as  to  require  no  special  knowl- 
edge or  effort  to  open  them  from  the  interior. 

Sec.  370.  Wall — liriclc — I'rosceninm  Bef.eeen  Auditorium 
and  Stage — Steel  Curtain  Fire[iroofed  on  Stage  Side- — .\o 
Combustible  Material  on  Audience  Side — Plans  for  Curtain — 
Permit  from  Building  Department — Insfieelion  Fee. — There 
shall  be  a  solid  lirick  wall  of  the  same  construction  and  thick- 
ness as  is  required  in  the  outside  walls  of  the  building  in 
which  such  lliealer  is  located,  between  the  auditorium  and 
tlie  stage. 

The  main  proscenium  opening  shall  have  a  vertically  oper- 
ated steel  curtain  which  shall,  when  it  is  lowered,  completely 
close  such  proscenium  opening.  The  curtain  shall  be  raised 
and  lowered  liy  mechanical  power,  other  than  hand  power, 
as  the  regular  curtain  and  act  drop  each  and  every  time  there 
is  an  audience  in  the  theater. 

The  lowering  of  the  curtain  shall  be  controlled  from  not 
less  than  two  points  in  the  building,  one  of  which  shall  be 
designated  by  the  Commissioner  of  Buildings. 

The  curtain  shall  have  a  steel  covering  on  the  outer  or 
auditorium  side.  The  stage  side  covering  shall  be  of  a  non- 
conducting substance  of  such  a  thickness  and  such  material 
as  shall  stand  a  test  of  two  thousand  degrees  F.  on  the 
stage  side  for  fifteen  minutes  and  without  heating  the  opposite 
side  to  a  higher  temperature  than  three  hundred  and  fifty 
degrees  F. 

All  metal  work  willi  llie  exception  of  the  fr.iiiu-  -ball  be 
covered  with  a  non-conducting  substance  on  the  stage  side. 

The  curtain  shall  operate  vertically  in  steel  guides  of  such 
a  cross  section  that  the  edges  shall  engage  and  secure  the 
edges  of  the  curtain  and  prevent  the  curtain  from  le.iving  the 
guiding  channel  or  channels  if  the  curtain  should  lend  to 
buckle  or  hag  either  inward  or  outward.  N'o  metal  in  the 
guide  channels  or  in  the  engaging  edge  of  the  curtain  shall 
be  less  than  three-eighths  (  >.sl  of  an  inch  thick.  The  joints 
of  the  curtain  with   llie  proscenium  wall,  with   the  -lage  floor 


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A    HALF    CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


and  with  the  head  of  the  opening  shall  be  made  gas  tight  as 
nearly  as  practicable. 

The  calculations  for  the  strength  of  the  curtain,  the  curtain 
guides  and  the  guide  anchors,  and  the  workmanship  shall 
be  according  to  the  best  modern  engineering  practice,  the 
stresses  in  the  material  and  in  the  various  sections  of  steel 
shall  be  within  the  safe  limits  of  stress  described  in  this 
ordinance. 

No  part  of  a  curtain  or  of  the  curtain  guides  shall  be 
supported  by  or  fastened  to  any  combustible  material. 

The  supports  of  the  curtain  and  the  curtain  guides  and 
edges  and  the  curtain  shall  be  of  sufficient  strength  to  safely 
resist  a  pressure  of  twenty  (20)  pounds  for  each  and  every 
square  foot  of  the  curtain,  either  inward  or  outward,  if  such 
curtain  does  or  does  not  bag. 

No  combustible  material  other  than  painted  decorations 
shall  be  applied  to  the  audience  side  of  any  such  curtain. 

Plans  for  every  such  curtain  shall  be  approved  by  the 
Building  Department  and  a  permit  obtained  for  its  erection. 
The  Building  Department  shall  inspect  such  curtain  semi- 
annually, and  for  each  such  inspection  a  fee  of  two  ($2) 
dollars  shall  be  charged. 

All  other  openings  in  such  proscenium  wall  shall  have  self- 
closing,  regulation  standard  iron  fire  doors  and  iron  frames 
and  thresholds ;  such  doors  and  frames  shall  be  built  in  such 
a  manner  as  to  resist  warping. 

Sec.  371.  Slagc,  Construction  of — Fireproof  Paint — 
Scenery — How  Treated. — The  framing  of  the  floor  of  every 
stage  shall  be  of  iron  or  steel  or  fireproof  material.  The 
stage  floor  may  be  of  wood,  but  shall  not  be  less  than  two 
and  three-fourths  inches  thick.  The  entire  floor  con- 
struction and  floor  or  fly  galleries,  rigging  lofts  and  paint 
galleries,  all  railings  and  supports  and  stanchions  thereon, 
and  all  sheaves,  pulleys  and  cables  and  their  supports,  shall 
be  if  iron  or  steel.  All  woodwork,  including  the  under  side 
of  floor  boards,  and  all  framing  for  scenery  used  on  or  about 
the  stage  shall  be  coated  with  a  fireproof  paint,  the  qualities 
of  which  shall  be  submitted  to  and  approved  by  the  Com- 
missioner of  Buildings,  All  wood  used  for  floor  and  floor 
supports  shall  be  coated  on  the  under  side  with  the  same  kind 
of  paint. 

No  scenery  or  stage  paraphernalia  of  any  sort  shall  be 
used  upon  the  stage  of  any  room  used  for  the  purposes  of 
Class  V  unless  such  scenery  and  paraphernalia  shall  have 
been  treated  with  a  paint  or  chemical  solution  which  shall 
make  it  noninflammable,  and  which  treated  scenery  or  stage 
paraphernalia,  or  both,  shall  be  tested  and  approved  by  the 
Fire  Marshal. 

Sec.  372.  Vestibules  for  Stage  Doors. — All  doorways  or 
openings  in  the  rear  or  sides  of  the  stage  shall  be  vestibuled 
or  protected  in  a  manner  satisfactory  to  the  Commissioner 
of  Buildings,  so  as  to  protect  the  curtain,  scenery  and  audi- 
torium against  draughts  of  air. 

Sec.  373.  Structures  Over  Ceiling — Construction. — If  any 
structure  is  built  over  the  ceiling  or  roof  of  any  theater,  the 
dififerent  members  of  the  girders  or  trusses  supporting  same 
shall  have  their  fireproofing  double  in  the  manner  prescribed 
for  columns  of  fireproof  buildings  as  specified  in  the  General 
Provisions  of  this  chapter. 

Sec.  374.  ]' cuts—Size  Of— Flue  Pipes— Dampers— 
Szcitclies  for  Dampers. — One  or  more  vents  or  flue  pipes  of 
metal  construction,  or  other  incombustible  material,  suitable 
for  carrying  away  smoke,  and  approved  by  the  Commissioner 
of  Buildings,  and  extending  not  less  than  fifteen  feet  above 


the  highest  point  of  the  roof,  and  equivalent  in  area  to  one- 
twentieth  of  the  area  of  the  stage,  shall  be  built  over  the 
stage. 

In  buildings  where  additional  stories  are  built  above  the 
stage,  such  vents  or  flue  pipes  may  be  carried  out  near  the 
top  of  the  stage  walls,  and  shall  be  continued  and  run  up 
on  the  exterior  of  the  building  to  a  point  five  feet  above  the 
highest  point  of  such  additional  story. 

All  such  flues  or  vents  shall  be  provided  with  metal 
dampers,  and  shall  be  opened  by  a  closed  circuit  battery, 
approved  by  the  City  Electrician. 

Such  dampers  shall  be  controlled  by  two  switches,  one  at 
the  electrician's  station  on  the  stage,  which  station  shall  be 
fireproof,  and  the  other  at  the  city  fireman's  station,  on  the 
opposite  side  of  the  stage;  such  switches  shall  be  located  in 
such  places  on  the  stage  as  are  designated  by  the  Fire 
Marshal,  and  each  shall  have  a  sign  with  plain  directions  as 
to  the  operation  of  the  same  printed  thereon. 

All  fuse  boxes  shall  be  surrounded  by  two  thicknesses  of 
fireproof  material,  with  an  air  space  between,  and  no  fuses 
shall  be  exposed  to  the  air  between  the  switchboards. 

Sec.  375.  Automatic  Sprinklers — Location — Tank — Con- 
nections.— There  shall  be  provided  an  approved  system  of 
automatic  sprinklers  with  approved  automatic  closed  circuit 
electric  devices  connecting  the  valves,  regulating  the  flow  of 
water  into  the  various  sprinkler  pipes  with  the  headquarters 
of  the  city  fire  alarm  telegraph,  and  such  other  place  or 
places  as  the  Ffre  Marshal  shall  direct,  so  arranged  as  to 
prevent  any  tampering  with  the  system  or  the  shutting  off  of 
the  water  from  the  sprinkler  pipes  without  automatic  notice 
to  the  fire  department. 

Such  system  of  automatic  sprinklers  shall  be  supplied  with 
water  from  a  tank  located  not  less  than  twenty  feet  above 
the  level  of  the  highest  sprinkler  head  in  the  system,  and  it 
shall  be  the  duty  of  the  firemen  provided  for  in  this  chapter 
to  include  in  their  daily  report  the  result  of  an  inspection  to 
determine  the  sufficiency  of  water  in  this  tank.  Automatic 
sprinklers  shall  be  placed  in  the  paint  room,  store  room, 
property  room,  scene  storage  room,  carpenter  shop  and 
dressing  rooms,  if  such  rooms  are  in  or  connected  with  a 
building  used  for  the  purposes  of  Class  V.  Such  tank  shall 
not  be  connected  with  a  standpipe  and  ladder  system,  but  it 
shall  be  filled  through  a  separate  pipe  from  a  fire  pump,  and 
a  three-inch  iron  pipe  shall  extend  from  such  tank  to  the 
outside  of  such  building  with  Siamese  connections  for  fire 
department  use.  Such  entire  automatic  sprinkler  system  and 
equipment  and  the  location  thereof  shall  be  subject  to  the 
approval  of  the  Fire  Marshal. 

Sec.  376.  Fire  Apparatus  on  Stage — Hand  Fire  Pumps — 
Fire  Materials — Hot  Air  Furnaces. — A  standpipe  not  less 
than  three  inches  in  diameter,  having  a  hose  valve  or  valves 
thereon  shall  be  installed  oti  each  side  of  the  stage  with  a 
hose  connection  at  the  stage  and  at  each  level  above  and 
below  the  stage,  and  hose  connected  thereto  at  each  valve 
ready  for  use  at  all  times.  Such  standpipes  shall  be  con- 
nected with  a  tank  on  the  roof  containing  not  less  than  three 
thousand  gallons  of  water,  protected  from  frost,  and  such 
tank  shall  be  connected  with  and  supplied  by  a  power  pump, 
all  of  which  shall  be  subject  to  the  approval  of  the  Fire 
Marshal.  Portable  fire  extinguishers  or  hand  fire  pumps 
shall  always  be  kept  ready  for  use  on  and  under  the  stage, 
in  fly  galleries  and  in  rigging  loft,  and  in  addition  thereto 
at  least  four  fire  department  axes  and  si.x  pike  poles  shall  be 
kept  ready  for  use  on  each  tier  or  floor  of  the  stage,  all  of 
which  shall  be  subject  to  the  approval  of  the  Fire  Marshal. 


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A     HALF     CENTURY      OF    CHICAGO      BUILDING 


Tlic  use  of  ortlinary  liol  ;iir  fiiriiacos  or  stoves  is 
prohibited. 

Sec.  377.  Exits — Diii!;ntiii  of — I'rinlcd  on  I'roaraiiis. — It 
shall  be  the  duty  of  the  owner,  lessee  or  manager  of  any 
theater,  for  any  perforniance  in  which  programs  are  issued, 
to  cause  to  be  printed  on  such  programs  on  the  page  opposite 
that  on  which  the  cast  is  printed,  a  diagram  showing  con- 
spicuously all  exits  of  such  building.  .\  diagram  of  seats  on 
each  tloor.  and  the  exits  leadirig  from  each  Hour,  drawn  to 
a  scale  of  one-eighth  inch  to  the  foot,  sh.dl  be  hung  in  a 
frame  within  two  feet  of  the  ticket  seller's  window  and  so  as 
to  be  easily  seen  by  the  public. 

Sec.  378.  Iiidcpciidriit  Lighting  System  for  Exits — Red 
Light  Over  Exits. — .Ml  stairways  and  corridors  shall  be 
supplied  with  a  supplementary  lighting  system  of  electricity, 
gas  or  sperm  oil,  and  sucji  system  shall  be  independent  of  all 
other  lights  in  such  building,  and  shall  be  in  operation  during 
the  entire  period  such  theater  is  open  to  the  public  and  until 
the  audience  has  left  the  building.  The  word  "E.XIT"  shall 
be  in  letters  at  least  six  inches  high  over  the  opening  to  every 
means  of  egress  from  such  theater  and  a  red  light,  furnished 
by  gas  or  sperm  oil,  shall  be  kept  burning  over  such  word 
"EXIT"  at  every  such  opening,  during  the  entire  period  such 
theater  is  open  to  the  pulilic  and  until  the  audience  has  left 
the  building. 

Sec.  379.  Fire  Alarm  Apparatus. — Every  theater  shall  be 
provided  with  an  approved  system  of  automatic  or  manual 
lire  alarm  telegraph  apparatus,  connected  by  the  necessary 
wires  with  the  headquarters  of  the  city  fire  alarm  telegraph 
and  such  other  place  or  places  as  the  Fire  Marshal  shall 
direct.  The  number  and  location  of  the  bo.xes  and  the 
character  of  the  system,  wliether  automatic  or  manual  or 
both,  shall  be  determined  by  the  Fire  Marshal. 

Sec.  380.  Firemen — Employment  of — Duties — .\niended  by 
ordinance  June  8,  1908,  to  read  as  follows : 

It  shall  be  the  duty  of  every  person,  finn  or  corporation 
conducting,  operating  or  maintaining  a  theater  to  procure  at 
his,  their  or  its  own  expense,  the  attendance  at  each  and  every 
performance,  of  one  fireman  who  shall  be  detailed  by  the  Fire 
Marshal  from  the  regular  City  Fire  Department ;  be  shall 
be  in  the  uniform  of  the  Chicago  Fire  Department  and  be 
shall  be  on  duty  at  such  theater  during  the  entire  time  it  is 
open  to  the  public.  He  shall  report  to  and  be  subject  to  the 
orders  of  the  Fire  Marshal  and  shall  see  that  all  fire 
apparatus  required  by  this  Chapter  is  in  its  proper  condition, 
ready  for  use  and  that  all  e.xit  doors  are  unlocked  during 
the  entire  time  such  theater  is  open  to  the  puljlic  and  are 
all  in  efficient  and  ready  working  order.  During  the  per- 
formance he  shall  remain  on  the  stage  and  shall  generally 
perform  such  duties  as  may  be  required  of  him  by  the  rules 
and  regulations  of  the  Fire  Department  governing  firemen 
detailed  at  theaters. 

It  shall  also  be  the  duty  of  every  person,  firm  or  corpor- 
ation conducting,  operating  or  maintaining  a  theater  to 
employ,  in  addition  to  the  fireman  hereinbefore  provided  for, 
one  other  experienced  and  competent  person  as  a  private 
watchman  or  fireman  who  shall  be  approved  by  the  Fire 
Marshal  and  who  shall  be  in  distinctive  uniform  and  shall 
be  on  duty  at  such  theater  during  the  entire  time  it  is  open 
to  the  public.  Such  private  watchman  or  fireman  shall  report 
and  be  subject  to  the  orders  of  the  Fire  Marshal  and  it  shall 
be  his  duty  to  see  that  the  provisions  of  this  Chapter  are 
complied  with  in  all  portions  of  the  theater  occupied  and  used 
by  the  public,  and  that  all  exit  doors  are  unlocked  during  the 


entire  time  such  theater  is  open  to  the  public,  and  in  efficient, 
and  ready  working  order.  The  city  fireman  and  Fire 
Marshal  shall  require  a  drill  of  the  employes  of  such  theater, 
including  such  private  watchman  or  fireman,  in  the  use  of 
all  apparatus  and  appliances  for  the  prevention  of  fire  inside 
the  building  and  the  saving  of  life,  at  least  twice  in  every 
week,  and  such  city  fireman  shall  report  to  the  l-'ire  Marshal 
the  manner  and  efficiency  of  such  drill.  Such  city  lireman 
shall  report  in  writing  daily  to  the  Fire  Marshal  the  condition 
and  equipment  of  the  theater  to  which  he  is  detailed.  No 
city  fireman  shall  be  on  <luly  at  any  one  theater  for  a  longer 
period  than  two  weeks. 

The  compensation  to  be  paid  the  city  for  the  services  of 
such  city  fireman  so  detailed  shall  be  based  on  the  regular 
salary  paid  by  the  city  to  such  fireman  and  shall  be  computed 
according  to  the  ratio  between  the  number  of  hours  such 
fireman  is  required  by  his  duties  hereunder  to  devote  to  such 
theater  and  the  total  number  of  hours  such  fireman  is 
employed  by  the  city  for  all  purposes.  .All  sums  received  by 
the  city  under  the  provisions  of  this  .section  shall  be  for  the 
use  ;in(l  benefit  of  the  Fire  Department. 

Sec.  381.  Amusement  Lieense. — The  amusement  license 
issued  for  each  theater  shall  state  the  number  of  permanent 
seats  it  contains,  whicli  numl)cr  shall  be  governed  by  the  pro- 
\  isions  of  this  chapter  relating  thereto,  and  no  more  than  that 
nunil)er  of  persons  shall  be  permitted  in  such  theater  at  any 
one  time. 

Xo  license  for  the  operation  of  a  theater  shall  be  issued 
unless  the  Commissioner  of  Buildings,  Fire  Marshal  and  City 
Electrician  shall  first  have  certified,  in  writing,  that  such 
theater  complies  with  tlie  provisions  of  this  chapter  in  every 
respect. 

Sec.  382.  Lighting— All  Parts  Well  Lighted  During  Per- 
formanee. — Every  portion  of  any  theater,  devoted  to  the 
uses  or  accommodation  of  the  public,  and  all  outlets  there- 
from, to  the  streets,  including  open  courts,  corridors, 
stairways,  exits  and  emergency  exit  stairways,  shall  be  well 
and  properly  lighted  during  every  performance,  and  the 
same  shall  remain  liglitcd  until  the  entire  audience  has  left 
the  premises. 

Sec.  383.  Lights,  Control  of  Lights  in  Halls,  Corridors  and 
Lobbies — Separate  Shut-off — Connections  With  Gas  Mains — 
Independent  Conneetions — Protection  of  Suspended  and 
Bracket  Lights — Protection  of  Lights  Inserted  in  Walls — 
Protection  of  Footlights — Construction  of  Border  Lights — 
Ducts  and  Shafts  Conducting  Heated  Air  from  Lights — Gas 
Stage  Lights  to  Haze  Metal  Screens. — .Ml  gas  or  electric 
lights  in  the  halls,  corridors,  lobbies  or  any  other  part  of 
any  theater  used  by  the  audience,  except  the  auditorium,  shall 
be  controlled  by  a  separate  shut-off  located  in  the  lobby  and 
controlled  only  in  that  particular  place.  Gas  mains  supplying 
such  theater  shall  have  independent  connections  for  the  audi- 
torium and  the  stage  and  provision  shall  be  made  for  shutting 
oflf  the  gas  from  the  outside  of  the  building.  All  suspended 
or  bracket  lights  surrounded  by  glass,  in  the  auditorium,  or 
in  any  other  part  of  the  theater,  shall  be  provided  with  proper 
wire  netting  underneath.  No  gas  or  electric  lights  shall  be 
inserted  in  the  walls,  woodwork,  ceiling,  or  in  any  part  of 
the  theater  unless  protected  by  fireproof  materials.  In  case 
gas  is  used,  for  the  footlights,  in  addition  to  the  wire  network, 
they  shall  be  protected  by  a  strong  wire  guard,  not  less  than 
two  feet  distant  from  such  footlights,  and  the  trough  con- 
taining such  footlights  shall  be  formed  of  and  surrounded 
by  fireproof  material.  .Ml  border  lights  shall  be  constructed 
according   to   the   best    known    methods,   and   subject   to   the 


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A     HALF     CENTURY      OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


approval  of  the  Fire  Marshal  and  the  City  Electrician,  and 
shall  be  suspended  by  wire  ropes.  All  ducts  and  shafts  used 
for  conducting  heated  air  from  the  main  chandelier,  or  from 
any  other  light  or  lights,  shall  be  constructed  of  metal  and 
made  double,  with  an  air  space  between.  All  gas  stage  lights 
shall  have  strong  wire  metal  guards  or  screens,  not  less  than 
ten  inches  in  diameter,  so  constructed  that  any  material 
coming  in  contact  therewith  shall  be  out  of  reach  of  the 
flames  of  such  lights,  and  shall  be  soldered  to  the  fixtures 
in -all  cases. 

The  use  of  calcium  lights  in  any  theater  is  prohibited.  All 
arc  lights  used  on  the  stage  shall  be  at  all  times  subject  to 
the  approval  of  the  City  Electrician,  and  no  arc  lights  shall 
be  used  on  any  stage  unless  approved  by  the  City  Electrician. 

Sec.  384.  Fire  Appunitus  to  Be  Under  Control  of  Fire 
Department.— The  standpipes,  automatic  sprinklers,  gaspipes 
electric  wires,  hose,  footlights,  fire  alarm  boxes,  fireproof 
proscenium  curtains,  switch  boxes,  ventilators,  controlling 
levers,  axes  and  pike  poles,  and  all  apparatus  for  the  extin- 
guishing of  fire  or  guarding  against  same,  as  provided  for  by 
this  chapter,  shall  be  made  and  kept  at  all  times  in  condition 
satisfactory  to  and  under  control  of  the  Fire  Marshal. 

Sec.  385.  Officers  Enipon'cred  to  Enter  Biiildiniis.— The 
Commissioner  of  Buildings,  Fire  Marshal,  City  Electrician, 
Superintendent  of  Police,  or  any  of  them,  and  their  respective 
assistants,  shall  have  the  right  to  enter  any  buildings  used 
wholly  or  in  part  for  the  purposes  of  Class  V  and  any  and 
all  parts  thereof,  at  any  reasonable  time,  and  at  any  time 
when  occupied  by  the  public,  in  order  to  examine  such 
buildings  and  to  judge  of  the  condition  of  the  same  and  to 
discharge  their  respective  duties,  and  it  shall  be  unlawful  for 
any  person  to  interfere  with  them  or  any  of  thcni  in  the 
performance  of  their  duties. 

Sec.  386.  The  Commissioner  of  Buildings,  Fire  Marshal, 
City  Eleetrician  or  Superintendent  of  Police  Shall  Close 
Buildings  for  Violations. — The  Commissioner  of  Buildings, 
Fire  Marshal,  City  Electrician  or  Superintendent  of  Police, 
or  any  of  them,  shall  have  the  power  and  it  shall  be  their 
joint  and  several  duty  to  order  any  building  used  wholly  or 
in  part  for  the  purposes  of  Class  V  closed,  where  it  is  dis- 
covered that  there  is  any  violation  of  the  provisions  of  this 
chapter,  and  to  keep  same  closed  until  such  provisions  are 
complied  with. 

Sec.  387.  License — Mayor  Shall  Revoke. — Upon  a  report 
to  the  Mayor  by  the  Commissioner  of  Buildings  or  Fire 
Marshal  or  City  Electrician  or  the  Superintendent  of  Police 
that  any  requirement  of  this  chapter,  or  that  any  order  given 
by  them  or  any  of  them,  in  regard  thereto,  has  been  violated, 
or  not  complied  with,  the  Mayor  shall  revoke  the  license  of 
any  such  theater  or  place  of  public  amusement  so  reported 
and  cause  the  same  to  be  closed. 


ARTICLE  IX. 

PROVISIOXS  RELATING  SOLELY  TO  CLASS  VL 

In  Class  VI  shall  be  included  every  tenement  and  apart- 
ment house :  that  is  to  say,  any  house  or  building,  or  portion 
thereof,  which  is  used  as  a  home  or  resideiice  for  two  or 
more  families  living  in  separate  apartments. 

Sec.  388.  Walls  of  Class  VI— Thickness  o/.— Buildings  of 
Class  VI   shall  conform   to   the   following  requirements : 

The  thickness  of  enclosing  walls  of  buildings  of  Class  VI 
shall  be  made  in  accordance  with  tlic  following  table,  to-wit : 


STORIES ■ 

Basement.     123456789  10  11   12 

Basement  and   12    8 

Two-story    12  12    8 

Three-story    16  12  12  12 

Four-story    20  16  16  12  12 

Five-story    20  16  16  16  12  12 

Six-story     20  20  16  16  16  12  12 

Seven-story    24  24  20  20  16  16  12  12 

Eight-story    ."24  24  24  20  20  16  16  12  12 

Nine-story    28  24  24  20  20  20  16  16  12  12 

Ten-story    28  24  24  24  20  20  20  16  16  12  12 

Eleven-story     28  28  24  24  24  20  20  20  16  16  12  12 

Twelve-story    32  28  28  24  24  24  20  20  20  16  16  12  12 

Provided,  however,  in  buildings  of  steel  skeleton  fireproof 
construction,  thickness  of  walls  shall  be  governed  by  the  pro- 
visions of  Section  510  of  this  chapter. 

Walls  Around  Stairs,  Etcfotors  and  Shafts. — See  Section 
588. 

Walls— Reinforced  Concrete.— See  Section  554. 

Sec.  389.  Definitions. — "New  tenement  house"  includes 
every  tenement  house  hereafter  erected  and  every  such  new 
tenement  house  which  shall  be  increased  or  diminished  in  size 
or  otherwise  altered  after  its  erection,  and  every  building  now 
or  hereafter  in  existence  not  now  used  as  a  tenement  house, 
but  hereafter  converted  or  altered  to  such  use. 

"Apartment"  is  a  room  or  suite  of  two  or  more  rooms 
occupied  or  intended  or  designed  to  be  occupied  as  a  family 
domicile. 

"Yard"  is  an  open,  unoccupied  space,  on  the  same  lot  with 
a  tenement  house,  separating  every  part  of  every  building  on 
the  lot  from  the  rear  line  of  the  lot. 

"Court"  is  an  open,  unoccupied  space,  other  than  a  yard,  on 
the  same  lot  with  a  tenement  house ;  a  court  entirely  sur- 
rounded by  a  tenement  house  is  an  "inner  court;"  a  court 
bounded  on  one  side  and  both  ends  by  a  tenement  house  and 
on  the  remaining  side  by  a  lot  line  is  a  "lot  line  court ;"  a 
court  extending  to  a  street  alley  or  yard  is  an  "outer  court." 

"Shaft"  includes  exterior  and  interior  shafts,  whether  for 
air,  light,  elevator,  dumb  waiter  or  any  other  purpose ;  a 
"vent  shaft"  is  one  used  solely  to  ventilate  or  light  a  water 
closet  compartment,  bath  room,  or  pantry. 

"Public  Hall"  is  a  hall,  corridor  or  passageway,  not  within 
an  apartment. 

"Stair  Hall"  includes  the  stairs,  stair  landings,  and  those 
portions  of  the  public  halls  through  which  it  is  necessary  to 
pass  in  getting  from  the  entrance  floor  to  the  top  story. 

"Basement"  is  a  story  partly,  but  not  more  than  one-half — 
"Cellar"  is  a  story  more  than  one-half — below  the  level  of 
the  street  grade  nearest  the  building ;  where  the  grade  of  a 
street  adjacent  to  a  tenement  house  varies,  the  mean  or 
average  grade  of  such  street  opposite  the  lot  containing  the 
tenement  house  shall  be  regarded  as  the  grade  of  such  street 
within  the  meaning  of  this  chapter. 

"Story"  is  that  portion  of  a  building  between  the  top  of 
any  floor  beams  and  the  top  of  the  floor  or  ceiling  beams 
next  above. 

A  good  quality  of  brick,  laid  in  lime  mortar,  of  strength 
and  character  equal  to  the  requirements  of  Section  587  of 
this  chapter,  for  brick  walls,  shall  be  taken  as  the  standard 
of  strength  and  stability  for  "solid  masonry,"  but  any  other 
fireproof  materials  of  equal  strength  and  stability  to  the 
above  standard  may  be  substituted  for  brick. 

Sec.  390.  Construction  of  Partitions  Betzvcen  Apartments 
in   Frame  Buildings. — Every  new  tenement  house  more  than 


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A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO      BUILDING 


five  stories  anil  l>:isiim-nt  IukIi  shall  lie  of  fireproof  construc- 
tion ( acconling  to  tlu-  definition  of  "fireproof  construction" 
contained  in  Section  500  of  this  chapter);  every  new  tene- 
ment house  more  than  three  stories  and  hasement  high,  but 
not  more  than  five  stories  and  basement  high,  shall  be  of 
"slow-burning"  or  "fireproof  construction"  (according  to  the 
delinition  of  "slow-burning"  or  "fireproof  construction"  as 
defined  in  this  chapter  I.  In  case  slow-bnrning  construction 
be  used  the  cellar  and  basement  construction,  including  the 
floor  construction  of  the  first  story  above  the  cellar  or  base- 
ment, shall  be  of  fireproof  construction.  In  all  new  frame 
tenement  houses  outside  the  fire  limits  of  the  city  each  suite 
of  apartments  shall  be  separated  from  the  next  suite  in  such 
iiuilding  by  a  wall  of  four-inch  tile  or  metal  studding  and 
metal  lath. 

.\s  amended  by  ordinance  of  October  22,  1906. 

In  all  new  frame  tenement  houses  outside  the  fire  limits 
of  the  city,  each  suite  of  apartments  shall  he  separated  from 
the  next  suite  in  such  building  by  a  wall  of  incomlnistiblc 
material  of  such  character  as  the  Commissioner  of  Buildings 
may  require. 

Sec.  391.  Joists — Sii/'l'ofls  for. — If  in  buildings  of  Class 
VI  the  (listance  between  the  enclosing  walls  is  more  tlian 
twenty-four  feet  in  the  clear,  there  shall  be  intermediate 
supports  for  the  joists,  which  supports  shall  be  either  brick 
walls  or  iron  or  steel.  If  brick  walls  are  used  for  this  pur- 
pose they  may.  in  all  cases  where  the  thickness  of  walls  is 
given  in  the  table  as  16  inches  or  more,  be  made  4  inches  less 
in  thickness  than  the  dimensions  stated  in  tlie  tal)le. 

Walls — Ledges  in. — See  Section  588. 

Sec.  392.  Fire  Eseo/'es. — Every  tenenKiu  liouse  four  or 
more  stories  in  height  shall  be  provided  with  a  fire  escape  or 
fire  escapes,  such  as  are  required  by  the  statutes  of  this  state 
and  the  ordinances  of  the  city.  In  every  case  each  separate 
apartment  shall  have  direct  access  to  at  least  one  such  fire 
escape  unless  such  apartment  shall  have  direct  access  (without 
passing  through  any  other  apartment )  to  at  least  two  separate 
flights  of  stairs  leading  to  the  ground,  one  of  which  is  placed 
in  front  and  one  in  the  rear  of  sucli  buililing.  and  one  of 
which  may  be  placed  outside  of  the  building;  but  where  such 
separate  apartment  shall  not  have  access  to  two  such  flights 
of  stairs,  then  there  shall  be  a  metal  stairway  between  the 
balconies  of  every  .such  fire  escape,  securely  fastened  to  the 
walls  of  the  building  not  less  than  two  feet  wide,  with  a 
proper  hand  rail,  in.stead  of  the  usual  vertical  ladder.  Every 
court  in  which  there  shall  be  a  fire  escape  shall  have  direct 
and  utiobstructed  access  along  the  surface  of  the  ground  to  a 
street,  alley,  or  yard  opening  into  the  alley  or  street,  without 
entering  into  or  passing  through  or  over  any  building,  unless 
by  a  four-foot  wide  fireproof  passage  on  the  court  or  ground 
level. 

Sec.  393.  Fire  Eseal>es  to  Be  Fainted. — Every  new  fire 
escape  shall  be  painted  with  two  coats  of  durable  paint,  one 
put  on  in  the  shop  and  the  other  at  once  upon  the  erection  of 
such  fire  escape. 

Sec.  394.  Bulkheads  and  Seulttes — Stairs  to. — Every 
tenement  house  shall  have  in  the  roof  a  bulkhead  or  scuttle. 
fireproof  or  covered  with  fireproof  materials,  with  stairs  or 
ladder  leading  thereto:  no  such  roof  opening  shall  be  less 
than  two  feet  by  three  feet.  Xo  scuttle  or  bulkhead  door 
shall  have  upon  it  any  lock,  but  may  be  fastened  on  the  inside 
by  movable  bolts  or  hooks. 

Sec.  395.  Stairs  and  Halls — In  Case  of  Alterations — 
Requirements. — Every  now  existing  and  every  new  tenement 


house  shall  have  at  least  two  flights  of  stairs,  which  shall 
extend  from  the  entrance  floor  to  the  top  story.  Such  stairs 
and  the  public  halls  in  every  tenement  house  shall  each  be 
at  least  three  feel  wide  in  the  clear,  and  every  apartment 
shall  be  directly  :iccessible  from  both  such  flights  of  stairs. 
If  any  existing  tenement  house  be  so  altered  as  to  increase 
the  number  of  apartments  therein,  or  if  such  building  be 
increased  in  height,  or  if  the  halls  and  stairs  therein  be 
damaged  by  fire  or  otherwise  to  an  extent  greater  than  one- 
half  the  original  cost  thereof,  the  entrance,  stair  halls, 
entrance  halls  and  other  public  halls  of  the  whole  building 
shall  be  made  to  conform  to  the  requirements  of  this  chapter 
as  to  new  tenement  houses. 

.Sec.  .396.  liailinns  and  Guards. — In  every  lenenunt  bouse 
all  stairways  shall  be  provided  willi  sutticient  railings  and 
guards. 

Sec.  397.  Stairs  in  Son-Fireproof  Buildings,  Eighty  to  One 
Hundred  and  T-^K'enty  Rooms. — Every  new  non-fireproof 
tenement  house  containing  over  eighty  rooms,  exclusive  of 
bath  rooms,  sliall  have  one  additional  flight  of  stairs  (over 
and  above  the  flights  hereinbefore  provided  for)  for  every 
additional  eighty  rooms,  or  fraction  thereof;  but  if  such 
building  contains  not  more  than  one  hundred  and  twenty 
rooms,  exclusive  of  bath  rooms,  at  the  owner's  option,  in  lieu 
of  an  additional  stairway,  the  stairs  and  public  halls  through- 
out the  entire  building  shall  be  at  least  one-half  wider  than 
is  provided  in  Sections  395  and  402  of  this  chapter. 

Sec.  398.  Stairs  in  Fireproof  Buildings  One  Hundred  and 
Twenty  Rooms  and  (ptK'ard. — Every  new  fireproof  tenement 
house  containing  over  one  hundred  and  twenty  rooms,  exclu- 
sive of  bath  rooms,  shall  have  one  additional  flight  of  stairs 
(over  and  above  the  flights  hereinbefore  provided  for)  for 
every  additional  one  hundred  and  twenty  rooms  or  fraction 
thereof;  but  if  such  buildings  contains  not  more  than  one 
Inmdred  and  eighty  rooms,  exclusive  of  bath  rooms,  at  the 
owner's  option,  in  lieu  of  an  additional  stairway,  the  stairs 
and  public  lialls  tliroughout  the  entire  building  shall  be  made 
at  least  one-half  wider  than  is  provided  in  Sections  395  and 
402  of  this  chapter. 

Sec.  399.  Stairs — Entranee  to — Treads  and  Risers. — Every 
flight  of  stairs  required  in  a  tenement  house  shall  have  an 
entrance  on  tlie  entrance  floor  from  a  street  or  alley,  or  from 
a  yard  or  court  which  opens  into  a  street  or  alley.  .All  stairs 
except  rear  stairs,  in  new  tenement  houses,  shall  have  risers 
not  more  than  seven  and  three-quarters  inches  high  and 
treads  not  less  than  nine  and  one-half  inches  wide  exclusive 
of  nosings,  except  in  winding  stairs,  where  all  treads  at  a 
point  eighteen  inches  from  the  strings  on  the  well  side  shall 
be  al  least  nine  and  oni-half  inches  wide,  exclusive  of 
nosings. 

Sec.  400.  Stairs  and  Stair  Halls — Over  Three  Stories — 
Fire-Resisting  Glass. — The  stairs  and  stair  halls  in  all  new 
tenement  houses  more  than  three  stories  and  basement  high 
shall  be  constructed  of  incomlmstible  material  throughout, 
except  that  the  treads  of  stairs  (not  less  than  one  and  three- 
fourths  inches  thick)  and  all  hand  rails,  may  be  of  hard 
wood.  .Ml  windows  in  stair  halls  in  new  tenement  houses 
more  than  three  stories  and  basement  high  opening  on  inner 
courts  or  shafts  shall  be  of  good  quality  fire-resisting  glass. 

Sec.  401.  5/<ii;'  Halls  Enelosed  in  .^tasonry — Rei/uirements 
and  Exeeptions. 

.\mended  by  ordinance  of  I-"cbruary  18.  1907.  to  read  as 
follows : 


163 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


In  every  new  non-fireproof  tenement  house  all  stair  halls 
shall  be  enclosed  on  all  sides  with  the  walls  of  solid  masonry 
of  the  same  dimensions  and  thickness  as  specified  for  en- 
closing walls.  All  windows  in  such  stair  halls  shall  have 
metal  frames  and  sashes,  glazed,  fire-resisting  glass  and  such 
windows  shall  be  stationary.  This  section  shall  not  apply 
to  tenement  houses  which  are  not  more  than  three  (3)  stories 
and  basement  high  with  only  one  apartment  on  each  floor. 

Sec.  402.  Entrance  Halls— Solid  Masonry — Exceptions- 
Ceilings. — Every  main  entrance  hall  in  a  new  tenement  house 
shall  be  at  least  three  feet  six  inches  wide  in  the  clear  from 
the  entrance  up  to  and  including  the  stair  enclosure,  and 
beyond  this  point  at  least  three  feet  wide  in  the  clear.  In 
every  new  non-fireproof  tenement  house,  except  where  there 
is  only  one  apartment  on  each  floor,  such  entrance  hall  shall 
be  inclosed  with  solid  masonry  walls  and  with  ceilings 
covered  with  incombustible  material  and  shall  comply  with  all 
the  conditions  of  the  preceding  sections  of  this  chapter  as  to 
the  construction  of  stair  halls.  If  such  main  entrance  hall 
is  the  only  entrance  to  more  than  one  flight  of  stairs,  the 
several  portions  of  such  main  entrance  hall  which  separate 
the  entrance  of  the  building  from  the  several  flights  of  stairs 
respectively  shall  be  increased  respectively  at  least  one  foot 
in  width  for  each  additional  flight  of  stairs. 

Sec.  403.  Frame  Buildings  Not  to  Be  Enlarged. — No 
wooden  frame  tenement  house  within  the  fire  limits  shall 
be  enlarged  either  by  adding  to  its  height  or  to  its  superficial 
area. 

Sec.  404.    Bay   Windows — Vent  Shafts — Openings. 

Amended  by  ordinance  of  February  8,  1907,  to  read  as 
follows : 

All  bay  windows  and  all  shafts  and  courts,  in  masonry 
constructed  new  tenement  houses,  shall  have  the  walls  of  the 
bay  windows,  shafts  and  courts  built  of  brick  or  other  fire- 
proof construction  throughout.  This  section  shall  not  apply 
to  enclosures  about  elevators  which  are  in  common  with  a 
stairway   surrounded   and   enclosed   in   masonry   walls. 

Sec.  405.  Apartments  Divided  by  Masonry. — There  shall 
be  a  wall  of  solid  masonry  of  the  same  thickness  as  required 
for  outside  walls  in  buildings  of  this  character,  extending 
from  the  ground  to  the  roof  between  each  set  of  apartments 
and  around  each  well  hole,  court  or  light  shaft ;  provided, 
however,  that  the  wall  between  apartments  above  the  first 
story  extending  from  a  main  stair  hall  to  the  outer  wall  of 
the  building  may  jog  or  set  over  to  some  point  toward  the 
center  of  the  building  to  provide  or  allow  for  an  even  distri- 
bution of  space  of  the  rooms  adjacent  to  the  same ;  provided, 
however,  that  such  wall  above  the  first  story,  if  supported  on 
iron  or  steel  beams  (which  shall  extend  from  the  brick  wall 
surrounding  the  main  stair  hall  to  the  outer  wall  of  the 
building  at  each  succeeding  story),  shall  be  not  less  than 
eight  inches  in  thickness,  but  all  brick  walls  between  apart- 
ments and  around  each  well  hole,  court  or  light  shaft  which 
extend  from  the  ground  to  the  roof  and  above  the  first  story 
of  an  apartment  building  not  supported  as  above  described 
in  this  section,  shall  be  of  the  thickness  prescribed  for  build- 
ings of  this  class  in  Section  388  of  this  chapter. 

Sec.  406.  Space  Occupied  on  Lot — Plat  Measurements. — 
No  hew  tenement  house,  alone  or  with  other  buildings  now 
or  hereafter  erected,  shall  occupy  above  the  first  story  more 
than  eighty-five  per  centum  of  the  area  of  a  corner  lot  or 
more  than  ninety  per  centum  of  the  area  of  such  corner  lot,  if 
such  corner  lot  is  bounded  on  three  sides  by  streets  or  alleys. 


or  more  than  seventy-five  per  centum  of  the  area  of  any 
other  lot,  provided,  that  the  space  occupied  by  fire  escapes, 
constructed  and  erected  according  to  law  and  not  more  than 
four  feet  wide,  shall  be  deemed  unoccupied. 

At  the  time  of  applying  for  a  permit  for  the  erection  of  a 
new  tenement  house  the  applicant  shall  submit  a  plat  of  the 
lot  showing  the  dimensions  of  the  same  and  the  position  to 
be  occupied  by  the  proposed  building,  and  the  position  of  any 
other  building  or  buildings  that  may  be  on  the  lot.  The 
measurements  shall  in  all  cases  be  taken  at  the  top  of  the  first 
story  and  shall  not  include  any  portion  of  any  street  or  alley. 

Sec.  407.  Corner  Lot  Defined — Frontages — Triangular 
Lots. — By  "corner  lot"  is  meant  a  lot  situated  at  the  junction 
of  two  streets  or  of  a  street  and  public  alley  not  less  than 
sixteen  feet  in  width.  Any  portion  of  the  width  of  such  lot 
distant  more  than  fifty  feet  from  such  junction  shall  not  be 
regarded  as  part  of  a  corner  lot,  but  shall  be  subject  to  the 
provisions  of  this  chapter  respecting  other  than  corner  lots. 

Where,  in  corner  lots,  the  two  frontages  are  of  unequal 
length,  the  lesser  street  frontage  shall  be  taken  as  the  width 
of  the  lot.  Street  frontage  alone  and  not  alley  frontage  shall 
be  considered  in  determining  such  lesser  frontage.  No  exist- 
ing tenement  house  shall  hereafter  be  enlarged  or  its  lot  be 
diminished  or  other  buildings  be  placed  on  its  lot,  so  that 
after  such  change  a  larger  proportion  of  any  corner  lot  or 
other  lot  upon  which  it  is  situated  is  covered  by  buildings 
than  the  aforesaid  proportions,  respectively ;  provided,  how- 
ever, that  in  case  of  a  lot  triangular  or  irregular  in  shape, 
bounded  on  two  or  more  sides  by  a  street  and  having  a  num- 
ber of  lineal  feet  street  frontage  exceeding  one-twentieth  of 
the  number  of  square  feet  in  the  area  of  such  lot,  it  shall  not 
be  necessary  to  comply  with  the  conditions  of  this  section  as 
to  percentage  of  lot  to  be  covered;  and  provided,  further, 
that  there  shall  be  no  violation  of  Section  411  of  this  chapter 
in  the  erection  of  any  tenement  house. 

Amended  October  22,  1906,  by  the  substitution  of  the  word 
"exceeding"  in  lieu  of  the  word  "extending,"  in  fourth  line 
from  bottom  of  section. 

Sec.  408.  Fire  Walls — When  Dispensed  With. — Fire  walls 
of  brick  not  less  than  twelve  inches  thick  shall  be  built,  ex- 
tending above  the  roofs  of  all  adjoining  buildings,  if  such 
roofs  are  flat,  and  also  where  the  building  stands  upon  any 
line  of  any  lot.  excepting  street  or  alley  lines.  Provided, 
that  where  eight-inch  walls  are  permitted  in  the  top  story  of 
buildings,  or  where  the  building  is  not  over  three  stories  high, 
the  fire  walls  may  be  eight  inches  thick.  Such  fire  walls, 
where  they  stand  upon  lot  lines  or  where  they  are  over  the 
dividing  walls  between  buildings  or  over  the  dividing  walls 
in  the  interior  of  buildings,  where  such  are  called  for  by  this 
chapter  by  reason  of  the  great  area  of  such  buildings,  shall 
extend  at  least  two  feet  above  the  roofs  of  such  buildings. 
Fire  walls  upon  street  and  alley  lines  shall  extend  not  less 
than  eighteen  inches  above  the  roofs  of  such  buildings.  Fire 
walls  may  be  dispensed  with  on  street  and  alley  lines,  if  the 
top  of  the  roof  boards  and  roof  joists  are  protected  against 
fire  for  a  distance  of  at  least  five  feet  from  such  street  or 
alley  lines  by  a  coating  of  mortar  or  hollow  tile  or  porous  tile 
at  least  two  inches  thick.  Fire  walls  at  street  and  alley  lines 
may  also  be  dispensed  with  in  all  cases  where  the  entire  fram- 
ing and  material  of  the  roof  shall  be  made  strictly  fireproof. 
Walls  facing  rpon  courts  and  light  shafts  shall  be  treated 
as  in  the  same  category  with  walls  facing  upon  streets  and 
alleys. 

Fire  walls  shall  be  covered  with  a  weatherproof  coping  of 
incombustible  material. 


164 


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Sec.  409.  Height — Hozt.'  Measured. — Tlit-  liciglit  of  a  new 
tenement  liouse  shall  not  by  more  than  one-half  exceed  the 
platted  width  of  the  widest  street  on  which  it  abuts. 

Provided,  however,  that  any  distance  the  building  sets 
back  from  the  lot  line  shall  be  added  to  the  width  of  the 
street  in  making  this  computation,  but  no  existing  tenement 
house  shall  be  increased  beyond  such  height.  Such  height 
shall  be  the  perpendicuhir  distance  from  the  grade  nearest 
the  house  to  the  highest  point  of  the  roof  (not  including  as 
part  of  the  roof  any  cornice  or  bulkliead  less  than  eight  feet 
high,  or  any  elevator  enclosure  less  than  si.xteen  feet  high). 
Where  such  street  grade  varies,  the  mean  or  average  grade 
thereof  opposite  such  house  shall  be  the  datum  from  wliich 
sucli   height  shall  be  measured. 

Sec.  410.  ,-///o'  or  Yard  in  Rear— Musi  Htnr—Si:e  of 
Yard  liierensed. — At  the  rear  of  every  lot  containing  a  new 
tenement  house  (unless  the  rear  of  such  lot  abuts  upon  a 
public  alley  at  least  ten  feet  wide)  there  shall  be  a  yard 
open  and  unobstructed  from  the  earth  to  the  sky,  except  by 
lire  escapes  not  more  than  four  feet  wide,  constructed  and 
erected  according  to  law  ;  every  part  of  such  yard  shall  be 
directly  accessible  from  every  other  part  thereof ;  such  yard 
shall  on  corner  lots  (as  above  defined)  have  an  area  of  at 
least  eight  per  centum  of  the  superficial  area  of  the  lot,  and 
shall  on  other  lots  have  an  area  of  at  least  ten  per  centum 
of  the  superficial  area  of  the  lot.  Every  such  yard  shall  be 
increased  one  per  centum  of  the  superficial  area  of  the  lot 
for  every  story  above  three  stories  in  height  of  the  tenement 
house  situated  thereon,  and  in  no  case  shall  such  yard  separate 
any  building  on  such  lot  by  less  than  ten  feet  from  tlie  rear 
line  of  the  lot  at  the  nearest  point  of  approach  of  such  build- 
ing to  such  rear  line. 

For  the  purpose  of  construing  and  enforcing  this  section. 
the  rear  of  the  lot  shall  be  held  and  deemed  to  be  that  part 
of  the  lot  that  is  farthest  from  the  line  of  the  street  upon 
which  the  proposed  building  will  face,  and  in  case  where  the 
proposed  building  will  stand  upon  a  corner  lot  or  tract  of  land 
abutting  upon  two  streets  and  an  alley,  in  all  such  cases  the 
proposed  building  or  buildings  may  extend  from  the  front 
to  the  rear  of  such  lot  or  tract.  Nothing  herein  contained 
shall  conflict  with  or  modify  any  other  provision  of  this  or- 
dinance. 

As  amended  l)y  ordinance  January  8,  1906. 

Sec.  411.  Requirements  in  Case  of  EiiUirging — Dislanee 
bet-.eeen  Buildings.— AnumWil  by  ordinance  March  23.  1908, 
to  read  as  follows : 

No  existing  tenement  house  shall  (unless  the  rear  of  the 
lot  upon  which  it  stands  abuts  upon  a  public  alley  at  least 
ten  feet  wide)  hereafter  be  enlarged  or  its  lot  line  be  dimin- 
ished so  that  any  building  on  such  lot  shall  at  any  point  ap- 
proach nearer  than  ten  feet  to  the  rear  line  of  the  lot.  Where 
a  tenement  house,  now  or  hereafter,  erected,  stands  upon  a 
lot  other  than  a  corner  lot,  no  other  building  shall  hereafter 
be  placed  upon  the  front  or  rear  of  that  lot,  unless  the  min- 
imum distance  between  such  buildings  be  at  least  ten  feet, 
if  neither  building  exceeds  the  height  of  one  story;  or  fifteen 
feet  if  either  building  exceeds  the  height  of  one  story,  but 
not  the  height  of  two  stories;  and  so  on.  t'nc  additional  feet 
to  be  added  to  such  minimum  distance  of  ten  feet  for  every 
story  more  than  one  in  the  height  of  the  highest  building  on 
such  lot ;  Provided,  however,  that  where  a  fireproof  pass- 
ageway seven  feet  in  height  and  five  feet  wide  with  fireproof 
doors  not  less  than  four  feet  wide  leading  from  the  street 
to  the  yard  and  properly  lighted  is  constructed,  connected 
with   the  yard,  so  that  the  lowest  portion  of  said  fireproof 


passageway  shall  not  extentl  more  than  four  feet  below  the 
level  of  the  sidewalk  grade,  said  fireproof  passageway  shall 
be  taken  and  accepted  in  lieu  of  the  ten  feet  required  herein 
between  the  rear  of  said  building  and  the  rear  line  of  the 
lot  where  the  yard  and  court  comply  witli  the  requirements  of 
Section  410  of  the  Revised  Municipal  Code  of  Chicago  of 
1905,  as  amended  January  8,  1906;  Provided,  however,  in 
case  such  fireproof  passageway  is  constructed,  there  shall  be 
for  at  least  fifteen  feet  along  the  lot  line  a  yard,  and  in  no 
case  shall  such  yard  separate  any  building  on  such  lot  by  less 
than  ten  feet  from  the  rear  line  of  the  lot  at  the  nearest 
point  of  approach  of  such  building  to  the  rear  lot  line,  and 
that  all  parts  of  such  yard  shall  be  open  and  unobstructed 
from  the  earth  to  the  sky,  except  by  stairways  or  fire-escapes 
and  their  necessary  porches  and  landings  which  shall  be  con- 
structed entirely  of  iron,  concrete  or  incombustible  material. 
And  such  fireproof  passageways  thus  connecting  with  the 
yard  shall  only  be  permitted  in  coimection  with  buildings  or 
structures  built  on  a  corner  lot  facing  upon  two  streets. 
Nothing  herein  contained  shall  conflict  with  or  modify  any 
other  provision  of  this  chapter. 

Sec.  412.  Courts,  Porches. — Ivvery  court  of  every  new 
tenement  house  shall  be  open  and  unobstructed  at  every  point 
thereof  from  the  bottom  thereof  to  the  sky,  save  by  fire  es- 
capes or  stairs  or  landings  constructed  and  erected  according 
to  law  and  projecting  not  more  than  four  feet  into  courts, 
which  courts  shall  connnunicale  directly  without  obstruction 
into  a  street,  alley  or  yard.  Where  porches  are  constructed 
in  courts,  the  amount  of  area  of  unobstructed  space  in  such 
courts  shall  be  exclusive  of  space  occupied  by  stairs  and 
porches.  No  re.ir  porch  shall  be  constructed  which  is  more 
than  eiglit  feet  in  width  where  the  construction  is  of  com- 
liustiblc  material,  and  no  such  rear  porches  shall  be  enclosed 
with  other  than  incombustil)le  material,  as  defined  in  Section 
506  of  this  chapter. 

Sec.  413.  Rooms — Ilubilable — ll'indoics — I'cnt  Shafts. — 
Amended  by  ordinance  Nov.  25.  1907,  to  read  as  follows ; 

In  every  new  tenement  house  every  habitable  room,  ex- 
cepting water  closet  compartments  and  bath  rooms,  shall  have 
all  windows  open  direct  upon  a  street,  alley,  yard  or  court. 
The  total  area  of  the  windows  opening  from  such  room 
(other  than  water  closet  compartments  and  bath  rooms) 
upon  a  street,  alley,  yard  or  court,  shall  be  at  least  one-tenth 
of  the  floor  area  of  that  room,  and  the  top  of  at  least  one 
window  shall  be  not  less  than  seven  feet  above  the  floor,  and 
the  upper  half  of  that  window  shall  be  made  so  as  to  open 
its  full  width.  No  window  in  any  such  room  (other  than 
pantries,  water  closet  compartments  and  hath  rooms)  shall 
have  less  than  ten  square  feet  glass  area,  and  in  no  such 
water  closet  compartment  or  bath  room  shall  the  total  win- 
dow area  be  less  than  three  square  feet  glass  area,  or  the 
width  of  any  window  less  than  one  foot ;  and  when  any 
window  ventilating  any  water  closet  compartment  or  bath 
room  in  any  new  tenement  house  opens  into  a  vent  shaft,  no 
window  from  any  room  other  than  a  water  closet  compart- 
ment, bath  room,  pantry  or  h.ill  shall  open  into  such  vent 
shaft. 

Sec.  414.  ll'induzi'S  in  Lot  Line  ll'alls. — Windows  in  addi- 
tion to  those  provided  for  in  Section  413  of  this  chapter,  if 
placed  in  any  lot  line  wall  or  in  any  wall  nearer  to  the  lot 
line  than  is  specified  in  Section  416  of  this  chapter  from  such 
lot  line,  then  the  sash  in  such  window  shall  he  stationary  and 
glazed  with  fire-resisting  glass. 

Section  414  repealed  in  its  entirely  by  ordinance  of  Febru- 
ary  18,   1907,    (page  3336,   Council    Proceedings). 


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Sec.  415.  Coui-ls—Iinu-r—Si:cs  Of— Lot  Line  Courts.— 
The  "inner  courts"  of  all  new  tenement  houses  as  defined  in 
Section  389  of  this  chapter  shall  have  areas  and  minimum 
widths  in  all  parts  not  less  than  the  widths  and  areas  as  fol- 
lows : 

Square  Least 

Buildings.  Feet.  Width. 

2  stories     K)0  6  feet 

3  stories     120  7  feet 

4  stories    : 160  8  feet 

5  stories    250  12  feet 

6  stories    400  16  feet 

7  stories    625  20  feet 

8  stories    840  24  feet 

"Lot  line  courts"  shall  have  areas  and  minimum  widths  in 

all  parts  not  less  than  one-half  of  those  specified  in  the  above 
table  of  "inner  courts." 

Sec.  416.  Courts— OKtci-Skcs  Of— Width  Increased.— 
The  "outer  courts"  of  all  tenement  houses  defined  in  Section 
389  of  this  chapter  shall  have  not  less  than  the  following 
widths  for  their  mininumi  in  all  parts  : 

Buildings.  Least  Width. 

2  stories    3  feet 

3  stories    3  feet  6  in. 

4  stories    4  feet 

5  stories    6  feet 

6  stories    8  feet 

7  stories    10  feet 

8  stories    12  feet 

If  the  outer  or  lot  line  court  has  windows  on  opposite  sides 
of  the  same,  the  least  widths  given  in  the  above  table  for 
outer  courts  shall  be  doubled. 

Sec.  417.  Rooms — Si::es  and  Height  Of — .-itlic  and  .!an- 
itor's  Rooms. — In  every  new  tenement  house,  all  rooms,  ex- 
cept water  closet  compartments  and  bath  rooms,  shall  be  of 
the  following  minimum  sizes :  In  each  apartment  there  shall 
be  at  least  one  room  containing  not  less  than  one  hundred 
and  twenty  square  feet  of  floor  area,  and  every  other  room 
shall  contain  at  least  seventy  square  feet  of  floor  area.  Each 
room  shall  be  in  every  part  not  less  than  eight  feet  six  inches 
high  from  the  finished  floor  to  the  finished  ceiling,  but  an 
attic  room  need  be  eight  feet  six  inches  high  in  but  one-half 
of  its  area  ;  provided,  that  in  a  basement  apartment  used  for 
janitor's  use  only,  such  room  or  rooms  shall  be  not  less  than 
eight  feet  high  in  the  clear. 

Sec.  418.  Rooms — Changes  in  Existing. — No  room  in  any 
now  existing  tenement  house  shall  hereafter  be  constructed, 
altered,  converted  or  occupied  for  living  purposes  unless  it 
contains  a  window  having  a  superficial  area  not  less  than 
one-twelfth  the  floor  area  of  the  room,  which  window  shall 
open  upon  a  street  or  alley  or  upon  a  yard  or  court  having 
a  superficial  area  of  not  less  than  twenty-five  square  feet;  or 
unless  such  room  adjoins  another  room  in  the  same  apart- 
ment, which  other  room  shall  have  such  a  window  opening 
upon  such  a  street,  alley,  yard  or  court,  and  between  which 
two  adjoining  rooms  there  shall  be  a  sash  window  having  at 
least  fifteen  square  feet  of  glazed  surface,  the  upper  half  of 
which  sliall  be  so  made  as  to  open  easily. 

Sec.  419.  Windotcs — Courts — Attie. — No  room  in  any  now 
existing  tenement  house  which  has  no  such  window,  as  afore- 
said, opening  upon  a  street  or  alley  or  upon  a  yard  or  court 
having  a  superficial  area  of  not  less  than  twenty-five  square 
feet,  shall  hereafter  be  constructed,  altered,  converted  or 
occupied   for  living  purposes,  unless  it  contains  a  floor  area 


of  at  least  sixty  square  feet  and  also  at  least  si.x  hundred 
cubic  feet  of  air  space:  nor  unless  every  part  of  the  finished 
ceiling  of  such  room  be  at  least  eight  feet  distant  from  every 
part  of  the  finished  floor  thereof ;  provided,  that  an  attic 
room  need  be  eight  feet  high  in  but  one-half  of  its  area  and 
such  attic  room  shall  not  be  used  for  purposes  of  human 
habitation  other  than  as  a  sleeping  room. 

Sec.  420.  Air — Quantity  of  for  Eaeh  Person. — No  room  in 
any  tenement  house  shall  be  so  occupied  that  the  allowance 
of  air  to  each  person  living  or  sleeping  in  such  room  shall 
at  any  time  be  less  than  four  hundred  cubic  feet  for  each 
such  person  more  than  twelve  years  old  and  two  hundred 
cubic  feet  for  each  such  person  of  the  age  of  twelve  years  or 
under. 

Sec.  421.    Alcofcs. 

.Amended  by  ordinance  of  February  18,  1907,  to  read  as 
follows : 

Alcove  rooms  must  conform  to  all  the  requirements  of 
other  rooms,  except  that  in  one  or  two-story  existing  build- 
ings which  it  may  be  desired  to  raise  or  alter,  every  alcove 
shall  be  deemed  a  separate  room  for  all  purposes  within  the 
meaning  of  this  ordinance,  except  such  an  alcove  as,  adjoin- 
ing another  room,  has  at  least  twenty  per  centum  of  entire 
wall  surface  of  alcove  opening  to  another  room. 

Sec.  422.  Light  in  Halls — Recesses — Returns — Doors  In. — ■ 
In  every  new  tenement  house  every  public  hall  shall  be 
lighted  by  at  least  one  window  in  each  story  opening  directly 
upon  a  street,  alley,  yard  or  court,  or  by  a  skylight.  Such 
window  shall  be  so  placed  that  light  may  pass  directly  through 
it  and  the  hall  to  the  opposite  end  of  the  hall,  or  else  there 
shall  be  at  least  one  window  opening  directly  upon  a  street, 
alley,  yard  or  court  in  every  twenty  feet  in  length  or  frac- 
tion thereof  of  every  such  hall,  except  in  so  much  of  any 
entrance  hall  as  lies  between  the  entrance  and  the  flight  of 
stairs  nearest  the  entrance.  In  any  such  public  hall,  recesses 
or  returns,  the  length  of  which  do  not  exceed  twice  the  width 
of  the  hall,  will  be  permitted,  without  an  additional  window, 
but  otherwise  each  recess  or  return  shall  be  regarded  for  the 
purposes  of  this  section  as  if  it  were  a  separate  hall.  Any 
part  of  a  public  hall  which  is  shut  off  from  any  other  part  by 
a  door  or  doors  shall  be  deemed  a  separate  public  hall  within 
the  meaning  of  this  section. 

Sec.  423.  Public  Halls — W indoles  In. — In  every  new  tene- 
ment bouse  one  at  least  of  the  windows  provided  to  light 
each  public  hall  or  part  thereof  shall  have  a  glass  area  of  at 
least  twelve  square  feet. 

Sec.  424.  Rooms  and  Halls — Additional. — Any  additional 
room  or  hall  that  may  hereafter  be  constructed  or  created  in 
an  existing  tenement  house  shall  comply  in  all  respects  with 
the  provisions  of  this  chapter  as  to  size,  arrangement,  light 
and  ventilation  of  rooms  and  halls. 

Sec.  425.  Shafts — Inner  and  Outer  Vent — Dimensions. — 
Inner  or  outer  vent  shafts  of  all  tenement  houses  as  defined 
in  Section  389  of  this  chapter  shall  be  of  the  following  dimen- 
sions ; 

Square  Least 

Building.  Feet.  Width. 

2  stories    22j4  3  feet 

3  stories    27  3  feet 

4  stories    36  3  feet 

5  stories    48  S  feet 

6  stories    72  6  feet 

7  stories    96  8  feet 

8  stories    120  8  feet 


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Sec.  426.  Skylight  Give  Sldirs—l'i-iitiUiliiia—.trru  Of.— 
In  every  new  tciiemeiit  lunise  there  shall  he  in  the  roof, 
directly  over  each  stair  well,  a  ventilatiiin  skylight,  which 
shall  have  a  gla/eil  surface  of  the  following  diinensioiis: 
Where  such  tcneinent  house  shall  not  exceed  two  stories  in 
height,  and  covering  a  superficial  ground  area  of  not  to 
exceed  sixteen  hnndreil  sciuare  feet,  the  glazed  surface  in 
such  ventilating  skylight  shall  he  not  less  than  lifteen  square 
feet  in  area.  For  a  three-story  liuilding,  with  a  superlicial 
ground  area  of  not  to  exceed  sixteen  hundred  square  feet, 
the  glazed  surface  of  such  ventilating  skylight  shall  he  not 
less  than  twenty  square  feet  in  area.  For  all  buildings  in 
excess  of  three  stories  and  covering  a  superficial  ground  area 
in  excess  of  1.600  square  feet,  the  glazed  surface  of  such 
ventilating  .skylight  shall  lie  not  less  than  twenty-live  square 
feet  in  area;  provided,  liowever.  that  such  ventilating  sky- 
lights shall  not  he  required  in  ,niy  of  such  huildings  where 
the  -Stairways  are  lighted  hy  a  window  on  each  story  landing. 

If  the  building  is  more  than  three  stories  high,  the  skylights 
shall  have  at  least  si.\  inches  above  same  a  strong  wire  net- 
ting (wire  not  lighter  than  \o.  8  and  a  mesh  not  coarser 
than  one  and  one-half  by  one  and  one-half  inches)  unless 
the  glass  contains  a  wire  netting  within  itself. 

Sec.  427.  I'liiis  in  U'lills. — In  every  new  tinenunt  bouse 
there  shall  he  adequate  tlues  in  walls  of  masonry  not  less 
than  forty-nine  square  inches  area  in  each  chimney  running 
through  every  floor,  with  an  open  fireplace  or  grate  or  place 
for  a  stove,  properly  connected  with  one  of  sucli  cliinniey 
flues,  for  every  apartment,  every  addilion.il  line  used  sb;dl 
not  be  of  less  size  than  the  above. 

Sec.  428.  Cellar  and  Basonoit — Criliuns — I'ciilUation. — 
.\mended  by  ordinance  Nov.  25,  1907,  to  read  as  follows : 

.Ml  cellars  and  basements  shall  be  ventilated  at  each  end, 
and  where  boilers  or  furnaces  are  located  the  ceiling  over 
the  boiler  or  furnace,  extending  for  two  feet  beyond  boiler 
or  furnace  in  each  direction,  shall  be  covered  with  metal  lath 
and  plastered,  or  any  other  incombustible  material  approved 
by  the  Commissioner  of  Buildings. 

Sec.  429.  Damp-Proofing — Bascnictit  Walls  ami  Floors. — 
Every  new  tenement  bouse  shall  have  all  its  outside  walls 
below  the  adjacent  ground  level  plastered  on  the  outside  with 
Portlan<I  cement  or  treated  with  other  approved  damp-proof- 
ing material,  and  such  walls,  as  high  as  the  ground  level,  shall 
be  laid  in  cement  mortar.  The  basement  or  cellar  shall  have 
a  floor  of  Portland  cement  concrete  not  less  than  three  inches 
in  thickness. 

Sec.  430.  Cellar  Changed  for  Lii-ing  Purposes — Require- 
ments— Height. — In  no  now  existing  or  new  tenement  house 
shall  any  room  in  the  cellar  be  constructed,  altered,  con- 
verted or  occupied  for  living  purposes;  and  no  room  in  tlie 
basement  of  a  tenement  bouse  shall  he  constructed,  altered, 
converted  or  occupied  for  living  purposes,  unless  all  of  the 
following  conditions  of  this  chapter  be  complied  with,  and  at 
least  one-third  of  the  height  of  the  basement  shall  be  above 
grade  for  building :  provided,  in  each  case  it  shall  be  at  least 
four  feet  above  the  street  grade.  Such  rooms  shall  he  at 
least  8  feet  6  inches  high  in  all  now  existing  or  new  tenement 
houses  in  every  part,  from  floor  to  the  ceiling,  except  as 
provided  for  janitor's  use  only  in  Section  417  of  this  chapter. 

Sec.  431.  Water  Closet. — There  shall  be  appurtenant  to 
such  room  or  apartment,  a  water  closet  conforming  to  the 
regxdafions  and  ordinances  of  the  city  relating  to  water 
closets. 


Sec.  432.  .S7i.i//.s.  .\reas.  Hie.,  to  li.rtend  7':e<>  Inehes  He- 
low  the  Ploor — graded — Cunereled — Drained. — In  every  new 
tenement  house,  the  iiottom  of  all  shafts,  courts  and  yards 
which  extend  to  the  liasement  and  light  and  ventilate  the 
living  rooms  in  such  basement  shall,  by  means  of  areas,  not 
less  than  two  feet  six  inches  in  their  least  dimension  or  other- 
wise, 1)e  extended  a  distance  of  at  least  two  inches  below 
the  floor  level  of  the  part  intended  to  be  occupied.  .Ml 
shafts,  inner  courts  and  areas  which  extend  to  the  ground 
shall  be  properly  concreted,  and  all  shafts,  inner  and  lot  line 
courts  and  areas  shall  be  properly  graded  and  drained,  and 
sb.ill  be  so  connected  with  a  street  sewer  through  an  inter- 
mediate trap  or  surface  basin  (where  such  a  sewer  is  adjacent 
to  the  lot),  that  all  water  may  be  drained   freely  into  it. 

Sec.  4,W.  .Sinks — Ketjiiireinent. — In  every  new  tenement 
liouse  there  shall  be  in  each  apartment  at  least  one  proper 
sink  with  running  water.  In  every  now  existing  tenement 
liouse  there  shall  lie  on  every  floor  at  least  one  proper  sink 
with  running  water,  accessible  to  all  the  tenants  of  tli.it  floor, 
wMtbout  passing  through  any  other  apartment,  if  there  be  not 
one  such  sink  in  each  apartment.  In  no  tenement  house 
shall  there  be  woodwork  inclosing  sinks  located  in  the  public 
li.ills  :  the  space  underneath  sinks  shall  be  left  entirely  open. 

Sec.  434.  Water  Closets — Aeeess  to — Windoies  in — Arti- 
fieial  Light. — In  every  new  tenement  house  there  shall  he  a 
separate  water  closet  in  a  separate  compartment  within  each 
ap.irtinent,  accessible  to  each  apartment,  without  passing 
tlirough  any  other  apartment,  provided  that  where  there  are 
.ipartmcnts,  consisting  of  only  one  or  two  rooms,  there  shall 
lie  at  least  one  water  closet  for  every  two  apartments.  Every 
water  closet  compartment  in  every  new'  tenement  hou.se  shall 
li.ive  a  window  opening  upon  a  street,  alley,  yard,  court  or 
vent  sliaft,  and  every  water  closet  compartment  in  every 
existing  tenement  house  shall  be  ventilated  by  such  a  window, 
or  else  by  a  proper  ventilating  pipe  running  through  the  roof. 
Every  water  closet  compartnicnt  in  every  tenement  house 
shall  lie  provided  with  proper  means  of  artificially  lighting  the 
s.iiiie.  I  f  li.xtures  for  gas  or  electricity  are  not  provided  in 
any  such  compartment,  then  the  door  thereof  shall  have 
grcnind  glass  or  wire  glass  panels  or  transoms. 

.Sec.  43.S.  .Sanitary  Requirements. — No  drip  trays  shall  be 
permitted  in  new  tenement  houses.  .Ml  water  closet  fixtures 
ill  every  new  tenement  house  shall  be  constructed  and  set  up 
comfortably  to  the  requirements  of  the  Department  of 
Health.  .Ml  privy  vaults  used  in  connection  with  any  existing 
tenement  house  shall  be  replaced  by  water  closets,  constructed 
and  set  up  in  conformity  with  the  provisions  of  this  chapter, 
whenever  connection  with  a  public  sewer  is  in  any  way  prac- 
ticable, and  the  Department  of  Health  of  the  city  shall  be  the 
sole  judge  as  to  the  practicability  of  such  connection  with  the 
public  sewer.  M  least  one  such  water  closet  shall  he  pro- 
vided for  every  two  apartments  in  each  existing  tenement 
house,  and  such  water  closets  may  he  located  in  the  yard  if 
neces.sary.  If  so  located,  long  hopper  closets  Jiiay  he  used, 
provided  all  trajis.  flush  tanks  and  pipes  be  protected  against 
frost. 

Sec.  436.  Loads — AlUn^wnce  for  Lire  Loads  in  Construe- 
tion  of  Floors. — For  all  huildings  of  Class  VI  the  floors  shall 
be  designed  and  constructed  in  such  a  manner  as  to  be  cap- 
able of  hearing  in  all  their  parts,  in  addition  to  the  weight 
of  the  floor  construction,  and  including  the  weight  of  parti- 
tions and  permanent  fixtures  and  mechanisms  that  may  be 
set  upon  the  same,  a  live  loa<l  of  forty  pounds  for  every 
siiuare  foot  of  surface  in  such  floors. 


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A    HALF    CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


Sec.  437.  Pipes  Through  Floors. — In  every  new  tenement 
Iiouse  where  plumbing  or  other  pipes  pass  through  floors  or 
partitions,  the  openings  around  such  pipes  shall  be  sealed  or 
made  air  tight  with  plaster  or  other  incombustible  material, 
so  as  to  prevent  the  passage  of  air  or  the  spread  of  fire  from 
one  floor  to  another  or  from  room  to  room. 

Sec.  438.  Catch  Basins. — The  covers  of  all  catch  basins  in 
lots  containing  tenement  houses  shall  be  of  stone  or  iron, 
and  shall  be  placed  in  courts  or  yards  flush  with  the  surface 
of  such  courts  or  yards,  so  that  access  to  such  basins  may  be 
convenient. 

Sec.  439.  Stairii'ays — Fire  Escapes  to  be  Free  From  In- 
cuinbraiice. — No  incumbrance  of  any  kind  shall  at  any  time 
be  placed  before,  upon  or  against  any  stairway,  steps  or  land- 
ings or  fire  escapes  in  or  upon  any  tenement  house.  All  fire 
escapes  upon  tenement  houses  sliall  be  kept  in  good  order  and 
repair,  and  every  exposed  part  thereof  shall  at  all  times  be 
protected  against  rust  by  durable  paint. 

Sec.  440.  IVater  Closets — Access  To. — In  every  apartment 
of  three  or  more  rooms  in  every  new  tenement  house  con- 
venient access  from  the  outer  door  to  the  apartment  to  every 
living  room  and  to  every  bedroom,  and  to  every  room  used 
as  a  bedroom,  and  to  at  least  one  water  closet  compartment, 
shall  be  provided  otherwise  than  through  any  bedroom  or 
room  used  as  a  bedroom. 

Sec.  441.  Buildings  Damaged  by  Fire,  Etc. — If  any  exist- 
ing tenement  house  is  hereafter  damaged  by  fire  or  other 
cause  (including  ordinary  wear)  so  that  at  any  time  its  value 
be  less  than  one-half  its  original  cost  (exclusive  of  the  value 
of  the  foundations)  sucli  building  shall  not  be  repaired  or 
rebuilt  except  in  conformity  witli  the  provisions  of  this  cliap- 
ter  applicable  to  new  tenement  houses. 

Sec.  442.  Changes  or  Alterations — Permits. — Every  new 
tenement  house  and  all  changes  or  alterations  in  any  existing 
tenement  house  shall  conform  to  the  requirements  of  this 
chapter.  No  new  tenement  house  shall  be  begun,  nor  shall 
any  changes  or  alterations  in  any  existing  tenement  house, 
such  as  are  referred  to  in  this  chapter,  be  begun  until  a  permit 
therefor  shall  have  been  issued  by  the  Building  Department 
of  the  city.  Such  permit  shall  be  issued  only  upon  an  appli- 
cation by  the  person  for  whom  the  building  is  to  be  erected 
or  altered,  and  after  approval  of  the  plans  and  specifications 
of  such  tenement  house,  or  such  changes  or  alterations  by 
the  Health  Department  of  the  city  whenever  such  approval  is 
required  by  law  or  ordinance. 

Sec.  443.  Notice  to  be  Sent  to  Commissioner  of  Buildings 
to  Inspect — Certificate  to  be  Issued — Notice  to  Inspect  to  be 
Filed.— It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  owner  or  his  agent,  when 
a  tenement  house  is  in  course  of  erection,  to  notify  the  Com- 
missioner of  Buildings  of  the  city  when  the  building  is  or 
will  be  ready  for  lathing,  and  the  Commissioner  shall,  within 
three  days  of  the  time  specified,  cause  an  inspection  to  be 
made,  and  if  the  construction  is  found  to  be  in  accordance 
with  the  requirements  of  this  chapter  he  shall  issue  or  cause 
to  be  issued  a  certificate  to  that  effect;  otherwise  he  shall 
cause  the  penalties  provided  in  Section  445  of  this  chapter  to 
be  enforced.  The  Commissioner  shall  file  for  reference  the 
notice  received  and  shall  also  file  a  copy  of  the  certificate  in 
the  office  of  the  Building  Department. 

Sec.  444.  Yards.  Courts,  Etc.— Must  Comply  as  to.— Any 
tenement  house  not  conforming  in  itself  and  in  its  yard, 
courts,  areas  and  shafts  to  the  requirements  of  this  chapter 


shall  not  l)e  occupied,  or  if  foinid  occupied  shall  forthwith 
be  vacated  upon  notice  from  the  Commissioner  of  Buildings, 
and  such  tenement  house  shall  not  again  be  occupied  until 
made  to  conform  in  all  respects  with  the  provisions  of  this 
chapter,  notwithstanding  the  issuance  of  a  building  permit  for 
the  erection  or  alteration  of  such  building. 

Sec.  445.  Isolations — Penalty  For. — Any  owner,  lessee, 
tenant,  occupant  or  agent  of  any  tenement  house,  or  any 
architect,  contractor,  builder  or  foreman  superintending  or 
in  charge  of  the  work  of  construction  of  any  tenement  house 
violating,  disobeying,  neglecting  or  refusing  to  comply  with 
or  resisting  the  enforcement  of  any  of  the  provisions  of  this 
chapter  shall  be  fined  not  less  than  ten  dollars  nor  more  than 
two  hundred  dollars  for  each  offense,  and  any  violation  of 
any  provision  of  this  chapter,  if  continued  after  the  first  fine 
is  imposed,  shall,  for  every  week  of  such  continuance,  be 
punishable  by  an  additional  fine  of  not  less  than  ten  dollars 
nor  more  than  two  hundred  dollars. 

Sec.  446.  Provisions  of  this  Chapter  not  to  Apply  to  E.vist- 
ing  Buildings,  E.vcept  Under  Certain  Circumstances. — Noth- 
ing in  this  chapter  contained  shall  be  considered  as  requiring 
alterations  in  the  construction  or  equipment  of  buildings  in 
existence  at  the  time  of  the  passage  of  this  ordinance,  and 
which  at  the  time  of  their  construction  were  built  in  compli- 
ance with  the  ordinances  then  in  force,  unless  such  building 
shall  not  have  sufficient  or  adequate  means  of  egress  there- 
from or  ingress  thereto  by  reason  of  insufficient  or  inadequate 
stairway  or  stairways  improperly  located  or  insufficient  or 
inadequate  elevators  or  elevator  equipment,  doors,  fire  escapes, 
windows  or  other  means  of  egress  or  ingress. 

If,  however,  it  is  desired  to  enlarge  or  in  any  manner 
materially  modify  the  construction  of  any  existing  building, 
or  to  make  any  change  in  its  use  or  occupation  which  will 
transfer  it  from  one  class,  as  defined  by  this  chapter,  to  an- 
other class,  then  before  such  enlargement  or  structural  change 
or  modification  of  building  is  made,  or  before  such  change 
in  its  use  or  occupation  may  be  made,  the  entire  building  shall 
be  reconstructed  or  modified  in  such  manner  as  to  bring  the 
same,  when  enlarged  or  altered,  or  when  occupied  for  its  new 
and  different  purposes,  into  accordance  with  the  provisions 
of  this  chapter. 

Sec.  447.  Commissioner  Shall  Notify. — Where  it  shall 
appear  to  the  said  Commissioner  that  any  such  building  has 
inadequate  or  insufficient  means  of  egress  therefrom  or  in- 
gress thereto,  as  aforesaid,  he  shall  notify  the  owner,  agent 
or  person  in  possession,  charge  or  control  of  such  building, 
of  such  fact,  and  direct  him  forthwith  to  make  such  altera- 
tions and  changes  in  the  construction  or  equipment  of  such 
building  as  are  necessary  to  be  made  in  order  to  promote  the 
safety  of  the  occupants  of  such  building  and  of  persons 
using  the  same  and  of  the  public. 

Sec.  448.  Where  Conflicting  zvith  Other  Sections.— In  cases 
of  direct  conflict  with  the  provisions  of  other  sections  of  this 
chapter  relating  to  other  classes,  the  provisions  of  the  sec- 
tions relating  to  Class  VI  shall  govern  in  respect  to  tenement 
houses. 

ARTICLE  X. 

PROVISIONS  RELATING  SOLELY  TO  CLASS  VII. 

In  Class  VII  shall  be  included  all  buildings  used  for  the 
sale  at  retail  of  dry  goods  and  other  articles  of  general  mer- 
chandise and  commonly  known  and  described  as  "department 
stores." 


168 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


Sec.  449.  Buildings  of  Class  Ill—Coiislniilioii  Of  — 
Buildings  used  cither  wholly  or  in  part  for  the  purposes  of 
Class  VII  three  stories  or  less  in  height  may  be  of  ordinary 
construction. 

Such  Iniildings  more  than  three  and  not  exceeding  five 
stories  in  height  shall  be  of  slow-lnirninR.  mill  or  fireproof 
construction. 

Such  buildings  over  five  stories  in  height  shall  be  of  fire- 
proof construction. 

Sec.  450.  }l\ills—TliiihiiiSS  Of.—'\'\w  thickness  of  inclos- 
ing walls  shall  conform  to  the  following  requirements : 

STORIES 

Basement.     1     _'     3     4     5     6     7     8    9  10  11   12 

One-story    12  12 

Two-story     16  12  12 

Three-story    16  16  12  12 

Four-story    20  20  16  16  12 

Five-story     24  20  20  16  16  16 

Six-story    24  20  20  20  16  16  16 

Seven-story    24  20  20  20  20  16  16  16 

Kight-story     24  24  24  20  20  20  16  16  16 

Xine-story    28  24  24  24  20  20  20  16  16  16 

Ten-story    28  28  28  24  24  24  20  20  20  16  16 

Eleven-story    28  28  28  24  24  24  20  20  20  16  16  16 

Twelve-story    32  28  28  28  24  24  24  20  20  20  16  16  16 

Provided,  however,  in  buildings  of  steel  skeleton,  fireproof 
construction  thickness  of  walls  shall  be  governed  by  Section 
510  of  this  chapter. 

li'olls.  Ledges.  /:/r.— See  Section  588. 

Walls  Around  Stairs.  RIci'alors  and  Shafts. — See  Section 
588. 

Halls.  Reinforced  Conerete. — Ste   Section   554. 

Sec.  451.  Stories  Used  for  the  Retail  Sale  of  Goods — 
Oeeupalion  of  Basement — Lockers. — Xot  more  than  the  lower 
twelve  stories  above  the  street  grade  shall  be  used  for  the 
retail  sale  of  goods,  or  for  employes"  locker  rooms  or  for 
manufacturing  purposes  in  a  buiUling  devoted  wholly  or  in 
part  to  purposes  of  Class  VII  provided,  however,  the  stories 
above  the  twelfth  story  may  be  used  for  these  or  other  pur- 
poses when  the  stairs  arc  built  as  described  in  Section  457 
of  this  chapter. 

Not  more  than  one  floor  of  any  lia--emeMt  or  cellar  sliall 
be  used  for  the  retail  sale  of  goods.  .Sucli  floor  shall  be  the 
floor  nearest  to  the  inside  street  grade.  Such  floor  used  for 
the  retail  sale  of  goods  shall  not  be  more  than  twenty  feet 
below  the  inside  street  grade. 

Xo  sub-basement,  cellar  or  part  of  a  basenunt  lulow  such 
floor  shall  be  used  for  the  sale  of  any  goods  in  any  manner, 
but  locker  and  dressing  rooms  may  be  placed  in  the  sub- 
basement,  provided  the  space  thus  occupied  lie  separated  from 
the  remainder  of  the  basement  by  fireproof  partitions,  and 
that  there  be  at  least  two  flights  of  stairs  placed  as  far  apart 
as  practicable  leading  therefrom  to  the  first  floor  inclosed  in 
fireproof  partitions  as  provided  in  Sections  5.33  and  534  of 
this  chapter.  Such  stairs  from  such  locker  or  dressing  rooms 
shall  be  in  addition  to  other  stairways  required  by  this  chap- 
ter in  such  building,  provided  that  at  least  one  of  such 
stairways  shall  open  directly  on  a  street,  alley  or  court  open- 
ing on  a  street  or  alley  or  a  fireproof  passage  leading  to  the 
street,  alley  or  such  court.  Where  more  than  five  lockers  are 
in  one  room  such  lockers  shall  be  of  incombustible  material. 

Sec.  452.  Floor  Areas — Ma.riinum. — The  floor  area  of  any 
one  story  or  portion  of  a  story  used  for  the  purposes  of 
Qass  VII  of  any  building  or  ordinary  construction  shall  not 
exceed  nine  thousand  square   feet. 


The  floor  area  of  any  one  story  or  portion  of  a  story  used 
for  the  purposes  of  Class  VII  of  any  building  of  slow-burn- 
ing or  mill  construction  shall  not  exceed  twelve  thousand 
.square  feet. 

The  floor  area  of  any  one  story  or  portion  of  a  story  used 
for  the  purposes  of  Class  VII  of  any  building  of  fireproof 
construction  shall  not  exceed  25,000  square  feet. 

Sec.  453.  Floor  Areas — E.rceeding  the  Maximum  Limits 
Defined  in  Section  452. — Where  any  floor  or  portion  of  a 
lloor  used  for  the  purposes  of  Class  VII  in  any  building  shall 
exceed  in  area  the  maximum  number  of  square  feet  allowed 
in  the  preceding  section  for  the  type  of  construction  of  such 
I)uil(ling  in  which  such  floor  is  contained,  each  such  maximum 
.imouiU  of  floor  area  so  used  shall  be  separated  from  other 
parts  of  such  floor  by  fire  walls  or  dividing  w'alls  built  in  ac- 
cordance with  the  provisions  of  Section  259  of  this  chapter 
relating  to  dividing  walls  in  buildings  of  Class  I. 

Where  any  such  floor  so  used  is  divided  by  such  fire  walls 
or  dividing  walls,  each  such  division  of  such  floor  shall  he 
provided  with  stairs,  aisles  exits  and  fire  escapes,  as  is  re- 
(luired  in  this  chapter  for  separate  and  distinct  buildings,  and 
each  such  division  shall  be  considered  as  a  separate  building. 

Sec.  454.  Galleries. — The  area  of  any  one  or  all  of  the  gal- 
leries, mezzanine  or  intermediate  floors  in  any  one  story  used 
wholly  or  in  part  for  the  purposes  of  Class  VII  in  any  build- 
ing shall  not  exceed  10  per  centum  of  the  area  of  such  story, 
and  galleries,  mezzanine  or  intermediate  floors  of  a  larger  size 
than  the  above  shall  be  considered  as  full  stories. 

Every  gallery,  mezzanine  or  intermediate  floor  shall  have 
at  least  one  stairway  not  less  than  three  feet  wide. 

The  height  from  the  floor  of  any  gallery,  mezzanine  or  m- 
termediate  floor  to  the  ceiling  over  same  shall  not  he  less 
than  seven  feet,  and  there  shall  be  not  less  than  seven  feet 
space  between  the  bottom  of  such  gallery,  mezzanine  or  inter- 
mediate fioor,  and  the  floor  of  the  story  in  which  such  gallery, 
mezzanine  or  intermediate  floor  is  placed. 

Every  gallery,  intermediate  or  mezzanine  floor  used  for  the 
purposes  of  Class  VII  in  any  building  shall  be  built  entirely 
of  fireproof  or  incombustible  construction  with  the  exception 
of  the  floor  surface  and  nailing  strips,  which  may  be  of  wood. 

Xo  gallery,  intermediate  or  mezzanine  floor  shall  be  built 
without  a  permit  from  the  Department  of  Buildings,  and 
plans  showMug  the  construction  and  size  of  such  proposed 
gallery,  intermediate  or  mezzanine  floor  shall  be  filed  with 
the  Department  of  Buildings  when  a  permit  is  applied  for. 

Sec.  455.  Courts  of  Class  I'll  Buildings. — Every  court  or 
light  shaft  of  every  building  used  wholly  or  in  part  for  the 
purposes  of  Class  VII  shall  be  open  and  unobstructed  from 
the  floor  of  such  court  to  the  sky,  with  the  exception  that  fire 
escapes  may  be  built  therein,  and  .such  court  shall  have  walls 
constructed  in  the  same  manner  as  is  required  for  the  exter- 
ior walls  of  such  buildings ;  provided,  that  no  walls  inclosing 
such  courts  are  required  on  street  or  alley  lot  lines. 

.Ml  windows,  doors  or  other  openings  in  court  walls  of 
such  buildings  shall  have  metal  frames,  metal  sashes  and 
metal  doors,  with  the  glazed  portion  thereof  of  fire-resisting 
glass. 

Sec.  456.  Stories— Xumbering  O/.— The  first  story  above 
the  inside  street  grade  shall  be  designated  and  known  as  the 
first  story  for  all  purposes  of  this  chapter,  and  the  stories 
above  shall  be  numbered,  consecutively,  the  second,  third,  and 
so  on. 

Sec.  457.  Stairzeays — Interior  Stairteays  in  Buildings  of 
Class   r//.— Buildings   used   wholly   or   in   part    for   purposes 


160 


A     HALF    CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


of  Class  VII  shall  have  two  stairways  if  the  aggregate  floor 
area  is  five  thousand  square  feet  or  less,  three  stairways  if 
the  aggregate  floor  area  is  more  than  five  thousand  square 
feet  and  not  more  than  ten  thousand  square  feet,  and  four 
stairways  if  the  floor  area  is  more  than  ten  thousand  square 
feet. 

The  number  of  stairways  and  the  aggregate  width  of  stair- 
ways required  for  the  various  floor  areas  shall  be  as  indi- 
cated in  the  table  hereinafter  set  forth  in  the  following 
section. 

The  width  of  the  different  stairways  need  not  be  alike,  and 
for  each  four  stories,  or  fractional  number  of  stories,  of  the 
building  above  the  first  four  stories,  each  stairway  may  be 
reduced  by  six  inches,  as  set  forth  in  the  talile  of  stairs  in 
Section  458.  but  no  stair  in  a  Class  VII  building  shall  be  of 
a  less  width  than  three  feet. 

Stairways  in  buildings  used  wholly  or  in  part  for  the  pur- 
poses of  Class  VII  shall  be  located  as  far  apart  as  practicable, 
and  shall  have  hand  rails  on  each  side  thereof,  and  no  such 
stairway  shall  be  a  spiral  stairway  or  have  any  winders.  The 
height  of  the  individual  riser  shall  not  exceed  seven  and 
three-eighths  inches.  The  width  of  the  individual  tread  shall 
be  not  less  than  ten  inches.  Stairways  which  are  over  seven 
feet  wide  shall  have  double  intermediate  hand  rails  with  end 
newel  posts  at  least  five  and  one-half  feet  higli. 

The  bottom  of  each  stairway  shall  be  in  the  immediate 
vicinity  of  the  top  of  the  stairs  leading  to  the  next  lower 
story,  and  the  line  of  travel  from  stairway  to  stairway  shall 
be  direct  and  easily  accessible  each  to  the  other. 

Every  story  below  street  grade  shall  have  not  less  than 
two  stairways  to  the  first  story  and  each  such  stairway  shall 
be  not  less  than  three  feet  wide,  but  where  a  basement  or 
cellar  is  used  for  the  retail  sale  of  goods  the  stairways  from 
such  basement  or  cellar  shall  be  in  number  and  aggregate 
width  as  indicated  in  the  table  of  stairways  set  forth  in  the 
following  section  for  the  lower  four  stories  of  the  same  Iniild- 
ing. 

The  whole  number  of  stairways  required  for  any  such 
building  shall  be  complete  in  every  respect  from  the  first  floor 
to  the  topmost  floor,  and  each  stairway  shall  be  extended  to 
the  roof. 

Provided,  however,  that  if  any  building  used  wholly  or  in 
part  for  the  purposes  of  Class  VII  be  equipped  with  auto- 
matic sprinklers,  and  be  connected  with  another  building 
similarly  used,  and  distant  not  less  than  twenty-five  feet,  and 
used  by  the  same  occupant,  by  a  fireproof  bridge  or  passage- 
way similarly  equipped,  then  each  such  bridge  or  passage- 
way shall  be  held  to  be  equivalent  to  and  take  the  place  of 
one  outside  stairway  fire  escape  on  each  of  the  buildings  so 
connected. 

.'Ks  amended  by  ordinance,  October  29,  1906. 

Sec.  458.  TABLE  OF  STAIRWAYS  FOR  CLASS  VII 
BUILDINGS. 

AGGREGATE  WIDTH  OF  STAIRWAYS. 


25.000 
20.000 
1.5.000 
14.000 
13.000 
12.000 
11.000 
10.000 
9.00O 

s.ooo 

7.000 
6.00f> 
5.000 
4,000 
3.000 
2.000 


1st.  2nd.  3rd. 
4th.  Story  or 
Stories 
SOfett 
25  feet 
20  feet 
19  feet 
IS  feet 
17  foot 
U,  fcpt 
15  feet 
14  feet 
13  feet 
12  feet 
11  feet 
10  feet 
9  feet 
8  feet 
mdless  7  feet 


SQUARE 

.5tli.  Mh.7th. 


22  ft.  6  in. 
18  feet 
17  feet 
16  feet 
15  feet 
14  feet 
13  ft.  fi  in. 
12  ft.  6  in. 
11  ft.  6  in. 
10  ft.  6  in. 

9  ft.  6  in 

9  feet 

8  feet 

7  feet 


FEET  OF  — 
9th.10tli.llth 
12th.  Story  or 
Stories 
24  feet 
20  feet 
16  feet 
15  feet 
14  feet 
13  feet 
12  feet 
12  feet 
11  feet 
10  feet 
9  feet 
9  feet 
8  feet 
7  feet 
6  feet 
6  feet 


Stories 
21  feet 
17  ft.  6  i 
14  feet 
13  feet 
12  feet 
12  feet 
12  feet 
10  ft.  6  i 
9  ft.  6  i 
9  feet 
9  feet 


6  feet 
6  feet 
6  feet 


6  stairways 
5  stairways 
4  stairways 
4  stairways 
4  stairways 
4  stairways 
4  stairways 
3  stairways 
3  stairways 
3  srairways 
3  stairways 
3  stairways 
2  stairways 
2  stairways 
2  stairways 
2  stairways 


Whenever  any  building  of  fireproof  construction  used 
wholly  or  in  part  for  the  purposes  of  Class  VII  shall  adjoin 
or  be  attached  to  a  fireproof  building,  used  by  the  same  occu- 
pant, and  having  in  its  required  intervening  fire  wall  one  or 
more  openings,  fitted  with  fire  doors,  on  each  side  of  the  fire 
wall,  having  self-closing  device  thereon,  as  approved  by  the 
Building  Department,  then  every  such  opening  shall,  for  all 
purposes,  be  held  to  be  equivalent  to  and  take  the  place  of  and 
be  regarded  as  a  stairway,  built  and  enclosed  in  the  manner 
described  in  the  following  section  (459).  But  in  no  case 
shall  there  be  less  than  one  stairway  in  any  such  building. 

As  amended  by  ordinance,  October  29,  1906. 

Sec.  459.  Stairs — Firc/'roof  Interior. — Where  an  interior 
stairway  and  its  stair  hall  of  a  building  used  wholly  or  in 
part  for  the  purposes  of  Class  VII  are  inclosed  in  all  stories 
of  the  building  by  fireproof  partitions  built  as  described  in 
Section  533  of  this  chapter  for  fireproof  construction,  and 
where  the  stairways  and  landings  are  built  as  described  in 
Section  534  of  this  chapter  for  fireproof  construction,  and 
where  the  doors,  frames,  sashes  and  casings  and  the  glazed 
portions  thereof  are  built  as  described  in  Section  525  of  this 
chapter  for  fireproof  construction,  then  such  stairway,  if  not 
less  than  five  feet  in  width  from  first  floor  to  the  topmost 
floor,  shall  be  considered  as  the  equivalent  of  two  open  stair- 
ways, but  in  no  case  shall  there  be  less  than  two  stairways 
in  any  such  building". 

Sec.  460.  Stories— Jl'licrc  Stories  Above  Tzwlfth  Are  Used 
for  Class  I'll  Purposes. — Where  stories  above  the  twelfth 
story  are  used  for  the  purposes  of  Class  VII  as  hereinbefore 
described  for  employes'  locker  rooms,  then  the  stairways  from 
the  first  to  the  topmost  floor  shall  be  built  and  inclosed  as 
described  in  the  preceding  section,  but  the  stairways  shall  be 
in  number  and  in  their  aggregate  width  as  required  in  the 
table  of  stairways  set  forth  in  Section  458  of  this  chapter. 

Sec.  461.  Stairs — Halls — Passagezcays  and  Aisles — Signs 
and  Ligljts, — The  stair  halls,  passageways  or  stair  aisles  shall 
be  unobstructed  and  shall  be  as  wide  as  the  stairs,  and  not  less 
than  four  feet  wide  in  any  place  in  the  clear. 

The  exit  door  or  doors  between  floors  and  stair  halls  shall 
be  as  wide  as  the  stairway  to  which  they  afford  access,  and 
for  each  elevator  opening  into  such  a  stair  hall  the  doors  to 
floors  shall  be  increased  to  two  feet  in  width. 

The  stairways  and  stair  halls  of  any  building  used  wholly 
or  in  part  for  the  purposes  of  Glass  VII  shall  be  illuminated 
by  gas  or  electric  light,  and  the  gas  piping  and  the  electric 
wiring  shall  be  accomplished  by  piping  and  circuits  separated 
and  distinct  from  the  general  illuminating  piping  and  circuits 
of  the  premises.  Each  stair  light  shall  have  a  red  glass  in- 
closure. 

At  the  bottom  of  each  such  st.-iirway  there  shall  be  an  illum- 
inating red  glass  sign  with  the  number  of  the  story  in  which 
it  is  situated  inscribed  thcrcim  in  letters  not  less  than  six 
inches  high. 

Sec.  462.  Aisles  in  Class  VII  Buildings. — In  buildings  used 
wholly  or  in  part  for  the  purposes  of  Class  VII  there  shall 
be  aisles  in  such  portions  of  the  building  as  are  used  for  such 
purposes,  connecting  the  stairways  and  the  elevators  directly 
with  the  street  or  alley  doors,  and  such  aisles  shall  be  termed 
"main  aisles."  Such  main  aisles  shall  have  a  clear  width 
equal  to  the  width  of  the  stairways  connecting  therewith,  and 
for  each  elevator  connecting  with  such  an  aisle  there  shall 
be  an  additional  width  of  six  inches,  and  no  such  main  aisle 
shall  be  less  than  five  feet  wide  in  the  clear  between 
the  counters  in  any  department  store  or  between  the  fixed 
seats   therein.     One-third   the   width   of   any   basement    stair- 


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\v:iy  shall  he  ailik'd  to  ilic  xvicltli  of  the  main  aisle  coiinecliiig 
witli  such  stairway. 

If  there  is  a  colunin  in  any  such  aisle,  then  the  wiillli  of 
the  aisle  shall  be  increased  by  the  width  of  such  column. 

If  there  is  a  counter  or  counters  or  settee,  or  any  case  or 
other  obstruction,  in  an  aisle,  then  that  part  of  the  aisle  on 
each  side  of  such  counter,  settee  or  case  or  other  obstruction 
shall  be  considered  as  a  separate  aisle.  Xo  aisle  other  than 
a  main  aisle  shall  be  less  than  three  feet  in  width. 

Sec.  463.  Exit  Si^iis  mid  Lights. — All  exits  in  buildings 
used  wholly  or  in  part  for  the  purposes  of  Class  VII  shall 
he  clearly  indicated  by  illuminated  red  signs  with  the  word 
"EXIT"  thereon  in  letters  not  less  than  six  inches  high.  .Xt 
the  Iwttoin  of  each  stairway  on  tile  street  level  floor  there 
shall  be  similar  signs  indicating  the  direction  of  the  nearest 
exit  to  a  street  or  alley. 

Fire  escape  doors  and  windows  shall  lie  iii<licated  by  illum- 
inated red  signs  with  the  words  "FIRK  l^-SCMM""  llurcon  in 
letters  not  less  than  six  inches  high. 

Sec.  464.  Doors  ot  Street  /.<tv/— W."«/;i)i-  Poors— The 
clear  width  of  the  exit  openings  shall  1)e  computed  in  tlie 
same  manner  as  that  provided  in  this  article  for  main  aisles, 
and  no  door  openings  shall  be  less  than  tive  feet  wide,  and  all 
doors  shall  swing  outward.  Revolving  doors  shall  not  be 
considered  as  exits,  unless  the  revolving  wings  of  said  revolv- 
ing doors  are  so  arranged  that  by  the  application  of  a  force 
slightly  more  than  necessary  to  revolve  said  doors  and  which 
one  person  of  ordinary  strength  is  capable  of  exerting,  all 
the  wings  of  said  doors  fold  flat  on  each  other  and  in  an  out- 
ward direction,  and  unless  each  side,  or  the  half  circles  of 
such  revolving  doors,  are  hinged  and  fastened  so  as  to  like- 
wise swing  backwards  on  application  of  force  slightly  beyond 
the  normal,  and  which  will  permit  of  exit  space  for  two  ordin- 
ary persons  on  either  side  of  the  collapsed  wings  of  said 
revolving  doors  and  their  inclosing  half  circles. 

As  amended  by  ordinance  March  30.  1906. 

Sec.  465.  Doors  in  Dividing  Walls. — Door  openings  may 
be  built  in  dividing  walls  of  such  buildings,  provided,  how- 
ever, that  such  door  openings  shall  be  provided  with  fireproof 
doors  built  as  described  in  Section  260  of  this  chapter,  and 
that  each  door  shall  have  an  efficient  closing  device,  automatic 
in  operation  in  the  event  of  a  lire,  in  close  proximity  to  such 
door  and  on  each  side  of  such  opening. 

Each  such  opening  shall  have  exit  signs  and  lights  as 
provided  for  street  doors  and  exits  in  Section  463  of  this 
chapter.  There  shall  be  aisles  not  less  than  five  feet  in  width 
connecting  with  such  doors  from  the  main  aisles,  and  in  no 
case  shall  any  such  door  be  of  less  width  than  the  aisle 
directly  connecting  therewith. 

Doors  and  U'indo7>.s — iVhcn  Required  to  Be  Closed — Fire 
Resisting  Glass. — See  Section  632. 

Sec.  466.  Floors — Strength  Of — .-IHoicanee  for  Live  Loads. 
— Every  structural  part  of  every  building  used  wholly  or  in 
part  for  the  purposes  of  Class  VII  shall  safely  support,  in 
addition  to  the  weight  of  floor  construction,  partitions  and 
permanent  mechanisms  that  may  be  set  upon  the  same,  a  live 
load  of  not  less  than  one  hundred  pounds  per  square  foot  of 
floor  area,  and  the  construction  shall  be  calculated  according 
to  the  safe  unit  stresses  elsewhere  defined  in  this  chapter. 
Every  part  of  any  such  building  which  is  subjected  to  a  live 
load  of  more  than  one  hundred  pouiuls  per  square  foot  of 
floor  shall  be  of  sufficient  strength  in  the  parts  which  support 
such  load  to  safely  support  the  load  imposed,  calculated 
according  to  the  safe  allowable  unit  stresses  elsewhere  defined 
in  this  chapter. 


Sec.  467.  Fire  Fseal<es  in  Class  I'll  Buildings. — Every  such 
building  more  than  two  stories  in  height  shall  have  two  stair- 
way lire  escapes.  Such  stairway  fire  escapes  shall  each  be  not 
less  th.m  thirty-six  inches  wi<le  between  centers  of  hand  rails. 
Such  stairway  lire  escapes  shall  be  at  opposite  ends  of  the 
l)uilding  or  as   far  apart    from  each   other  as  practicable. 

Sec.  468.  Passage-ways — Firefroof. — Where  stairway  fire 
escapes  do  not  extend  to  the  ground  level  they  shall  have  a 
counterbalanced  stairway  to  the  grouml  from  a  platform  not 
more   than   twenty   feet   above  the  ground   level. 

Fire  escapes  in  inclosed  courts  shall  have  open,  unob- 
structed fireproof  passageways  leading  directly  to  a  street  or 
an  alley. 

Sec.  469.  l-ire  Hseapes — ll'indoies  and  Railings  On — Doors 
Ofiening  On. — .Ml  windows  an<l  doors  which  are  passed  by  a 
fire  escape  of  any  kind,  and  all  windows  and  doors  opening 
on  fire  escape  platforms  or  landing  shall  have  fireproof  frames 
glazed  with  fire-resisting  glass. 

Each  fire  escape  platform  sliall  have  at  least  one  window 
on  each  floor  in  any  such  building  opening  thereon. 

b'ach  such  window  shall  be  indicated  by  signs  and  lights  as 
required  in  Section  463  of  this  chapter  for  exits. 

Where  window  sills  at  fire  escape  exits  are  more  than  two 
feet  above  the  floor,  one  or  more  steps  not  less  than  three 
feet  wide  shall  be  provided,  with  risers  not  to  exceed  twelve 
inches  high  and  treads  not  less  than  eight  inches  wide. 

The  railings  on  stairway  fire  escapes  and  the  railings 
around  fire  escape  platforms  shall  have  iron  guards  in  addi- 
tion to  the  iron  hand  rails :  such  guards  shall  be  not  less  than 
four  feet  high  measuring  from  the  outer  corner  of  the  tread 
or  from  the  platform:  such  guards  shall  have  a  mesh  or  open- 
ings not  over  two  and  one-half  inches  square,  and  the  metal 
strands  in  such  guards  shall  have  a  cross  section  of  not  less 
than  one-eighth  of  an  inch  in  diameter. 

Sec.  470.  Fire  Drill  of  Emt>loyes.— It  shall  be  the  duty  of 
every  person  or  corporation  maintaining  or  in  possession, 
charge  or  control  of  any  building  used  wholly  or  in  part  for 
the  purposes  of  Class  VII  to  designate  certain  adult  male 
employes  in  such  building  (the  number  of  which  employes 
shall  l)e  prescribed  by  the  Fire  Marshal),  who  shall  be  reg- 
ularly and  throughout  the  entire  time  such  building  is  open 
to  tlie  public  employed  in  such  building,  and  who  shall  be 
physically  and  mentally  able  to  perform  the  duties  which 
shall  be  required  of  them  in  case  of  fire  occurring  in  any 
such  Imilding.  Such  employes  shall  at  least  once  in  each 
month,  wlien  directed  by  the  Fire  Marshal  or  any  authorized 
niem1)er  of  the  Fire  Department,  take  part  in  a  fire  drill  con- 
ducted by  the  Fire  Marshal,  or  any  authorized  member  of 
the  Fire  Department,  in  the  use  of  all  apparatus  for  the  pre- 
vention and  extinguishing  of  fire  in  such  building,  whenever 
tlie  Fire  Marshal  shall  deem  .such  drill  necessary  or  advisable. 
Such  person  or  corporation  shall  pay  to  the  city  the  propor- 
tion of  the  regular  salary  of  any  employe  of  the  Fire  Depart- 
ment who  shall  be  employed  in  drilling  and  examining  the 
employes  of  any  such  building,  based  upon  the  time  of  such 
employment,  and  the  Fire  Marshal  shall  render  bills  monthly 
for  such  services. 

Sec.  471.  Standl>ipes—rnnif<s—.lxes,  /:/r.— Amended  by 
ordinance  of  July  8,  1907,  to  read  as  follows  (Superseding 
amendatory  ordinance  of  March  19,  1906)  : 

(1)  In  every  building  over  one  hundred  (100)  feet  in 
height  not  provided  with  three  (3)  inch  or  larger  inside 
standpipe,  in  all  buildings  hereafter  constructed  of  a  greater 
height  than  seventy-five  (75)   feet  (except  buildings  used  for 


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A     HALF    CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


theater  purposes,  as  herein  elsewhere  provided  for)  ;  in  all 
buildings  used  for  hospital  purposes  of  a  greater  height  than 
three  (3)  stories,  with  accommodations  for  at  least  twenty 
(20)  patients;  and  in  all  buildings  of  a  greater  height  than 
five  (,5)  stories  now  or  hereafter  used  for  hotel  or  public 
lodging  house  purposes  there  shall  be  constructed  one  (.1)  or 
more  four  (4)  inch  standpipes,  which  shall  extend  from 
basement  to  roof  and  which  shall  be  connected  at  street  or 
alley  side  of  building  with  two-way  Siamese  connection  for 
use  of  Fire  Department,  and  which  shall  be  provided  with 
one  hose  connection,  with  Fire  Department  thread,  on  the 
roof  of  said  building,  on  each  floor  and  in  the  basement 
thereof,  with  sufficient  hose  attached  to  reach  any  point 
thereof.  The  pattern,  quality,  installation  and  maintenance 
of  such  standpipe,  hose  and  couplings,  shall  be  subject  to  the 
approval  of  the  Fire  Marshal. 

(2)  In  any  of  the  buildings  herein  referred  to  where  ap- 
proved sprinkler  systems  are  installed  and  properly  main- 
tained, it  shall  not  be  necessary  to  install  additional  inside 
standpipe  as  above  provided  for. 

(3)  On  each  floor  and  in  the  basement  of  every  building 
used  for  hotel,  public  lodging,  or  school  purposes,  three  or 
more  stories  in  height,  there  shall  be  two  (2)  or  more  port- 
able hand  pumps  or  chemical  extinguishers,  one  or  more  fire 
axes  and  one  or  more  pike  poles.  In  the  basement  or  janitor 
quarters  of  all  apartment  buildings  three  or  more  stories  in 
height,  the  floors  of  which  are  divided  into  two  or  more 
apartments,  and  in  the  basement  of  all  office  buildings  four 
or  more  stories  in  height  there  shall  be  provided  one  or  more 
portable  hand  pumps  or  chemical  extinguishers,  one  or  more 
fire  axes  and  one  or  more  pike  poles;  all  of  which  shall  be 
installed  and  maintained  subject  to  the  approval  and  super- 
vision of  the  Fire  Marshal. 

(4)  The  interior  of  all  grain  elevators  and  malt  houses  of 
a  height  of  fifty  (SO)  or  more  feet,  which  are  not  entirely 
fireproof,  and  which  have  a  capacity  of  two  hundred  and 
fifty  thousand  (250,000)  bushels  or  over,  and  the  interior  of 
all  cold  storage  houses  of  a  height  of  four  (4)  or  more 
stories,  which  are  not  entirely  fireproof  and  which  have  a 
ground  floor  area  of  ten  thousand  (10,000)  or  more  square 
feet,  shall  be  equipped  with  either  a  dry  or  wet  sprinkler 
system,  to  each  of  which  systems  there  shall  be  a  feeder  or 
riser  pipe  or  pipes  not  less  than  four  (4)  inches  in  diameter, 
leading  from  one  or  more  Siamese  stearner  connections;  all 
of  which  shall  be  installed  and  maintained  subject  to  the 
approval  of  the  Fire  Marshal. 

(5)  Grain  elevators  which  are  equipped  with  Journal  Fire 
Alarm  Systems  of  the  most  approved  pattern  and  which  are 
left  at  all  times  in  the  most  perfect  working  order,  or  grain 
elevators,  malt  houses  and  cold  storage  houses,  which  are  now 
equipped  with  standpipes,  of  approved  pattern  and  hose  with 
not  less  than  two  (2)  inch  connections  which  have  been  in- 
stalled in  accordance  with  City  ordinances  and  approved  by 
the  Fire  Department,  each  floor  of  which  is  approved  by 
said  department  as  being  at  all  times  easily  accessible  to 
firemen,  where  fire  extinguishers,  water  barrels  and  pails  are 
distributed  at  intervals  on  all  floors  on  advice  and  instruction 
of  the  Chicago  Underwriters'  Association ;  where  the  neces- 
sary pump  pressures  is  maintained ;  where  some  approved 
electric  watch  service  and  fire  alarm  system  is  maintained 
and  watchmen  are  employed  during  nights,  Sundays  and 
holidays,  pulling  such  stations  not  less  frequently  than  once 
per  hour,  and  which  have  outside  Siamese  connections  and 
standpipes  not  less  than  two  and  one-half  (2j/)  inches,  shall 
be  exempt  from  the  provisions  of  this  ordinance. 


ARTICLE  XL 
PROVISIONS  RELATING  SOLELY  TO  CLASS  VIII. 

In  Class  VIII  shall  be  included  every  building  used  exclu- 
sively for  school  purposes. 

Sec.  472.  Buildings  of  Class  I'lII— Construction  Of.— AW 
buildings  used  wholly  for  the  purposes  of  Class  VIII  here- 
after erected  shall  be  constructed  in  accordance  with  the  pro- 
visions of  this  chapter  relating  to  Class  VIII  as  follows,  viz. : 

Such  buildings  having  a  seating  capacity  of  less  than  four 
hundred,  or  which  are  not  over  two  stories  and  basement  in 
height,  may  be  built  of  ordinary  construction. 

Such  buildings  having  a  greater  seating  capacity  than  four 
hundred  and  less  than  eight  hundred,  or  which  are  not  over 
three  stories  and  basement  in  height,  shall  be  built  of  slow- 
burning  or  fireproof  construction. 

Such  buildings  having  a  greater  seating  capacity  than  eight 
hundred,  and  which  are  more  than  three  stories  and  basement 
in  height,  shall  be  built  entirely  of  fireproof  construction. 

New  additions  to  e.xisting  buildings  may  be  built;  provided, 
however,  that  such  new  additions  shall  comply  with  the  above 
requirements. 

All  alterations  in  existing  buildings  used  wholly  for  the 
purposes  of  Class  VIII  other  than  new  additions  thereto, 
intended  to  make  them  comply  with  the  requirements  of  this 
chapter,  may  be  executed  in  the  same  kinds  of  materials  of 
construction  at  present  employed  in  such  buildings,  unless 
otherwise  distinctly  provided  herein. 

Sec.  473.  Frame  Buildings — Portable. — Portable  frame 
buildings  used  wholly  for  the  purposes  of  Class  VIII  not 
larger  than  twenty-eight  feet  by  thirty-six  feet,  and  not  over 
one  story  high,  may  be  erected,  provided  the  exterior  walls 
and  roof  of  same  are  covered  with  metal  or  incombustible 
material,  and  the  interior  woodwork  painted  with  fireproof 
paint,  approved  by  the  Commissioner  of  Buildings.  And 
provided,  further,  that  the  location  of  such  buildings  shall 
be  approved  by  the  Commissioner  of  Buildings.  Such  port- 
able buildings  shall  not  be  located  nearer  than  ten  feet  to 
any  other  building,  and  shall  not  be  maintained  on  any  one 
lot  or  block  for  a  longer  period  tlian  two  years  after  the  date 
of  the  issuance  of  the  permit  therefor  without  a  new  permit 
from  the  Commissioner  of  Buildings. 

Doors  and  Windozvs — When  Required  to  Be  Closed — Fire- 
Resisting  Glass. — See  Section  632. 

Sec.  474.  Walls — Window  Openings  In. — No  wall  of  any 
building  used  wholly  for  the  purposes  of  Class  VIII  con- 
taining a  window  opening  shall  be  nearer  than  five  feet  to 
any  lot  line  of  adjoining  property  (street  and  alley  lines  not 
included). 

Sec.  475.  Walls— Thickness  Of.— The  following  regula- 
tions shall  govern  the  construction  of  buildings  used  wholly 
for  the  purposes  of  Class  VIII : 

The  thickness  of  surrounding  walls  and  of  all  dividing 
walls  carrying  the  load  of  floors  or  roof  shall  be  as  indicated 
in  the  following  table,  to-wit : 

Walls  Around  Stairs,  Eld'ators  and  Shafts. — See  Section 
588. 

- — STORIES ■ 

Basement.     12      3      4      5 
in.    in.    in.    in.    in.    in. 

One  story   16     12 

Two  stories   16    16    12 

Three   stories    16     16     16     12 

Four  stories   20    20    16     16     12 

Five  stories    24     20    20     16     16     16 


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lUiiltliiigs  built  of  liroproof  construction  shall  be  excepted 
from  the  foregoing  provisions  of  this  section,  but  shall  comply 
with  the  other  provisions  of  this  chapter  governing  such 
buildings. 

Sec.  476.  Loads — Live. — The  floors  of  buildings  used 
wholly  for  the  purposes  of  Class  VIII  shall  be  designed  and 
constructed  so  as  to  be  capable  of  bearing  in  all  their  parts, 
in  a<ldition  to  the  weight  of  floor  construction,  partitions, 
permanent  fixtures  and  nieclianisms  that  may  be  set  upon 
same,  a  live  load  of  seventy-five  pounds  per  square  foot. 

Sec.  477.  Stories — Height  Of. — No  story  above  the  base- 
ment shall  be  less  than  twelve  feet  in  height  in  the  clear. 

Sec.  478.  Floor  Levels  in  Buildings  of  Fire{<roof  Con- 
struetion. — The  following  limitations  of  floor  levels  of  audi- 
toriums or  assembly  halls  of  such  buildings  shall  be  observed 
ill  all  cases : 

In  buildings  of  fireproof  construction. 

Xot  to  exceed  one  thou.sand  seating  capacity,  not  over  ten 
feet  above  sidewalk  level. 

N'ot  to  exceed  one  thousand  seating  capacity,  not  over 
thirty  feet  above  sidewalk  level. 

Not  to  exceed  eight  hundred  seating  capacity,  not  over  fifty 
feet  al>ove  sidewalk  level. 

.\ot  to  exceed  five  hundred  seating  capacity,  in  any  story 
provided,  however,  that  there  shall  be  at  least  two  separate 
and  distinct  stairways  from  the  floor  in  which  such  audi- 
torium or  assembly  hall  is  located  to  the  ground,  each  of 
which  shall  not  be  less  than  four  feet  wide  in  the  clear. 

Sec.  479.  Floor  Levels — In  Buildings  Having  Stairs  and 
Corridors  of  Fireproof  Construction. 

.\<)t  to  exceed  one  thousand  five  hundred  seating  capacity, 
not  over  ten  feet  above  sidewalk  level. 

Xot  to  exceed  one  thousand  seating  capacity,  not  over  twen- 
ty-five feet  above  sidewalk  level. 

Xot  to  exceed  eight  hundred  seating  capacity,  not  over 
forty-two  feet  above  sidewalk  level. 

Xot  to  exceed  five  hundred  seating  capacity,  not  over  fifty 
feet  above  sidewalk  level. 

Xot  to  exceed  two  hundred  and  fifty  seating  capacity,  not 
over  sixty  feet  above  sidewalk  level. 

Sec.  480.  Floor  Lcz-els  in  Buildings  of  Mill,  Slon'-Burning 
or  Ordinary  Construction. 

Xot  to  exceed  one  thousand  seating  capacity,  not  over  ten 
feet  above  sidewalk  level. 

X'ot  to  exceed  si.x  hundred  and  fifty  seating  capacity,  not 
over  thirty  feet  above  sidewalk  level. 

Xot  to  exceed  five  hundred  seating  capacity,  not  over  forty- 
five  feet  above  sidewalk  level. 

X'ot  to  exceed  two  hundred  seating  capacity,  not  over  si.xty 
feet  above  sidewalk  level. 

Sec.  481.  Floors — Height  Of,  .Measured  from  Sideivalk 
Level. — Heights  shall  be  measured  from  sidewalk  level  at  en- 
trance of  buildings  to  highest  part  of  main  floor  of  audi- 
torium or  assembly  hall. 

Sec.  482.  Stairzcays — Width  Of. — Stairways  in  buildings 
used  wholly  for  the  purposes  of  Class  VIII  shall  be  in  width 
equivalent  to  fifteen  inches  for  every  hundred  of  seating 
capacity  in  such  building,  as  measured  by  the  aggregate  seat- 
ing capacity  of  the  auditorium,  assembly  rooms  and  school 
rooms ;  provided,  however,  that  the  number  of  persons 
allowed  in  such  buildings  at  any  one  time  shall  be  limited 
by  the  width  of  stairways  available  as  exits  therefrom. 

Xo  stairway  shall  be  less  than  four  feet  in  the  clear,  except 
where  more  than  two  stainvays  lead  down   from  any  floor. 


in  which  case  stairways  three  feet  wide  in  the  clear  may  he 
counted  in  the  total  width  of  stairways  required. 

Where  two  or  more  stairways  are  used,  they  shall  be  placed 
at  opposite  ends  of  the  building,  or  as  far  apart  as  practicable, 
and  all  such  buildings  hereafter  erected  shall  have  at  least 
two  separate  and  distinct  stairways  from  the  ground  floor  to 
the  top  floor,  and  all  existing  buildings  shall  have  two  such 
separate  and  distinct  stairways,  or  one  stairway  and  one  stair 
or  sliding  fire  escape. 

Sec.  483.  Stairzcays — Railings  on  liach  Side — Height  of 
Landing. — All  stairways  shall  have  railings  on  each  side 
thereof.  Xo  stairway  shall  ascend  a  greater  height  than 
thirteen  feet  six  inches  without  a  level  landing,  which,  if  its 
width  is  in  the  direction  of  the  run  of  the  stairs,  shall  be  not 
less  than  four  feet  wide,  or  which,  if  at  a  turn  of  the  stairs, 
shall  be  of  not  less  width  than  the  stairs,  and  no  winder 
shall  be  permitted  in  any  stairs. 

Sec.  484.  Stairzi-ays — Fireproof. — In  such  Imildings  here- 
after erected  more  than  two  stories  and  basement  in  height, 
the  stairways  and  their  enclosing  walls  shall  be  of  fireproof 
construction. 

Sec.  485.  Corridors,  I'assagezeays,  Hallu-ays  and  Doors — 
Width  Of. — The  width  of  corridors,  passageway.*,  hallways 
and  doors  shall  be  computed  in  the  same  manner  as  that 
herein  provided  for  stairways ;  provided,  however,  that  no 
corridor  shall  be  anywhere  less  than  five  feet  in  width,  and 
no  door  less  than  three  feet  in  width,  except  where  two  or 
more  doors,  each  two  feet  four  inches  or  more  in  width,  arc 
grouped  together. 

Sec.  486.  Doors  lo  Open  Outward. — .Ml  doors  in  such 
buildings  shall  open  outward,  and  all  entrance  and  exit  doors 
shall  be  unlocked  at  all  limes  when  the  building  is  occupied 
for  school  purposes,  or  open  to  the  public. 

Sec.  487.  Doors — Exits  Covered  zvith  Metal. — .Ml  exit 
doors  from  assembly  halls  and  class  rooms  to  other  parts  of 
tlie  building  shall  be  covered  with  metal  or  other  fireproof 
material,  approved  by  the  commissioner  of  buildings. 

Sec.  488.  Aisles — Width  Of — Number  of  Seats  in  Audi- 
torium.— Aisles  in  auditoriums  and  assembly  halls  in  such 
buildings  shall  be  in  width  equivalent  to  eighteen  inches  for 
every  one  hundred  of  seating  capacity  in  such  auditorium  or 
assembly  hall,  but  no  such  aisle  shall  be  less  than  two  feet 
six  inches  wide  in  its  narrowest  part.  -Ml  groups  of  seats 
shall  be  so  arranged  that  they  shall  have  an  aisle  on  each 
side,  and  not  more  than  twelve  seats  in  any  one  row  shall 
be  placed  between  aisles. 

Sec.  489.  Aisles  in  Class  and  Recitation  Rooms. — Aisles 
in  class  rooms,  recitation  rooms  and  study  rooms  of  such 
buildings  shall  be  in  width  equivalent  to  eighteen  inches  for 
every  one  hundred  permanent  seats  in  any  such  room,  but  no 
main  or  cross  aisle  shall  be  less  than  two  feet  six  inches  wide 
in  its  narrowest  part. 

Sec.  490.  Aisles  and  Passagezivys — Kept  Clear  of  Obstruc- 
tions.— All  aisles  and  passageways  in  such  buildings  shall  be 
kept  free  from  camp  stools,  chairs,  sofas  and  other  obstruc- 
tions, and  no  person  shall  be  allowed  to  stand  in  or  occupy 
any  of  such  aisles  or  passageways  during  any  performance, 
service,  exhibition,  lecture,  concert  or  any  public  assembly, 
nor  shall  there  be  any  chairs,  settees  or  camp  stools  in  such 
aisles  or  corridors  at  such  times  or  occasions. 

Sec.  491.  Emergency  E.rits  for  Auditoriums  or  Assembly 
Rooms — .-iggregate  Width  Of. — All  auditoriums  or  assembly 
halls   of   such   buildings   having   a   seating  capacity   of   eight 


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Inuidred  or  more  shall  be  provided  with  emergency  exits. 
The  aggregate  width  of  such  emergency  exits  which  shall  be 
provided  for  each  floor,  balcony  or  gallery  of  such  auditorium 
or  assembly  hall  shall  be  one-half  of  the  width  of  the  main 
exit.  No  emergency  exit  or  stairway  shall  be  less  than  three 
feet  in  width. 

Sec.  492.  Exils—Signs.— AW  exits  opening  from  auditor- 
iums and  assembly  halls  of  such  buildings  shall  have  the 
word  "EXIT,"  in  letters  at  least  six  inches  high,  applied  to 
the  auditorium  side  of  every  such  exit,  and  when  such  audi- 
torium or  assembly  hall  is  used  at  night,  a  red  light  shall  be 
kept  burning  over  the  word  "EXIT"  during  the  entire  time 
such  building  is  so  used  and  until  the  pupils  or  audience 
have  left  the  building. 

Sec.  493.  Lights  in  Buildings. — Every  portion  of  any  such 
building  devoted  to  the  uses  or  acconunodation  of  the  public 
and  all  outlets  therefrom  leading  to  the  streets,  including  the 
open  courts  and  corridors,  stairways  and  exits,  shall  be  well 
and  properly  lighted  during  the  entire  time  such  portion  is 
in  use,  and  shall  remain  lighted  until  all  the  pupils  or  the 
audience  have  left  the  premises.  All  gas  or  electric  lights  in 
the  halls,  corridors,  lobbies,  stairs  and  exits  leading  from  the 
auditorium  or  assembly  halls  shall  be  controlled  by  a  sep- 
arate shut-off  and  shall  be  independent  of  all  other  lights  in 
such  building. 

Sec.  494.  Windozcs. — The  total  glass  area  of  outside  win- 
dows and  skylights  of  each  class  room,  recitation  room  or 
study  room  in  such  buildings  shall  be  not  less  than  one-ninth 
of  the  floor  area  of  such  room. 

Sec.  495.  Basement. — In  every  such  building  in  which  the 
lower  or  basement  floor  is  below  the  surface  of  the  ground 
surrounding  such  building,  and  is  used  in  part  or  as  a  whole 
for  heating  or  ventilating  apparatus,  such  floor  shall  be  con- 
sidered the  basement  story  of  such  building.  Permanent  class 
rooms  in  basement  shall  not  be  permitted. 

Sec.  496.  Fire  Escapes. — Every  Iniilding  used  for  the  pur- 
poses of  Class  VIII  of  four  or  more  stories  in  height  shall 
be  provided  and  equipped  with  one  or  more  stairways  or 
sliding  fire  escapes  in  such  locations  and  numbers  as  shall 
be  satisfactory  to  the  Commissioner  of  Buildings. 

Sec.  497.  Fire  Escafes  to  Be  E.vaniined. — It  shall  be  the 
duty  of  the  janitor  of  every  such  building,  or  such  other  em- 
ploye or  employes  thereof  as  may  be  directed  by  the  principal 
of  such  school  to  examine  all  fire  escapes  of  such  buildings 
from  the  topmost  story  to  the  ground,  and  to  examine  and 
operate  all  doors,  windows  and  platforms  leading  to  and  from 
such  fire  escapes ;  and  such  inspection  shall  be  made  at  least 
once  each  and  every  week  that  such  building  is  used  for 
school  purposes,  and  a  written  report  made  of  such  inspection 
to  the  principal  of  such  school,  showing  the  time  it  was  made 
and  the  condition  of  the  fire  escapes. 

Such  fire  escapes  shall  be  kept  in  good  condition  ready  for 
immediate  use  at  any  and  all  times  that  such  building  is  in 
use,  and  shall  be  kept  free  of  snow  and  ice. 

Sec.  498.  Fire  Drill. — The  principal  or  other  person  in 
charge  of  the  pupils  in  every  such  building  shall  establish 
and  maintain  a  good  and  efficient  fire  drill,  which  shall  be 
practiced  at  least  twice  every  month  during  the  time  such 
building  is  used  for  school  purposes. 

A  record  shall  be  kept  by  the  principal  or  other  person  in 
charge  of  the  pupils  of  each  fire  drill  held  and  of  the  time 
that  elapses  from  the  first  fire  signal  until  the  last  person  is 
out  of  the  building. 


Walls — Around  Stairs,  Elevators  and  Shafts. — See  Section 
588. 

ARTICLE  XII. 

GENERAL  PROVISIONS. 

FIREPROOF   CONSTRUCTION. 

Sec.  499.  Fireproof  Construction. — In  cases  in  which  it  is 
claimed  that  any  equally  good  or  more  desirable  mode  or 
manner  of  construction,  or  material,  or  device  for  fireproofing. 
other  than  specified  in  this  chapter,  can  be  used  in  the  erec- 
tion or  alteration  of  buildings,  the  Commissioner  of  Build- 
ings, upon  written  application  to  him  for  a  permit  to  use 
the  same,  shall  have  power  to  appoint  a  Board  of  Examiners, 
consisting  of  not  less  than  three  nor  more  than  five  members, 
each  of  whom  shall  have  had  at  least  ten  years'  experience  in 
Chicago  as  an  architect,  engineer  or  builder,  who  shall  take 
the  usual  oath  of  office.  The  said  examiners  shall  adopt 
rules  and  specifications  for  examining  and  testing  such  mode 
or  manner  of  construction,  or  material  or  device  for  fire- 
proofing,  and  furnish  a  copy  of  the  same  to  the  applicant. 
And  such  specification  shall  provide  for  a  comparative  fire 
test  of  not  less  than  four  hours  and  for  a  period  of  at  least 
two  hours  an  average  temperature  of  2,000  degrees  Fahrenheit 
shall  be  maintained.  At  the  end  of  this  test  water  shall  be 
applied  to  the  construction  through  a  H^-inch  nozzle  under 
60  pounds  pressure  for  five  minutes.  Hollow  tile  shall  bf 
used  as  a  basis  for  comparison,  and  if  the  proposed  material 
shall  pass  said  test  as  well  or  better  than  hollow  tile,  it  shall 
be  approved  as  a  fireproofing  material.  The  said  examiners 
shall  thereupon  notify  such  applicant  to  submit  to  such  exam- 
ination and  make  such  tests  in  the  presence  of  the  said  exam- 
iners, or  a  majority  thereof,  according  to  such  rules  and 
specifications.  All  expenses  of  such  examiners,  and  of  such 
examinations  and  tests,  shall  be  paid  by  the  applicant,  and 
said  examiners  may  require  security  therefor. 

The  said  examiners  shall,  after  such  examination  and 
tests,  certify  the  results  and  their  decision  on  the  said  appli- 
cation to  tlie  Commissioner  of  Buildings,  who  shall  have 
power,  in  the  event  of  the  examination  and  tests  being  satis- 
factory, to  grant  a  permit  to  the  applicant  in  accordance  with 
such  decision  of  the  said  Board  of  Examiners. 

A  complete  record  of  the  proceedings  and  all  acts  and 
decisions  of  the  said  Board  of  Examiners  shall  be  kept  by  the 
Commissioner  of  Buildings  in  his  office. 

The  Commissioner  of  Buildings  shall  have  the  power  to 
pass  upon  any  question  relative  to  the  mode  or  manner  of 
construction  or  materials  to  be  used  for  fireproofing  in  the 
erection  or  alteration  of  any  building  or  structure  to  make 
the  same  conform  to  the  true  intent  and  meaning  of  the  sev- 
eral provisions  of  this  chapter. 

Sec.  SCO.  Fireproof  Construction — Definition  Of. — The 
term  fireproof  construction  shall  apply  to  all  buildings  in 
which  all  parts  that  carry  weights  or  resist  strains,  and  also 
all  exterior  walls  and  all  interior  walls  and  all  interior  par- 
titions and  all  stairways  and  all  elevator  enclosures  are  made 
entirely  of  incombustible  material,  and  in  which  all  metallic 
structural  members  are  protected  against  the  effects  of  fire 
by  coverings  of  a  material  which  shall  be  entirely  incom- 
bustible, and  a  slow  heat  conductor,  and  hereinafter  termed 
"fireproof  material."  Reinforced  concrete  as  defined  in  this 
ordinance  shall  be  considered  fireproof  construction. 

Sec.  501.  Fireproof  Material. — The  materials  which  shall 
be  considered  as  filling  the  conditions  of  fireproof  covering 
are:  First,  burnt  brick;  second,  tiles  of  burnt  clay;  third, 
approved  cement  concrete ;  fourth,  terra  cotta ;  fifth,  approved 
cinder  concrete. 


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Sec.  502.  Ciiiiin-lc — . //i/>»«;v</  Ccinciit. — .\11  approvrd 
ci-nient  concrete  shall  consist  of  a  standard  Portland  cement, 
torpedo  iiand  and  crnshcd  stone  or  gravel,  or  crushed  hlast 
furnace  slag,  or  crushed  hurnt  clay,  the  volumetric  quantity 
of  any  one  of  these  materials  conihined  with  the  torpedo 
sand  shall  not  exceed  nine  times  the  volume  ot  the  Portland 
cement.  .Ml  of  the  ingredients  of  cement  concrete  shall  he 
thoroughly  worked  and  wet  so  as  to  cover  each  piece  of  stone 
or  gravel  or  slag  or  Inirnt  clay  with  moistened  cement ;  and 
the  cement  and  sand  shall  till  the  voids  hetween  the  coarse 
material  of  the  cement  concrete. 

Cement  concrete  to  he  considered  a  fireproof  materi.il  >liall 
he  cast  and  rammed  in  an  unset  condition  against  tlie  metal. 

Sec.  503.  Mailiiiii-  or  Haiiil  I'lissi'tl  Omrr./.-.— Machine 
or  hand  pressed  concrete  hricks  or  hlocks  ,ire  not  considered 
in  this  chapter  as  a  fireproof  material  for  the  jjiotection  of 
metallic   structural   memhers. 

Sec.  .S04.  Hriclc.  Ihiiiil  Clay.  Tiles.  lilc.—Hoxc  .■\t<fl'u-d.— 
Brick,  hurnt  cl.iy.  hollow  tiles,  porous  clay,  solid  tiles  and 
terra  cotta  sli:dl  In-  applied  to  the  nut.il  in  a  1h-iI  of  lUMriar. 

Sec.  505.  Fircfroof  Covcniij^ — Miiiiiintin  TliicL-iicss  Of. — 
The  minimum  thickness  of  fireproof  covering  on  any  metal 
shall  be,  if  of  hollow  tile,  constructed  in  such  a  manner  that 
there  shall  be  not  less  than  one  air  space  of  at  least  three- 
fourths  of  an  inch,  by  the  width  of  the  metal  surface  to  be 
covered,  within  the  clay  covering;  if  of  porous  clay  tiles,  the 
covering  shall  he  at  least  one  and  one-half  inches  thick.  The 
minimum  thickness  of  concrete  covering  any  metal  shall  bo 
two  inches. 

Sec.  506.  Incombustible  Materials. — A  metal  or  fire-resist- 
ing glass  of  not  less  than  one-quarter  inch  in  thickness,  or 
plastering,  or  plaster  blocks,  or  stone  or  granite,  or  marble, 
or  an  improved  cinder  concrete,  or  one  of  the  fireproof 
materials  described  herein  shall  be  considered  an  incom- 
bustible material  as  called   for  1)y  this  chapter. 

Sec.  507.  Concrete — Cinder — floor  Filling — Specifications 
For. — Whenever  the  use  of  a  cinder  concrete  is  permitted 
by  this  chapter,  such  cinder  concrete  shall  be  composed  of  the 
following  named  ingredients,  in  the  proportion  here  described, 
to-wit :  Five  parts  of  clean,  thoroughly  burnt  steam  boiler 
cinders,  no  particle  of  which  shall  be  larger  than  one  (\) 
inch ;  three  parts  of  clean  grit  sand,  or  of  clean  stone  screen- 
ings, and  one  part  of  a  Standard  Portland  cement ;  the  work- 
ing and  wetting  of  these  ingredients  shall  be  done  in  the 
same  manner  as  required  for  cement  concrete  in  Section  502 
of  this  chapter,  and  such  a  mixture  of  .ipproved  cinder  con- 
crete may  be  used  only  for  floor  filling. 

Sec.  508.  Fireproof  Cohering — Measurenuiits. — In  every 
case  the  thickness  of  the  covering  specified  in  lliis  chapter 
shall  be  measured  from  the  extreme  jirojection  of  tlu'  nKtal. 
unless  otherwise  provided  herein. 

Sec.  509.  Skeleton  Construction. — The  term  "skeleton  con- 
struction" shall  apply  to  all  buildings  wherein  all  external 
and  internal  loads  and  strains  are  transmitted  from  the  top 
of  the  building  to  the  foundations  by  a  skeleton  or  frame- 
work or  metal.  In  such  metal  framework  the  beams  and 
girders  shall  be  riveted  to  each  other  at  their  respective  junc- 
tion points.  If  columns  made  of  rolled  iron  or  steel  are 
used,  their  different  parts  shall  be  riveted  to  each  other,  and 
the  beams  and  girders  resting  upon  them  shall  have  riveted 
connections  to  imite  them  with  the  columns.  If  cast  iron 
columns  are  used,  each  successive  cohnnn  sli.dl  be  bolted   to 


the  one  bilnw  it  by  at  least  four  bolts  not  less  than  three- 
fourths  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  and  the  beams  and  girders 
shall  be  bolted  to  the  columns.  At  each  line  of  floor  or  roof 
beams,  lateral  connections  hetween  the  ends  of  the  beams 
.ind  girders  shall  be  matle  in  svidi  manner  as  to  rigidly  con- 
nect the  beams  and  girders  with  each  olbir  in  ilu-  direction 
of  their  length. 

-Sec.  510.  Walls — Enclosing. — If  buildinf;>  are  made  fire- 
proof entirely,  and  have  skeleton  construction  so  designed 
that  their  enclosing  walls  do  not  carry  the  weight  of  floors 
or  roof,  then  their  walls  .shall  be  not  less  than  twelve  inches 
in  thickness;  provided,  such  walls  shall  be  thoroughly 
anchored  to  the  iron  skeleton,  and  whenever  the  weight  of 
such  walls  rests  upon  beams  or  colunms,  such  beams  or  col- 
innns  shall  be  made  strong  enough  in  each  story  to  carry 
llie  weight  of  wall  resting  upon  them  without  reliance  upon 
the  walls  below  them.  .Ml  walls  shall  be  of  fireproof  or  in- 
combustible material. 

Sec.  511.  Ctilunins — E.vlerior. — .Ml  iron  or  steel  used  as 
a  vertical  supporting  member  of  the  external  construction  of 
any  building  exceeding  sixty  feet  in  height  shall  be  protected 
as  against  the  effects  of  external  changes  of  temperature,  and 
of  fire,  by  a  covering  of  fireproof  material  consisting  of  at 
least  four  inches  of  brick,  or  of  four  inches  of  concrete,  or 
of  four  inches  of  burnt  clay  tiles,  or  of  four  inches  of  hollow 
terra  cotta.  or  of  a  combination  of  any  two  of  tliese  materials, 
I)rovided  that  their  combined  thickness  is  not  less  than  four 
inches.  The  thickness  of  four  inches  shall  be  measured  from 
the  extreme  projections  of  the  metal  of  the  column  proper. 

Where  stone  or  other  incombustible  material  is  used  for 
the  exterior  facing  of  a  building,  the  distance  between  the 
back  of  the  facing  and  the  extreme  projections  of  the  metal 
of  the  column  proper  shall  be  at  least  four  inches,  and  this 
four-inch  .space  sliall  be  filled  with  one  of  the  fireproof 
materials. 

In  all  cases,  the  brick  or  burnt  clay,  tile  or  terra  cotta,  if 
used  as  a  fireproof  covering,  shall  be  bedded  in  cement  mor- 
tar close  up  to  the  iron  or  steel  members,  and  all  joints  shall 
be  made   full  and  solid. 

-Sec.  512.  I-'ireproofinii  of  E.vlerior  Sides  of  Mullions. — 
In  buildings  required  by  this  chapter  to  l)e  of  fireproof  con- 
struction, all  vertical  door  or  window  mullions  over  eight 
inches  wide  shall  be  faced  w'ith  incombustible  material;  hor- 
izontal transom  bars  over  six  inches  wide  shall  be  faced  with 
a  fireproof  or  with  an  incombustible  material. 

Sec.  513.  Spandril  Beams,  Girders.  Lintel. — The  metal  of 
the  spandril  beams  or  .spandril  girders,  or  lintels  of  exterior 
walls,  which  support  a  part  of  exterior  walls,  shall  be  covered 
in  the  same  manner,  and  with  the  same  material,  as  specified 
for  the  exterior  columns  in  this  chapter.  The  covering 
thickness  shall  be  measured  from  the  extreme  projection  of 
cif  tile  iMelal   in  every  case. 

Sec.  514.  Fireproof  Coveriuj^  Independent. — .Ml  covering 
of  brick,  concrete,  burnt  clay  tiles,  hollow-  terra  cotta  or  of  a 
combination  of  any  two  of  these  materials  shall  be  applied  to 
all  of  the  structural  members  of  the  exterior  of  a  fireproof 
l)uilding  previously  and  independently  of  the  application  of 
the  architectural  facing  of  such  fireproof  building  with  an 
incombustible  or  fireproof  material. 

Sec.  515.  Iron  or  Steel  Plates  for  Support  of  Wall.— 
If  iron  or  steel  plates  or  angles  are  used  in  each  story  for 
the  support  of  the  facings  of  the  walls  within  such  story, 
sucli   plates  or   angles   shall  be  of  sufficient    strength   to  carry 


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the  weight  within  the  limits  of  fiber  stress  for  iron  and  steel 
elsewhere  specilied  in  this  chapter,  the  enveloping  material 
for  such  story,  and  such  plates  or  angles  may  extend  to 
within  two  inches  of  the  exterior  of  such  covering. 

Sec.  516.  Jl'iills.  Siipfoi-t  and  Fireprooftng  O/.— Where 
skeleton  construction  is  used  for  the  whole  or  part  of  a  build- 
ing, the  enveloping  material  and  the  walls  shall  be  independ- 
ently supported  on  the  skeleton  frame  for  each  individual 
story. 

Sec.  517.  Term  Cotta.—U  terra  cotta  or  other  hollow 
blocks  are  used,  as  fireproof  covering,  they  shall  be  backed 
up  with  brick  or  hollow  tile  or  concrete;  whichever  is  used 
shall  be,  however,  of  such  dimensions  and  laid  up  in  such  a 
manner  that  the  backing  will  be  built  into  the  cavities  of  the 
facing  so  as  to  secure  perfect  bond  between  the  facing  and 
its  backing. 

Sec.  518.  Coping.— The  upper  surfaces  of  all  breaks  or 
offsets  in  external  coverings  and  fillings  and  walls,  as  well 
as  the  tops  of  walls,  shall  be  covered  with  stone,  terra  cotta, 
metal,  concrete  or  fire  clay  copings  set  in  cement  mortar. 
Copings  of  all  kinds  which  do  not  have  lapped  joints  shall 
be  pointed  with  mortar  composed  of  one  part  of  standard 
Portland  cement  and  two  parts  of  torpedo  sand. 

Sec.  519.  Columns— Interior.— Tht  covering  of  interior 
columns  shall  be  one  or  more  of  the  fireproof  materials 
herein  described. 

If  such  covering  shall  be  of  brick  or  concrete  it  shall  be 
not  less  than  four  inches  thick;  if  of  burnt  clay  tiles  such 
covering  shall  be  in  two  consecutive  layers,  each  not  less  than 
two  and  one-half  inches  thick,  with  one  air  space;  if  of  por- 
ous clay  solid  tiles  it  shall  consist  of  at  least  two  layers  not 
less  than  two  inches  thick  each,  or  if  constituted  of  a  com- 
bination of  any  two  of  these  materials,  one-half  of  the  total 
thickness  required  for  each  of  the  materials  shall  be  applied, 
of  each  of  such  materials.  Whether  hollow  tile,  porous  tile 
or  terra  cotta  is  used,  the  two  consecutive  layers  shall  be  so 
applied  that  neither  the  vertical  nor  the  horizontal  joints  in 
the  same  shall  be  opposite  each  other,  and  each  course  shall 
be  so  anchored  and  bonded  within  itself  as  to  form  an  inde- 
pendent and  stable  structure. 

In  all  cases,  the  brick  or  hollow  tile,  solid  tiles  or  terra 
cotta  shall  be  bedded  in  cement  mortar  close  up  to  the  iron 
or  steel  member,  and  all  joints  shall  be  made  full  and  solid. 

In  the  case  of  columns  having  an  "H"  shaped  cross  section 
or  of  columns  having  any  other  cross  section,  with  channels 
or  chases  open  from  base  plates  to  cap  plates  on  one  or  more 
sides  of  the  columns,  then  the  thickness  of  the  fireproof  cov- 
ering may  be  reduced  to  three  inches,  measuring  in  the  direc- 
tion in  which  the  flange  or  flanges  project,  and  provided  that 
the  thin  edge  in  the  projecting  flange  or  arms  of  the  cross 
sections  does  not  exceed  three-quarters  of  an  inch  in  thick- 
ness. The  thickness  of  the  fireproof  covering  on  all  surfaces 
measuring  more  than  three-quarters  of  an  inch  wide  and 
measuring  in  a  direction  perpendicular  to  such  surfaces  shall 
be  not  less  than  that  specified  for  interior  columns  in  the 
beginning  of  this  section,  and  all  spaces,  including  channels  or 
chases  between  the  fireproof  covering  and  the  metal  of  the 
column,  shall  be  filled  with  a  solid  fireproof  material.  Lattice 
or  other  open  columns  shall  be  completely  filled  with  approved 
cement  concrete. 

Sec.  520.  Foundations — Steel  In — Concrete  Around  Bottom 
of  Columns. — If  steel  or  iron  in  any  form  is  used  as  part  of 
a  foundation,  it  shall  be  thoroughly  imbedded  in  a  concrete. 


the  ingredients  of  which  shall  be  such  that,  after  proper 
ramming,  the  interior  of  the  mass  will  be  free  from  cavities. 
The  steel  or  iron  shall  be  entirely  enveloped  in  approved 
cement  concrete,  and  around  the  exposed  external  metal  sur- 
faces of  such  foundation  there  shall  be  a  covering  of  ap- 
proved cement  concrete  not  less  than   four  inches  thick. 

After  the  bases  or  base  plates  and  columns  have  been  set 
in  place,  both  shall  be  protected  from  the  effects  of  moisture 
by  a  covering  of  approved  cement  concrete  applied  direct  to 
the  metal  in  an  unset  state,  measuring  not  less  than  two  and 
one-half  inches  thick  from  the  extreme  projection  of  the 
metal,  filled  solid  into  all  spaces,  and  forming  a  continuous 
concrete  mass  from  the  grillage  or  other  foundations  to  an 
elevation  six  feet  above  the  floor  level  nearest  the  column 
base  plate  or  column  stool. 

Sec.  521.  Columns — Wiring  Clay  Tiles  On. — Burnt  clay 
tile  column  covering  shall  be  secured  by  winding  wire  around 
the  columns  after  the  tile  has  all  been  set  around  such  col- 
umns. The  wire  shall  be  securely  wound  around  the  tile  in 
such  manner  that  every  tile  is  crossed  at  least  once  by  a 
wire.  If  iron  wire  is  used  it  shall  be  galvanized,  and  no  wire 
used  shall  be  less  than  No.  12  gauge. 

Sec.  522.  Fireproofing — Protective  Covering  For. — In 
places  where  there  is  trucking  or  wheeling  or  other  handling 
of  packages  of  any  kind,  the  lower  five  feet  of  the  fireproofing 
of  such  columns  shall  be  encased  in  a  protective  covering 
either  of  iron  or  oak  plank,  which  covering  shall  be  kept  con- 
tinually in  good  repair. 

Sec.  523.  Pipes  Inclosed  by  Covering. — Pipes  shall  not  be 
inclosed  in  the  fireproofing  of  columns  or  in  the  fireproofing 
of  other  structural  members  of  any  fireproof  building,  pro- 
vided, however,  gas  or  electric  light  conduits  not  exceeding 
one  inch  inside  diameter  may  be  inserted  in  the  outer  two 
inches  of  the  fireproof  of  such  structural  member. 

Sec.  524.  Shafts,  Etc. — In  cases  where  a  pipe,  conduit, 
dumb  waiter,  cable,  wire,  conveyor,  belt  or  any  combination 
thereof  passes  from  one  story  to  another  story  through  an 
open  hatch  or  floor  opening,  a  shaft  or  enclosure  of  fireproof 
material  shall  be  built  from  floor  to  floor  around  such  hatch 
or  floor  opening,  in  each  story  above  and  below  such  hatch 
or  floor  opening  in  the  same  manner  as  described  for  fireproof 
partitions  in  this  chapter.  The  area  of  space  thus  inclosed 
shall  not  exceed  the  area  of  the  hatch  or  floor  opening  by 
more  than  one  hundred  per  centum. 

In  no  case  shall  any  wood  be  used  in  the  construction  or 
support  or  fittings  of  such  shaft  as  described  above.  If  such 
holes  in  floors  as  described  above  in  this  section  are  not  en- 
closed by  such  fireproof  enclosures,  then  the  open  spaces  in 
each  floor  opening  not  occupied  by  pipes,  conduits,  cables, 
wires,  conveyors,  belts  or  any  combination  thereof,  shall  be 
filled  solid  with  fireproof  material  not  less  than  eight  inches 
thick. 

Sec.  525.  Shafts,  Partitions  Around,  Plastering  of  Shafts, 
Doors  and  JVindoz(JS. — All  burnt  clay  or  terra  cotta  partitions 
or  walls  around  shafts  having  openings  in  floors  shall  be 
plastered  on  the  outside  and  plastered  or  pointed  on  the 
inside. 

All  doors,  frames,  sashes,  casings  and  windows  in  parti- 
tions or  walls  around  floor  openings,  or  around  stair  shafts 
or  elevator  shafts,  shall  be  built  of  incombustible  material. 
The  supports  of  such  doors,  frames,  sashes,  casings  and  win- 
dows shall  also  be  of  incombustible  material ;  in  the  case  of 
doors,  such  supports  shall  be  of  rolled  structural  metal  ex- 
tending  from   floor  to   ceiling  and   secured  to   both.     Where 


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there  are  brick  walls  of  twelve  inches  or  more  in  thickness, 
the  supports  need  not  extend  to  ceiling  as  above  spccilicd. 
All  glass  used  in  connection  with  such  partitions  or  walls 
shall  be  tire  resisting. 

Sheet  metal  work  pressed  over  asbestos  paper  and  wood 
may  be  used  for  the  doors,  frames,  sashes  and  casings,  and 
for  openings  in  such  partitions,  except  for  elevator  doors  in 
shafts  and  where  the  provisions  of  this  chapter  require  all 
metal  doors. 

Sec.  526.  Ucaiiis  mid  (.iirdrrs.  CotTiiuas  Of. —  The  beams 
and  girders  of  the  interior  structural  parts  of  a  building  shall 
he  covered  by  one  of  the  fireproof  materials,  so  applied  as 
to  he  supported  eiuirely  by  the  beam  or  girder  protected,  and 
shall  be  held  in  place  by  the  support  of  the  fiances  of  such 
beams  or  girders  and  by  the  cement  mortar  used  in  setting. 
If  metal  binding  or  metal  anchors  are  use  as  fastenings  of 
such  fireproof  covering,  such  melal  binding  or  such  metal 
anchor  shall  be  protected  l>y  not  less  than  i>iir  lialf  inch  of 
fireproof  covering. 

If  the  covering  is  of  l)rick  it  shall  be  not  less  than  f(5ur 
inches  thick;  if  of  hollow  tiles  or  if  of  solid  porous  tiles, 
or  if  of  terra  cotta,  each  of  such  tiles  shall  l)e  not  less  than 
one  and  one-half  inches  thick,  applied  to  the  metal  in  a  bed 
of  cement  mortar ;  hollow  tiles  shall  be  constructed  in  such 
a  manner  that  there  shall  be  one  air  space  of  at  least  three- 
fourths  of  an  inch  by  the  width  of  the  metal  surface  to  be 
covered  within  such  clay  coverings ;  the  minimum  thickness 
of  concrete  on  the  bottom  and  sides  of  metal  shall  be  two 
inches. 

The  top  of  all  girders  and  beams  shall  be  protected  with 
two  inches  of  brick  or  one  and  one-fourth  inches  of  burnt 
clay,  or  two  inches  of  approved  cement  concrete,  or  three 
inches  of  approved  cinder  concrete.  The  brick  or  burnt  clay 
shall  be  bedded  solid  on  the  metal  in  cement  mortar. 

In  all  cases  of  beams  or  girders,  in  roofs  or  Hoors,  no 
matter  what  the  material  or  form  of  the  floor  arch  used, 
the  protection  of  the  bottom  flanges  of  the  beams  and  girders 
and  so  much  of  the  web  of  the  same  as  is  not  covered  by 
the  arches  shall  be  made  as  hereinbefore  specified  for  the 
covering  of  beams  and  girders.  In  every  case  the  thickness 
of  the  covering  shall  be  measured  from  the  extreme  projec- 
tion of  the  metal,  and  the  entire  space  or  spaces  between  the 
covering  and  the  metal  shall  be  filled  solid  with  one  of  the 
fireproof  materials  excepting  the  air  spaces  in  hollow  tile. 

Sec.  527.  Girders  and  Trusses. — AH  girders  or  trusses, 
when  supporting  loads  from  more  than  one  story,  shall  be 
lireproofed  with  two  thicknesses  of  fireproof  material  or  a 
combination  of  two  fireproof  materials,  as  required  for  exter- 
ior columns  in  Section  511  of  this  chapter,  and  each  covering 
of  fireproof  material  shall  be  bedded  solid  in  cement  mortar. 

.Ml  other  girders  or  trusses  supporting  only  a  ceiling  or 
roof  shall  be  covered  with  a  fireproof  covering  as  specified 
for  beams  and  girders  in  .Section  526  of  this  chapter. 

Sec.  528.  Cut-Out  Bo.vcs,  Chases,  Ele. — No  electric  service 
cut-out  box,  switch  box,  cabinet,  chase  or  any  other  recess, 
shall  encroach  on  the  minimum  thickness  required  for  any 
fireproof  covering  on  structural  metal,  except  as  provided  in 
Section  523  of  this  chapter.  If  the  depth  of  any  cut-out  box, 
switch  box.  cabinet,  or  chase,  or  of  any  other  recess,  is  to  be 
concealed  or  partially  concealed,  then  the  thickness  of  the 
fireproof   covering   shall   be   increased   correspondingly. 

Sec.  529.  Floor,  Construction  Of — Hollow  Tile  Flooring. — 
Brick,  hollow  tile,  porous  terra  cotta,  or  approved  cement 
concrete,  or  approved  cinder  concrete,  shall  be  used   for  the 


construction  of  floors  and  roofs  of  lireproof  buildings.  Flat 
arch  hollow  tile,  or  flat  arch  porous  clay  tile  floor  arches  shall 
have  a  height  of  at  least  one  and  one-half  inch  for  each  foot 
of  span. 

Hollow  tile  ll.il  .ircli  floor  construction  having  a  thickness 
of  only  one  and  one-half  inch  for  each  foot  of  span  shall 
lie  used  oidy  for  the  minimum  floor  loads,  and  the  area  of 
liurnt  clay  in  the  flanges  and  ribs,  and  webs  of  the  hollow 
l)urnt  clay  tiles  shall  be  proportioned  to  the  safe  value  of 
resistance  to  compression  of  the  materials  used  in  the  most 
slresse<l  areas  of  the  burnt  clay. 

Sec.  530.  Segmental  .-IrWirj.— Segmental  arches  shall  have 
a  rise  of  at  least  one  inch   for  each   foot  of   span  of  arch. 

The  least  thickness  of  a  hollow  tile  or  porous  terra  cotta 
segmental  arch  shall  be  one-half  of  an  inch  per  foot  of  span, 
but  no  such  hollow  tile  or  terra  cotta  arch  shall  be  of  a  thick- 
ness less  than  live  inches. 

I'.nlli  fl.u  :iiicl  SLHMunl.d  arches  shall  be  so  constructed  that 
the  jiiiiiis  (if  the  same  radiate  from  a  common  center  and 
there  sh.ill  be  a  cross  rib  for  every  four  inches,  or  fractional 
part  thereof,  in  height  in  each  tile  block.  The  skew  back  of 
the  arches  shall  be  carefully  fitted  to  the  beams  supporting 
them,  and  in  addition  to  the  cross  ribs  there  shall  also  be 
additional  diagonal  reinforcing  ribs  in  the  skew  back.  Such 
arches,  whether  flat  or  curved,  shall  have  their  beds  well 
Tilled  with  cement  mortar,  and  the  centers  shall  not  be  struck 
until  the  mortar  has  set. 

Burnt  clay  skew  backs  shall  be  molded  in  such  a  manner 
as  to  support  the  burnt  clay  covering  on  the  under  sides  of 
licams  or  girders. 

Sec.  531.  l-'loors.  Wood  Surfacing  and  Xailing  Sirifs.— 
Wood  floor  surfacing  and  wooden  nailing  strips  for  sucli 
wood  floor  surfacing  may  be  used  in  fireproof  buildings. 

Where  wood  flooring  is  used  in  a  fireproof  building,  the 
space  immediately  under  such  wood  flooring,  and  between 
the  wood  nailing  strips  and  under  such  wood  nailing  strips, 
shall  be  lillcil  with  a  cement  or  a  cinder  concrete  tamped  into 
place  in  an  unset  state,  or  such  other  incombustible  material 
as  sliall  be  approved  by  the  Commissioner  of  Buildings. 

Sec.  532.  Partitions  in  Fire/'roof  Buildings. — The  parti- 
titions  around  stairs,  stair  halls,  shafts,  elevators  or  public 
lavatories  shall  be  fireproof  partitions,  as  described  in  Section 
533  of  this  chapter ;  all  other  partitions  in  fireproof  build- 
ings shall  be  incombustible  partitions.  Where  blocks  are  used 
for  building  partitions  or  as  enclosing  walls  the  joints  shall 
be  well  filled  with  mortar. 

The  jiartilions  shall  be  wedged  tight  between  floors  and 
ceilings  wilh  incomliiislilile  wedges. 

Sec.  533.  Partitions,  Fireproof — Incombustible. — Only  fire- 
proof material  shall  be  used  for  fireproof  partitions;  if  of 
brick,  they  shall  be  not  less  than  four  inches  thick,  and  if  of 
partition  blocks,  not  less  than  three  inches  thick.  If  fireproof 
partitions  are  of  reinforced  concrete  they  shall  be  not  less 
than  two  inches  thick. 

.Ml  fireproof  partitions  shall  be  supported  directly  by  the 
steel  construction,  or  by  the  lireproof  floor  arches,  or  stone 
concrete,  or  brick.  Xo  cinder  concrete  or  wood  flooring  shall 
intervene  between  any  such  partition  and  its  support. 

.Ml  doors,  windows,  sashes,  frames,  casings  and  glass  in 
fireproof  partitions  shall  be  built  as  require  in  Section  525 
of  this  chapter. 

Only  fireproof  or  incombustible  material  shall  be  used  in 
the  construction  of  incombustible  partitions,  excepting  that 
fr.iuKS,  casings,   doors,  sash   and   the  rough  carpenter  work 


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required  for  the  proper  fastenings  of  such  frames,  casings, 
doors  or  sash,  may  be  of  wood,  and  that  ordinary  glass  may 
be  used  in  doors  and  partition  windows. 

Sec.  534.  Stairs,  Landlugs.Stahs  in  fireproof  buildings 
shall  be  built  of  approved  cement  concrete,  reinforced  con- 
crete, stone  or  with  metal  supports,  metal  strings,  metal 
treads,  metal  platforms,  or  a  combination  of  one  or  more  of 
such  materials. 

If  reinforced  concrete  is  used  in  the  construction  of  any 
stairs  in  a  fireproof  building,  such  stairs  shall  be  designed 
according  to  the  provisions  of  the  sections  applying  to  rein- 
forced concrete. 

Stairs  shall  carry  a  live  load  of  not  less  than  one  hundred 
pounds  per  square  foot  on  treads  and  landings,  and  every 
part  of  a  stair  shall  be  so  designed  that  the  safe  limit  of 
fiber  stress  is  not  exceeded. 

The  hand  rails  of  such  stairways  may  be  of  wood,  all  other 
material  in  such  stairways  in  fireproof  buildings  shall  be 
"fireproofed,"  or  "incombustible"  material,  except  cinder 
concrete. 

If  stairs  are  constructed  of  solid  concrete,  having  the  tread 
and  riser  in  one  piece,  then  there  shall  be  not  less  than  forty- 
five  square  inches  of  concrete  in  the  cross  section  of  such 
combined  tread  and  riser,  and  such  stairs  shall  have  rein- 
forced concrete  or  metal  outer  strings. 

If  stone  treads  or  platforms  are  used  they  shall  have  a 
metal  sub-tread,  or  sub-platform,  of  the  same  weight  as  if 
the  metal  alone  were  used. 

If  platforms  have  a  floor  arch  sub-construction  as  described 
in  Section  529  of  this  chapter,  then  the  metal  sub-platform 
may  be  omitted. 

Sec.  535.  Painting. — All  structural  metal  which  is  used  in 
a  fireproof  buildings,  or  which  is  used  in  any  foundation,  or 
which  is  used  in  reinforced  concrete  work,  shall  be  clean  and 
free  of  rust,  or  scale  at  the  time  of  the  enclosure  or  covering 
of  such  metal.  All  metal  which  is  not  to  be  fireproofed  shall 
have  two  coats  of  first-class  metal  protecting  paint. 

Sec.  536.  Rivets,  Machine  Driven. — All  structural  steel  and 
iron  work  shall  be  so  riveted  that  the  distance  from  the  cen- 
ter of  the  rivet  hole  to  the  edge  of  the  materials  shall  be  not 
less  than : 

%  inch   for  JS-inch  rivets. 

%  inch  for  ^-inch  rivets. 

1%  inches  for  ^^-'fch  rivets. 

IJ^  inches  for  J^-inch  rivets. 

Wherever  possible,  however,  the  distance  from  the  rivet 
hole  to  the  edge  of  the  material  shall  be  equal  to  two  diam- 
eters of  such  rivet  hole.  All  rivets,  wherever  practicable, 
shall  be  machine  driven ;  the  rivets  in  connection  shall  be 
proportioned  and  placed  to  suit  the  stresses,  and  the  pitch 
of  rivets  shall  never  be  less  than  three  diameters  of  the  rivets 
nor  more  than  six  inches.  All  holes  shall  be  punched  ac- 
curately, so  that  upon  assembling  a  cold  rivet  will  enter  the 
hole  without  straining  the  material  by  drifting.  The  rivets 
shall  fill  the  holes  completely,  and,  whenever  necessary,  gus- 
sets shall  be  provided  of  thickness  and  size  to  accommodate 
the  number  of  rivets  necessary  to  make  a  connection. 

Sec.  537.  Truss  Designs  to  Be  Stdvnittcd. — When  steel  or 
iron  trusses  are  used  the  trusses  shall  be  of  such  design  that 
the  stress  in  each  member  may  be  calculated  and  all  trusses 
when  placed  shall  be  held  rigidly  in  position  by  an  efficient 
system  of  lateral  and  sway  bracing,  and  any  member  of  a 
truss  subjected  to  transverse  stress  in  addition  to  direct  ten- 
sion or  compression  shall  have  the  stress  causing  such  strain 


added  to  the  direct  stresses  coming  on  the  member,  and  the 
total  stresses  shall  in  no  case  exceed  the  stresses  provided  tor 
in  Section  594  of  this  chapter. 

Sec.  538.  Trusses  to  Be  Inspected.— On  all  buildings  in 
process  of  construction,  where  the  plans  call  for  the  use  of 
trusses,  or  iron  and  steel  structural  work,  the  erection  of  such 
iron  and  steel  structural  work  and  of  such  trusses  shall  be 
inspected  thoroughly  by  an  inspector  from  the  Building  De- 
partment of  the  city,  and  such  inspector  shall  be  a  man  well 
versed  in  the  design  and  construction  of  structural  steel  and 
iron  work,  and  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  such  inspector  to  see 
that  the  provisions  of  this  chapter  are  strictly  complied  with, 
and  such  inspector  shall  have  the  authority  to  compel  the 
contractors  and  builders  to  use  a  sufficient  amount  of  tem- 
porary liracing  or  guys  necessary  to  insure  the  safety  of  the 
work  during  its  erection  and  to  compel  such  contractors  and 
builders  to  keep  all  derricks,  tackles  and  hoisting  apphances 
used  in  such  work  in  a  safe  condition  and  to  enforce  all  the 
provisions  of  this  chapter. 

Sec.  539.  Bolts  to  Be  Turned  and  Holes  to  Be  Reamed.— 
Wherever  it  is  found  impossible  to  rivet  connections  as  herein 
described  and  such  connections  are  bolted,  the  bolts  shall  be 
turned  and  the  holes  reamed  so  as  to  get  a  perfect  fit. 

All  structural  members  which  are  temporarily  bolted  to- 
gether shall  be  well  bolted  in  every  alternate  hole. 

Sec.  540.  Fireproof  Buildings,  Height  Of.— The  height  of 
a  fireproof  building  shall  be  measured  from  the  average  in- 
side grade  line  of  the  street  frontage  of  the  building  to  the 
top  of  the  highest  point  of  the  external  bearing  walls.  Roof 
houses  for  elevators,  or  tanks,  or  skylights,  or  stairs,  or  scut- 
tles may  be  built  above  the  height  of  the  main  roof,  and  no 
building  shall  be  erected  in  the  city  of  greater  height  than 
two  hundred  and  si.xty  feet. 

Sec.  541.  Roofs.  Rise  of  Roof  Above  Limit  of  Height.— 
In  the  case  of  buildings  which  are  entirely  fireproof  in  their 
construction,  and  of  which  the  roof  is  also  entirely  of  fire- 
proof construction,  the  roof  may  rise  above  the  limit  of 
height  of  wall  fixed  by  this  chapter  for  such  buildings  at  a 
slope  not  to  exceed  thirty  degrees  with  the  horizon,  and  to  a 
height  not  exceeding  twenty  feet  above  such  limitation  of 
the  height  of  such  wall.  The  space  enclosed  by  such  roof 
above  the  limitation  of  the  height  of  such  wall  may  be  used 
as  an  enclosure  for  pipes,  ventilating  or  elevator  machinery 
or  for  ventilating  ducts,  but  it  shall  not  be  lawful  to  use  such 
space  for  purposes  of  storage,  business  or  residence. 

Sec.  542.  Sheet  Metal  Work,  Support  Of.— Wood  shall 
not  be  used  as  the  support  of  any  sheet  metal  work  or  of 
any  gutter  or  cornice  of  a  building  more  than  one  hundred 
feet  in  height. 

Sec.  543.  Reinforced  Concrete — Regtilations  in  Regard  to 
tlie  Use  Of. — The  term  "reinforced  concrete,"  as  used  in  this 
cliapter,  shall  be  understood  to  mean  an  approved  concrete 
mixture  reinforced  by  steel  of  any  shape,  so  combined  that 
the  steel  will  take  up  the  tensional  stresses  and  assist  in  the 
resistance  to  shear. 

Sec.  544.  Stress. — Reinforced  concrete  construction  shall 
be  of  such  nature  that  the  stresses  can  be  calculated  accord- 
ing to  the  accepted  formulas  of  modern  concrete  engineering 
practice. 

Sec.  545.  Permission  to  Erect. — Before  permission  to  erect 
any  reinforced  concrete  structure  is  issued,  complete  draw- 
ings  and   specifications   shall  be   filed  with   tlie   Commissioner 


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of  Buildings,  showing  all  details  of  the  construction,  the  size 
and  position  of  all  reinforcing  rods,  stirrups,  etc..  and  giving 
the  composition  of  the  concrete. 

Sec.  546.  Comrt-lf—Miviiis:  Of—Mftlwd  of  Tisliiifi.—Thc 
concrete  shall  be  nii.xed  in  the  proportions  of  one  of  cement, 
three  of  sand  and  live  of  stone,  gravel  or  slag.  The  propor- 
tions shall  he  such  that  the  resistance  of  the  concrete  to  crush- 
ing shall  not  he  less  than  two  thousand  pounds  per  square 
inch  after  hardening  for  twenty-eight  days.  The  tests  to  clc- 
terniine  this  value  shall  he  made  by  a  competent  engineer 
under  the  direction  of  the  Commissioner  of  Buildings.  The 
concrete  used  in  reinforced  concrete  construction  shall  be 
what  is  usually  known  as  a  wet   mixture. 

Sec.  547.  Ccinciils — MclltoJ  of  Ti-sliiin. — Only  higli-grade 
Portland  cements  shall  he  used  in  reinforced  concrete  con- 
struction. Such  cements,  when  tested  neat,  shall,  after  one 
day  in  air,  develop  a  tensile  strength  of  at  least  two  hundred 
pounds  per  square  inch:  and  after  one  day  in  air  and  six 
days  in  water  shall  develop  a  tensile  strength  of  at  least  live 
hundred  pouncls  per  sipiare  incli :  and  after  one  day  in  air  and 
twenty-seven  days  in  water  shall  develop  a  tensile  strength  of 
at  least  six  hundred  pounds  per  square  inch.  Other  tests  as  to 
fineness,  constancy  of  volume,  etc.,  made  in  accordance  with 
the  standard  method  prescribed  by  the  American  Society  of 
Civil  Engineers'  Committee,  may  from  time  to  time  be  pre- 
scribed by  the  Commissioner  of  Buildings. 

Sec.  548.  Sand — Sloiic.  Crushed  Slag  or  Gnwcl — Sled. — 
The  sand  to  be  used  in  such  concrete  shall  l)c  clean,  sharp 
torpedo  sand  free  from  loam  or  dirt. 

The  stone  used  in  such  concrete  shall  be  clean,  crushed 
stone  or  gravel,  or  crushed  blast  furnace  slag  of  a  size  that 
will  pass  through  a  three-quarter-inch  ring.  The  stone  shall 
be  fresh  broken  and  the  gravel  shall  be  thoroughly  washed. 

The  steel  used  shall  be  calculated  according  to  its  elastic 
limit ;  for  moving  or  vibrating  loads  a  steel  of  a  lower  elastic 
limit  than  is  used  for  quiescent  loads  shall  be  used. 

Sec.  549.  Rcmforiiii:^— Method  O/.— All  reinforcing  steel 
shall  be  completely  enclosed  by  the  concrete,  and  such  steel 
shall  nowhere  be  nearer  to  the  surface  of  the  concrete  than 
the  diameter  of  such  reinforcing  steel  bar,  or  rod  or  other 
shape.  The  steel  in  beams  or  girders  shall  be  so  disposed  that 
there  shall  be  not  less  thai-  one  and  one-half  times  the  thick- 
ness of  the  steel  in  concrete  between  the  steel,  and  where 
more  than  two  bars  are  used  the  bars  shall  be  placed  in  two 
or  more  plane-^ 

Reinforced  concrete  shall  be  so  designed  that  the  stresses 
in  the  concrete  and  the  steel  shall  not  exceed  the  following 
limits :  Extreme  liber  stress  on  concrete  in  compression,  live 
hundred  pounds  per  square  inch :  shearing  stress  in  concrete, 
seventy-live  pounds  per  scjuare  inch  :  concrete  in  direct  com- 
pression, three  hundred  and  fifty  pounds  per  square  inch ; 
tensile  stress  in  steel,  one-third  of  the  elastic  limit ;  shearing 
stress  in  steel,  ten  thousand  pounds  per  square  inch. 

The  adhesion  of  concrete  to  steel  shall  be  assumed  to  be 
seventy-tive  pounds  per  square  inch  of  surface  where  bars 
are  three-quarters  of  an  inch  or  less  in  diameter  and  pro- 
portionately less  for  bars  of  a  diameter  greater  than  three- 
quarters  of  an  inch. 

The  ratio  of  the  moduli  of  elasticity  of  concrete  and  steel 
shall  be  taken  as  one  to  twelve. 

The  following  assumption  shall  guide  in  the  determination 
nf  tlic  bending  moments  due  to  external  forces:  Beams  and 
girders  shall  be  consi<lereil  as  simply  supported  at  the  ends, 
no   allowance   being   made    for   continuous   construction   over 


supports.  1-loiir  plale>,  when  constructed  continuous  and 
when  provided  with  reinforcement  at  top  of  plate  over  the 
supports,  may  be  trealerl  as  continuous  beams,  the  bending 
moment  for  uniforndy  distributed  loads  being  taken  at  not 
less  than  \V.  L.  divided  by  eight :  the  bending  moment  may 
be  taken  at  W.  L.  divided  by  twenty  in  the  case  of  .square 
floor  plates  which  are  reinforced  in  both  directions  and  sup- 
ported on  all  sides.  The  floor  plate  to  the  extent  of  not  more 
than  live  times  the  width  of  any  beant  or  girder  may  be  taken 
.IS  part  of  that  beam  or  girder  in  computing  its  moment  of 
resistance. 

The  moment  of  resistance  of  atiy  reinforced  concrete  con- 
struction under  tranverse  loads  shall  be  determined  by  for- 
mulas 1)ased  on  the  following  assumptions: 

(a)  The  bond  between  the  concrete  and  steel  is  sufficient 
to  make  the  two  materials  act  together  as  a  homogeneous 
solid. 

(b)  The  strain  in  any  fiber  is  directly  proportionate  to 
the  distance  of  that  fiber  from  the  neutral  axis. 

(c)  The  modulus  of  elasticity  of  the  concrete  remains 
constant  within  the  limits  of  the  working  stresses  fixed  in 
this  chapter. 

I-'rom  these  assumptions  it  follows  that  the  stress  in  any 
fiber  is  directly  proportionate  to  the  distance  of  that  fiber 
from  the  neutral  axis. 

The  tensile  strength  of  the  concrete  shall  not  be  con- 
sidered. 

Sec.  550.  Coiislruetioii — Reinforced  Concrete. — Reinforced 
concrete  construction  shall  be  designed  so  that  the  shearing 
stresses,  l)oth  vertical  and  horizontal,  developed  in  any  part  of 
the  construction,  shall  not  exceed  the  safe  working  strength 
of  the  concrete  as  fixed  in  this  chapter,  or  a  sufficient  amount 
of  steel  shall  be  introduced  in  such  a  position  that  the  defic- 
iency in  the  resistance  to  sheer  is  overcome. 

When  the  safe  limit  of  adhesion  between  the  concrete  and 
steel  is  exceeded,  some  provision  shall  be  made  for  trans- 
mitting the  strength  of  the  steel  to  the  concrete. 

Sec.  551.  Columns — Reinforced  Concrete. — Reinforced  con- 
crete may  be  used  for  columns  when  the  ratio  of  length  to 
the  least  side  or  diameter  does  not  exceed  twelve.  The  re- 
inforcing rods  shall  be  tied  together  at  intervals  of  not  more 
than  the  least  side  or  diameter  of  the  column,  or  spirally 
wound  steel  may  be  used. 

When  vertical  reinforcing  rods  are  used  in  columns,  such 
rods  shall  have  their  ends  milled  normal  to  the  longitudinal 
a.xis,  and  such  rods  shall  have  full  perfect  bearings  at  each 
joint,  and  such  joints  shall  occur  only  at  floors  or  other  points 
of  lateral  support  and  a  tight  fitting  sleeve  shall  be  provided 
at  all  joints  of  vertical  reinforcing  rods. 

Sec.  552.  Wind  Pressure. — In  the  case  of  buildings  in 
which  allowances  must  be  made  for  wind  pressure  as  pro- 
vided in  Section  603  of  this  chapter,  the  reinforcing  rods  of 
cohnnns  shall  be  connected  and  the  milled  end  surfaces  shall 
be  brought  together  by  threading  the  rods  and  by  threaded 
sleeve  nuts,  or  threade<l  turnbuckles.  or  methods  equally  effec- 
tive and  satisfactory  to  the  Commissioner  of  Buildings. 

Sec.  553.  Tests — To  Be  Made  by  Contractor  on  Demand. — 
The  contractor  shall  be  prepared  to  make  load  tests  on  any 
portion  of  a  reinforced  concrete  construction  within  a  reason- 
able time  after  erection,  as  often  as  may  be  required  by  the 
Connnissioner  of  Buildings.  Such  tests  shall  show  that  the 
ci>nslruction  will  sustain  ;i  lf>ad  twice  that  for  which  it  is  de- 
signed, without  any  sign  of  failure,  or  in  the  case  of  beams. 


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girders    or    floors,    without    deflecting   more    than    onc-scven- 
hundredths  of  the  span. 

Sec.  SS4.  Reinforced  Concrete  (Cn/Zi.— Buildings  of 
Classes  I,  II,  III,  VI  and  VII  having  a  complete  skeleton 
construction  of  steel  or  of  reinforced  concrete  construction 
or  a  combination  of  both,  designed  to  safely  resist  all  of  the 
strains  caused  by  the  dead  weights  of  the  structure  and  of 
■  the  live  loads  and  of  the  wind  pressure  within  the  safe  limits 
of  stress  provided  in  this  chapter  for  each  material  used,  may 
have  walls  of  reinforced  concrete  six  inches  thick  for  the 
upper  two  stories  and  walls  seven  inches  thick  for  the  two 
stories  next  below  the  upper  two  stories,  and  walls  eight 
inches  thick  for  the  stories  next  below  the  upper  four  stories, 
and  walls  nine  inches  thick  for  the  stories  next  below  the 
upper  six  stories,  and  so  on  downwards,  increasing  the  thick- 
ness of  the  walls  one  inch  for  each  two  stories  or  part  thereof. 
Provided,  however,  that  such  walls  shall  support  only  their 
own  weight,  and  that  such  walls  have  steel  rods  three-quar- 
ters of  an  inch  in  diameter  or  of  an  equivalent  area  set  ver- 
tically, and  spaced  not  more  than  eighteen  inches  apart,  and 
steel  rods  five-eighths  of  an  inch  in  diameter  or  of  an  equiv- 
alent area  set  horizontally  tied  to  the  vertical  rod  at  each 
intersection  with  these,  and  set  not  to  exceed  twenty-four 
inches  apart ;  and  provided  that  where  the  weight  of  the 
walls  of  each  story  is  not  transferred  to  the  skeleton  by 
spandril  beams,  the  vertical  reinforcement  shall  be  increased 
in  weight  in  an  arithmetical  ratio  of  twice  as  much  steel  in 
the  two  stories  next  below  the  upper  two  stories,  and  three 
times  as  much  steel  in  the  two  stories  next  below  the  upper 
four  stories,  and  so  on  downward.  Vertical  bars  shall  be 
spliced  together  by  winding  with  iron  wire.  Horizontal  bars 
shall  be  wired  to  the  columns.  Additional  bars  shall  be  set 
around  openings,  the  verticals  wired  to  the  nearest  horizontal 
bars  and  the  horizontal  bars  at  top  and  bottom  of  openings 
shall  be  wired  to  the  nearest  vertical  bars. 

The  steel  rods  shall  be  combined  with  the  concrete  and 
placed  where  the  combination  will  develop  the  greatest 
strength,  and  the  rods  shall  be  staggered  or  placed  and  se- 
cured to  the  steel  or  reinforced  concrete  structural  skeleton 
of  the  building,  so  as  to  resist  a  pressure  of  fifty  (50)  pounds 
per  square  foot,  either  from  the  exterior  or  from  the  interior 
on  each  and  every  square  foot  of  each  wall  panel. 

Sec.  555.  Molded  Hullozc  Concrete  and  Hollozv  Tile  Block. 
— Molded  hollow  concrete  blocks  or  molded  hollow  vitrified 
clay  building  blocks  of  the  full  thickness  of  a  ten-inch  wall 
may  be  used  wherever  eight-inch  walls  are  called  for  by  this 
chapter,  and  such  blocks  may  also  be  used  wherever  twelve- 
inch  brick  walls  arc  called  for  in  this  chapter  under  frame 
cottages  and  in  one  and  two  story  Class  III  and  Class  VI 
buildings. 

ARTICLE  XIII. 

SLOW-BURNING  CONSTRUCTION. 

Sec.  556.  Slozc-Burning  Construction  Defined. — The  term 
"slow-burning  construction"  shall  apply  to  all  buildings  in 
which  the  structural  members  which  carry  the  loads  and 
strains  which  come  upon  the  floors  and  roofs  thereof  are 
made  wholly  or  in  part  of  combustible  material,  but  through- 
out which  the  structural  metallic  members  shall  be  protected 
against  injury  from  fire  by  coverings  of  incombtrstible,  non- 
heat  conducting  material  similar  to  those  described  ui:der 
the  head  of  "skeleton  construction,"  except  that  plastering 
and  metalHc  lath  may  be  used  as  provided  herein.  In  the 
case  of  columns  the  inetalhc  lath  shall  be  fastened  to  metallic 
furrings  and  the  plastering  upon  the  same  shall  be  of  three 


coats  of  mortar.  The  lower  five  (S)  feet  of  each  column 
shall  be  protected  as  required  for  brick,  concrete  or  tile  cov- 
ering in  Section  522  of  this  chapter.  A  covering  of  three  (3) 
coats  of  plastering  on  metallic  laths  shall  be  considered  suf- 
ficient protection  for  the  under  side  of  joists  and  girders  and 
a  layer  of  mortar  or  other  incombustible  material  at  least  one 
and  one-half  inches  thick  shall  be  applied  on  all  floors  and 
roof  surfaces  above  the  joists  of  the  same. 

Sec.  SS7.  Posts,  Partitions  and  Elevator  Enclosures. — 
Where  oak  posts  of  greater  sectional  area  than  one  hundred 
square  inches  are  used,  they  need  not  be  covered.  All  parti- 
tions and  all  elevator  enclosures  in  buildings  of  this  type  shall 
be  made  entirely  of  incombustible  material.  The  use  of  wood 
furring  or  of  stud  partitions  shall  not  be  allowed  in  buildings 
of  this  type. 

Sec.  558.  Stairs — To  be  Incombustible. — Amended  by  ordi- 
nance Nov.  25,  1907,  to  read  as  follows : 

Where  buildings  are  recjuired  to  be  of  "slow  burning  con- 
struction," all  stairs  in  such  building  shall  be  of  incombustible 
material ;  provided,  however,  said  stairs  may  be  of  ordinary 
construction,  if  said  building  is  equipped  with  an  automatic 
sprinkler  system,  and  stairs  are  enclosed  in  a  fireproof  wall. 

ARTICLE  XIV. 

MILL  CONSTRUCTION. 

Sec.  559.  Mill  Construction  Defined. — The  term  "mill  con- 
struction" shall  apply  to  all  buildings  in  which  all  the  girders 
and  joists  supporting  floors  and  roof  have  a  sectional  area  of 
not  less  than  seventy-two  square  inches,  and  above  the  joists 
of  which  there  is  laid  a  timber  floor  not  less  than  three  and 
three-fourths  inches  thick.  Wooden  posts  used  in  buildings 
of  this  type  shall  not  be  of  smaller  sectional  area  than  one 
hundred  square  inches. 

Sec.  560,  Fireproofing. — Partitions  and  elevator  enclosures 
in  buildings  of  this  type  shall  be  made  entirely  of  incom- 
bustible material.  If  iron  columns,  girders  or  beams  are  used 
in  buildings  of  this  type,  they  shall  be  protected  as  specified 
in  this  chapter,  but  the  wooden  posts,  girders  and  joists  need 
not  be  protected  by  fireproof  covering.  The  use  of  wood 
furring,  wood  laths  or  stud  partitions  shall  not  be  permitted 
in  buildings  of  this  type. 

Sec.  561.  Stairs — To  be  Incombustible. — Amended  1)y  ordi- 
nance Nov.  25,  1907,  to  read  as  follows : 

Where  buildings  are  required  to  be  of  "mill  construction," 
all  stairs  in  such  buildings  shall  be  of  "incombustible"  mater- 
ial ;  provided,  however,  said  stairs  may  be  of  ordinary  con- 
struction, if  said  building  is  equipped  with  an  autoinatic 
sprinkler  system  and  stairs  are  enclosed  in  a  fireproof  wall. 

Sec.  562.  Concrete  Construction — Approved  Cinder. — The 
term  "approved  cinder  concrete  construction"  shall  apply  to 
all  buildings  in  which  all  parts  that  carry  weights  or  resist 
strains,  all  exterior  walls,  all  interior  walls,  all  interior  parti- 
tions, all  stairs  and  all  elevator  enclosures  are  made  entirely 
of  incombustible  material,  and  in  which  all  metallic  struc- 
tural members  are  protected  against  the  effects  of  fire  by  ap- 
proved cinder  concrete  proportioned,  mixed,  applied  and  se- 
cvired  as  herein  descriljed.  Approved  cinder  concrete  con- 
struction may  he  I'seil  for  all  liuildings  in  which  fireproof 
construction  is  mandatory  by  this  chapter,  or  where  ordinary 
construction  may  be  used. 

Approved  cinder  concrete  shall  consist  of  a  standard  Port- 
land cement,  torpedo  sand,  and  clean,  thoroughly  burnt  steam 


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boiler   ciildt-rs,    tree    Ironi    ililclcrinn';    in:itltr.    no    particle    of 
which  shall  l)c  larsir  than  one  iTicli 

Sec.  563.  Cinders — (Jimiility. — The  voliiineiric  inianlily  of 
cinders  conihineil  witli  ihe  torpedo  sand  sliall  not  exceed  the 
vohime  of  the  rortland  cement  by  more  than  eiglit  (8) 
times.  .Ml  of  the  ingredients  of  approved  cinder  concrete 
shall  he  tlioronghly  worked  and  wet  so  as  to  cover  each  piece 
of  cinder  with  moistened  cement ;  and  the  cement  and  san<I 
shall  till  all  of  the  voids  between  the  cinders. 

All  approved  cinder  concrete  shall  be  cast  and  rannned 
in  an  unset  condition  against  the  metal. 

The  minimum  thickness  of  approved  cinder  concrete  cov- 
ering in  structural  metal  sliall  be  two  (2)  inches.  In  every 
case  the  thickness  of  the  coverings  shall  be  measured  from 
the  extreme  projection  of  the  metal,  including  the  plastering 
and  in  all  cases  the  cinder  concrete  shall  be  rammed  solid 
against  the  column  metal,  filling  all  channels  and  open  spaces 
within  the  perimeter  of  the  Iniislied  plaster  column.  .Ap- 
proved cinder  concrete  column  covering  shall  have  metal 
hinders  of  \o.  8  gauge  wire  imbedded  in  and  around  the  col- 
umns for  each  sixteen  ( 16)  inches  in  height  of  the  column, 
provided,  however,  that  in  buildings  of  approved  cinder  con- 
crete construction  the  columns  may  be  covered  with  one  thick- 
ness of  metal  furring,  metal  lathing  and  not  less  than  three 
coats  of  mortar. 

In  places  where  there  is  trucking  or  wheeling,  or  handling 
of  packages  of  any  kind,  the  lower  five  (5)  feet  of  every 
column  shall  be  incased  in  a  protective  covering  such  as  is 
described  in  Section  522  of  this  chapter. 

Sec.  565.  Beams  and  Girders — Apfrovcd  Cinder  Concrete 
Construction. — The  beams  and  girders  of  a  building  built  of 
approved  cinder  concrete  construction  shall  be  enclosed  in 
approved  cinder  concrete  which  shall  be  not  less  than  two 
(2)  inches  in  thickness  at  any  and  all  points  of  the  struc- 
tural metal  work.  The  approved  cinder  concrete  covering 
shall  be  reinforced  witli  metal  clips  of  wire  binders,  either 
or  both  of  which  shall  not  be  more  than  sixteen  (16)  inches 
on  centers  in  the  direction  of  the  length  of  the  structural 
member. 

The  top  of  all  girders  or  beams  shall  be  protected  with  not 
less  than  two  (2)  inches  of  approved  cinder  concrete. 

.•\  floor  or  roof  construction  of  approved  cinder  concrete 
may  be  used  for  any  span  between  structural  members  that 
will  carry  the  test  loads  required  by  this  chapter  for  such 
floors  and  roofs. 

Sec.  566.  Segmental  Arches. — Segmental  arches  shall  be 
not  less  than  three  (3)   inches  in  thickness  at  the  crown. 

Sec.  567.  Floors — Flat  Slab  Construction. — Flat  slab  floor 
construction  shall  be  not  less  than  four  (4)  inches  in  thick- 
ness for  spans  of  eight  (8)  feet  or  less.  Flat  slab  floor  con- 
struction shall  be  not  less  than  fwc  (5)  inches  in  thickness 
for  spans  between  eight  (8)  and  ten  (10)    feet. 

Approved  cinder  concrete  shall  not  be  used  as  a  floor  or 
roof  construction  unless  such  approved  cinder  concrete  is  re- 
inforced by  steel  or  iron,  and  such  reinforcement  shall  not 
weight  less  than  three-quarters  of  a  pound  per  square  foot 
of  superficial  surface. 

.Ml  reinforcing  steel  shall  be  completely  enclosed  by  the 
concrete. 

Wood  nailing  strips  for  floor  .surfacing  may  be  used  in 
buildings  of  approved  cinder  concrete  construction,  provided, 
however,  that  such  nailing  strips  shall  be  imbedded  as  de- 
scribed in  Section  531  of  this  chapter. 


Sec.  568.  I'artitioiis. — The  partitions  in  buildings  of  ap- 
proved cinder  concrete  construction  shall  be  as  described  in 
Section  532  of  this  chapter  for  partitions  in  lireproof  build- 
ings. |)rovi<led,  however,  that  partitions  may  be  built  wholly 
of  metal  studding,  metal  lath  and  plaster,  but  no  such  par- 
titions shall  be  of  a  less  thickness  than  one  and  one-half  (I'/i) 
^nch. 

The  partitions  around  stairs,  or  stair  halls,  or  shafts,  or 
elevators,  or  public  lavatories,  shall  be  wedge<l  light  between 
the  structure  of  the  floors  and  ceilings,  or  if  such  partitions 
are  of  plaster,  the  metal  or  metal  studding  shall  be  secured 
to  the  structure  by  clips,  holts  or  other  metal  fastening,  and 
in  no  case  shall  any  such  partition  be  built  on  the  wood  floor- 
ing or  wood  nailing  strips. 

Sec.  569.  Il'alls — Fnclosinfi. — The  enclosing  walls,  the  cov- 
ering of  exterior  si<le  of  mullions,  be;nns,  girders,  lintels,  the 
enclosures  of  pipes,  pipe  shafts  the  doors  into  shafts,  win- 
dows into  shafts,  covering  of  girders,  covering  of  trusses, 
cut-out  boxes,  chases,  stairs,  landings,  painting,  rivets,  holts, 
and  all  other  items  required  in  these  sections  on  fireproof 
construction  and  in  the  sections  on  skeleton  construction  shall, 
in  buildings  of  approved  cinder  concrete  construction,  be  de- 
signed or  built  or  covered,  or  made  of  the  material  called 
for,  or  any  one  or  a  number  of  these  requirements,  as  de- 
scribed in  such  sections,  describing  the  requirements  of  skele- 
ton construction  or  of  fireproof  construction  in  this  chapter, 
provided,  however,  that  approved  cinder  concrete  as  described 
herein  may  be  used  for  all  protective  covering  of  structural 
metal. 

.\RTICLF  X\'. 

ORDI.V ARV  CON'S  TRl'CTION. 

Sec.  570.  Ordinary  Construction  Defined. — The  term  "or- 
dinary construction,"  as  used  in  this  chapter,  means  the  ordi- 
nary system  of  construction  in  which  timber  and  iron  struc- 
tural   parts   arc    not    protected    with    fire   resisting   coverings. 

.ARTICLE  XVI. 

GEXERAL  COXSTRUCTION  REQUIREMEXTS. 

Sec.  571.  Construction  or  Alteration  of  Buildings. — Every 
building  or  .structure,  or  part  thereof,  hereafter  constructed, 
erected,  altered,  enlarged  or  changed  anywhere  within  the 
city,  shall  be  so  constructed,  erected.  altcre<l,  enlarged  or 
changed  only  in  accordance  with  the  provisions  of  this 
chapter. 

Sec.  572.  .\laterlals. — Materials  used  in  the  construction  of 
buildings  of  all  classes  shall  conform  to  the  following  speci- 
fications : 

Sec.  573.  Foundation  Profortions. — Foundations  shall  be 
proportioned  to  the  actual  average  loads  they  will  have  to 
carry  in  the  completed  and  occupied  building. 

Sec.  574.  Foundation  Construction. — Foundations  shall  be 
constructed  of  either  of  the  following :  .\pproved  cement 
concrete,  dimension  or  rubble  stone,  sewer  or  paving  bricks 
or  iron  or  steel  or  piles.  If  iron  or  steel  is  used  the  filling 
and  the  coating  of  the  same  shall  be  of  Portland  cement  as 
provided  in  Section  583  of  this  chapter,  piles  shall  he  covered 
with  grillage  of  timber,  concrete  or  steel,  or  a  combination 
of  these.  Where  timber  grillage  or  timber  piles  are  used,  the 
top  of  such  grillage  or  such  piles  shall  be  at  least  one  foot 
below  city  datum. 


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A     HALF    CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


Sec.  575.  Foundation  of  Nciv  and  Old  JValls. — In  all  cases 
wliere  there  is  an  increase  in  the  thickness  of  walls,  a  new 
foundation  shall  be  built  in  such  manner  as  to  carry  jointly 
both  the  new  and  old  walls,  and  the  soil  under  such  founda- 
tions shall  not  be  loaded  beyond  the  limits  hereinbefore  spec- 
ified in  this  chapter.  All  foundations  shall  be  protected 
against  the  eflFects  of  frost,  and  frozen  cement  mortar  shall 
not  be  used  in  connection  with  building  operations. 

Sec.  576.  Foundations — Pile  Borings  Required — Safe  Load 
Required — Fiber  Stress. — Where  pile  foundations  are  used, 
auger  borings  of  the  soil  shall  first  oe  made  to  determine  the 
position  of  the  underlying  stratum  of  hard  clay  or  rock,  and 
the  piles  shall  be  made  long  enough  to  sustain  the  required 
load  according  to  approved  formulas  for  pile  driving,  and 
timber  piles  shall  not  be  loaded  more  than  twenty-five  tons 
to  each  pile.  The  heads  of  the  piles  are  to  be  protected 
against  splitting  while  they  are  being  driven,  and  after  hav- 
ing been  driven  the  piles  are  to  be  sawed  off  to  a  uniform 
level  and  covered  with  a  grillage  so  proportioned  that  in  tlie 
transmission  of  the  load  from  the  structure  to  the  pile  the 
extreme  fiber  stress  of  the  grillage  shall  not  exceed  the  safe 
limits  for  the  respective  materials  as  prescribed  in  this  chap- 
ter. The  safe  compression  load  per  square  inch  on  concrete 
in  concrete  piles  shall  not  exceed  four  hundred  pounds.  The 
area  of  the  cross  section  shall  be  measured  at  a  point  six  (6) 
feet  below  the  head  of  the  pile  after  the  same  has  been  set 
in  place,  and  the  cross  section  of  the  pile  above  this  point 
shall  not  be  reduced. 

Sec.  577.  Foundations  Other  Than  Pile. — If  foundations 
of  other  materials  than  piles  are  used,  they  shall  be  so  pro- 
portioned that  the  loads  upon  the  soil  shall  not  exceed  the 
limits  for  different  kinds  of  soil  than  those  hereafter  given, 
to-wit ; 

Sec.  578.  Load  for  I  'arions  Soils. — If  the  soil  is  a  layer 
or  pure  clay  at  least  fifteen  feet  thick,  without  admixture  of 
any  foreign  substance  excepting  gravel,  it  shall  not  be  loaded 
more  than  at  the  rate  of  three  thousand  five  hundred  pounds 
per  square  foot.  If  the  soil  is  a  layer  or  pure  clay  at  least 
fifteen  feet  thick,  and  is  dry  and  thoroughly  compressed,  it 
may  be  loaded  not  to  exceed  the  rate  of  four  thousand  five 
hundred  pounds  per  square  foot. 

If  the  soil  is  a  layer  of  dry  sand  fifteen  feet  or  more  in 
thickness,  and  without  admixture  of  clay,  loam  or  other  for- 
eign substance,  it  shall  not  be  loaded  more  than  at  the  rate 
of  four  thousand  pounds  per  square  foot. 

If  the  soil  is  a  mixture  of  clay  and  sand  it  shall  not  be 
loaded  more  than  at  the  rate  of  three  thousand  pounds  per 
square  foot. 

Sec.  579.  Foundations  in  Wet  Soil — Trenches  to  Be 
Drained. — In  all  cases  where  foundations  are  built  in  wet 
soil,  it  shall  be  unlawful  to  build  the  same  unless  the  trenches 
in  which  the  work  is  being  executed  are  kept  free  from  water 
by  bailing,  pumping  or  otherwise,  until  after  the  completion 
of  work  upon  the  foundations,  and  in  each  case  a  connection 
with  the  street  sewer  shall  be  established  before  beginning 
the  work  of  laying  foundations. 

Sec.  580.  Foundations— Where  Not  Permitted. — Founda- 
tions shall  not  be  laid  on  filled  or  made  ground  or  on  loam, 
or  on  any  soil  containing  admixture  of  organic  matter. 

Sec.  581.  Foundations — Del>th  Below  Surfaee — Least 
Limit — Depth  Regulated  by  Sewer — Exceptions. — Founda- 
tions shall  in  all  cases  extend  at  least  four  feet  below  the  sur- 
face of  the  ground  upon  which  they  are  built,  and  in  the  case 


of  all  buildings  forty  feet  or  more  in  henght,  foundations  shall 
ex' end  at  least  to  the  depth  drained  by  the  street  sewer  in  the 
neighboring  streets  or  alleys ;  but  if  such  sewers  are  at  a 
greater  depth  than  ten  feet  below  the  sidewalk  grade,  such 
foundations  need  not  extend  to  a  greater  depth  than  ten  feet, 
provided  that  sound,  hard  soil  is  found  at  that  depth. 

Sec.  582.  Concrete — Broken  Stone — Sand — Cement — Mor- 
tar— Foundations  Of. — Broken  stone  or  concrete  in  making 
foundations  shall  be  clean  and  free  from  dirt  and  dust.  And 
sand  shall  be  free  from  admixture  of  loam  and  shall  be  other- 
wise clean  and  sharp. 

Cement  shall  have  been  kept  dry  and  shall  be  used  fresh 
from  the  package ;  cement  which  has  been  permitted  to  be- 
come wet,  hard  or  lumpy  before  it  is  mixed  into  the  mortar 
or  concrete  shall  not  be  used. 

The  use  of  concrete  or  mortar  of  any  kind,  the  ingredients 
of  which  are  not  thoroughly  and  completely  mixed  and  which 
are  not  free  from  lumps,  or  other  unmixed  portions  of  any 
of  the  ingredients,  is  prohibited :  and  also  the  use  of  cement 
mortar  which  has  become  partly  or  wholly  set  before  use. 
Concrete  foundations  wherever  used  shall  have  boxes  of  plank 
all  around  them,  and  the  concrete  shall  be  well  rammed  in  in- 
dividual layers  not  more  than  six  inches  each  in  thickness. 
The  ramming  shall  be  continued  until  the  water  stands  on 
the  top  of  the  mass  of  concrete. 

Sec.  583.  Steel  Rails  or  Beams  in  Concrete. — If  steel  or 
iron  rails  or  beams  are  used  as  parts  of  foundations,  they 
shall  be  thoroughly  imbedded  in  a  concrete,  the  ingredients 
of  which  shall  be  such  that  after  proper  ramming  the  inter- 
ior of  the  mass  will  be  free  from  cavities,  the  beams  or  rails 
shall  be  entirely  enveloped  in  concrete,  and  around  the  ex- 
posed external  surfaces  of  such  concrete  foundations  there 
shall  be  a  coating  of  a  standard  cement  concrete  not  less 
than  four  inches  thick. 

Sec.  584.  Concrete  Foundations—Steps— Safe  Load  Where 
Reinforced  by  Beams. — If  concrete  foundations  are  used  by 
themselves  and  without  the  insertion  of  iron  or  steel  beams 
or  rails,  the  offset  on  top  of  same  shall  not  be  more  than 
two-thirds  the  height  of  the  respective  courses,  and  such  con- 
crete foundations  shall  not  be  loaded  more  than  twenty-five 
thousand  pounds  per  square  foot.  If  reinforced  by  iron  or 
steel  beams  or  rails,  the  loads  and  offsets  in  the  same  shall  be 
so  adjusted  that  the  fiber  stress  upon  the  metal,  if  iron,  shall 
not  exceed  twelve  thousand  pounds  per  square  inch,  or,  if 
steel,  tliat  the  fiber  stress  shall  not  exceed  sixteen  thousand 
pounds  per  square  inch. 

Sec.  585.  Dimension  Stones — Safe  Load. — Dimension 
stones  shall  have  uniform  beds  and  the  offsets  in  the  same, 
where  two  or  more  layers  are  used,  shall  not  be  more  than 
three-quarters  of  the  height  of  the  individual  stones.  They 
shall  be  set  with  full  beds  of  cement  mortar  under  their  en- 
tire area,  and  in  such  manner  that  they  will  not  rock  after 
being  set.  Dimension  stones  in  foundations  shall  not  be  sub- 
jected to  a  load  of  more  than  twenty  thousand  pounds  per 
square  foot  in  tiers. 

If  the  beds  of  the  stones  are  dressed  and  leveled  off  to  a 
uniform  surface  and  the  stones  are  set  in  a  standard  cement 
mortar,  this  strain  may  be  increased  to  twenty-five  thousand 
pounds  per  square  foot. 

Sec.  586.  Rubble  Stone. — Rubble  foundations  and  rubble 
walls  shall  be  built  of  approximately  square  and  flat  bedded 
stones,  well  and  thoroughly  bonded  in  both  directions  of  the 
walls,  each  stone  thoroughly  bedded  in  mortar  under  its  en- 
tire   area.     Wherever   walls   of    any   kind    are    used    as    curb 


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A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


walls,  tlii-ir  exterior  surfaces  shall  be  rciidercd  approximately 
water  tight  by  a  coating  of  a  standard  cement  mortar. 

Sec.  587.  BrUb—Sofl—isc  Of—Boiid—Safi-  Loiid.—T\\e 
use  of  soft  bricks  is  prohibited  in  all  parts  of  buildings  ex- 
posed to  the  weather  and  in  internal  or  external  piers  or  bear- 
ing walls.  The  bond  of  brick  work  shall  be  formed  by  lay- 
ing one  course  of  headers  for  every  live  courses  of  stretchers. 
Rrick  work  in  walls  laid  in  a  standard  Portland  cement  mor- 
tar shall  not  he  loailed  more  than  twenty-live  thousand  pounds 
per  square  foot.  Brick  work  laid  in  an  ordinary  cement 
mortar  shall  not  be  loaded  more  than  eighteen  thousand 
pounds  per  square  foot.  Brick  work  in  walls  laid  in  lime 
mortar  shall  not  be  loaded  more  than  thirteen  thousand 
pounds  per  square  fiK)t. 

Si-c.  588.  H'(ills—l.i-d;ii-s—.loisls  Siiffils—U'olls  Around 
Slnirs.  Elei'ators  and  Shafts. — Whenever  walls  sixteen  inches 
or  less  in  thickness  shall  be  used  for  the  support  of  ordinary 
joists  in  buildings  'of  all  classes,  ledges  of  the  thickness  of 
the  furring,  latli  and  plaster  shall  be  fopned  between  such 
joists  and  shall  be  carried  up  and  leveled  off  on  the  line  of 
the  tops  of  the  joists,  or  standard  cast  iron  joist  boxes  shall 
be  used  for  the  support  of  such  joists. 

Where  a  stairway  or  an  elevator  shaft  or  an  air  shaft  is 
surrounded  by  brick  walls,  such  surrounding  brick  walls  may 
Ik."  built  sixteen  (16)  inches  thick,  excepting  that  the  upper 
fifty  (50)  feet  of  the  height  may  be  built  twelve  (12)  inches 
thick,  but  the  length  or  breadth,  or  either,  of  such  a  stairway 
or  elevator  shaft  or  air  sliaft  shall  not  exceed  twenty-five 
(25^  feet,  and  in  no  case  shall  the  load  on  the  brick  of  such 
wall  or  walls  exceed  the  safe  limits  of  load  .specified  for 
brick  work  in  this  chapter. 

Sec.  589.  Pressed  Briek  Faeinn — Bond  Joints. — If  pressed 
brick  facings  are  used,  they  shall  be  bonded  into  their  back- 
ing every  seventh  course.  Bond  shall  be  established  by  .solid 
headers  or  by  blind  headers.  In  the  case  of  piers  faced  with 
pressed  brick,  only  solid  headers  shall  be  used,  but  bond 
stones  or  iron  bond  plates  may  be  substituted  for  such  head- 
ers. Pressed  brick  in  all  cases  shall  be  so  laid  as  to  have 
a  full  bed  of  mortar  under  its  entire  surface.  The  laying  of 
pressed  brick  merely  with  a  joint  all  around  the  outer  edge 
of  the  bricks  shall  be  unlawful. 

Sec.  590.  Briek  Piers— Offsets— Bond  Stone— Cap  Stone.— 
In  building  brick  piers  there  shall  be  provi(le<l  at  every  offset 
in  each  pier,  or  at  every  point  where  such  lirick  pier  receives 
the  load,  a  bon<l  stone  at  least  eight  inches  thick  or  a  plate 
of  rolled  iron  or  steel  not  less  than  one-fourth  of  an  inch 
in  thickness,  which  stones  or  plates,  if  at  the  top  of  such 
pier,  shall  cover  its  entire  surface,  and  shall  in  all  cases  be 
adapted  to  receiving  the  load  to  he  imposed  and  shall  be 
made  of  a  strength  which  will  keep  the  fiber  strain  upon  the 
material  used  within   the  limits  elsewhere  herein   stated. 

Sec.  591.  Stone  Facing  Without  Bond  Courses. — Stone 
may  he  used  as  facing  for  brick  walls  under  the  following 
conditions:  If  the  facing  is  ashlar,  without  bond  courses,  and 
the  individual  course  thereof  measure  in  height  between  bond 
stones  more  than  six  times  the  thickness  of  the  ashlar,  then 
each  piece  of  ashlar  facing  shall  be  united  to  the  brick  work 
with  wrought  iron  anchors  at  least  two  to  each  piece  and 
reaching  at  least  eight  inches  over  the  brick  wall,  and  hooked 
into  the  stone  facing  as  well  as  the  brick  facing.  Wherever 
ashlar  as  before  described  is  used,  it  shall  not  be  counted  as 
forming  part  of  the  bearing  surface  of  the  wall,  and  the  brick 
backing  shall  be  of  the  thickness  of  wall  herein  specified  for 
the  different  kinds  of  building. 


Sec.  592.  Stone  Paeinn  with  Bond  Courses. — If  stone  fac- 
ing is  used  with  bond  courses  at  a  distance  apart  of  not  more 
than  four  times  the  thickness  of  the  ashlar,  and  where  the 
width  of  hearing  of  the  bond  courses  upon  the  backing  of 
such  ashlar  is  at  least  twice  the  thickness  of  the  ashlar,  and 
in  no  case  less  than  eight  inches,  then  such  ashlar  facing  shall 
be  counted  as  forming  part  of  the  wall  and  the  total  thick- 
ness of  wall  ,ind  facing  sh.ill  not  be  required  In  be  more  than 
herein  specifietl  fur  walls  of  the  different  classes  of  buildings. 

Sec.  S93.  Stresses — Cast  Iron — Fiber — Strains — Length. — 
The  stresses  in  materials  used  in  construction  produced  by  the 
calculated  strains  due  to  their  own  weight  and  applied  loads 
shall   in  no  case  exceed  the   following: 

C.\Sr   1K().\'. 

Extreme  fiber  strain  unsion 2.500  lbs. 

For  columns   10,000  lbs. 

Reduced  by  Gordon's  formula.     Keduced  for  eccentric  load. 

Xo  cast  iron  column  shall  have  a  length  to  exceed  twenty- 
four  times  its  diameter,  or  least  side. 

Sec.    .594.     STRESSES     IX     I'OrXDS     PER     SOr.\RE 

ixcn. 

Wrought 

Iron.  Steel. 
Extreme     liber     stresses,     "1"     beams     and 

shapes    12.000  16.000 

Extreme  fiber  stresses,  built  beams lt),0(X)  15.000 

Tension    \2.000  15,000 

Shearing    7,500  10,000 

Direct  liearing  pins  and  rivets 15,000  20,000 

Bending  on  pins  18,000  22,500 

*For  cohunns  and  compression  members....    12,000  15,000 

*Reduccd  for  ratio  of  length  of  columns  to  its  least  radius 
of  gyration  by  approved  modern  formulas,  and  reduced  for 
eccentric  loading. 

Sec.  595.  TIMBER— STRESSES  IX  POUXDS  PER 
SQUARE  IXCir. 

Compression 
Perpcndic- 
Fiber    Along  Grain    ular  to 
On  Extreme    Shearing  Grain 

White  Pine  and  Spruce 750  80  150 

White  Oak    1,000  150  250 

Long-leaved   Yellow    Pine. ...  1.250  100  250 

Sec.    596.     Posts    with     Fhit    Ends— Stresses    fer    Square 
Inch.— 
L.    Length  of  posts  in  inches. 
D.     Least  side  or  diameter  of  post  in  inches. 
S.     Stress  per  square  inch. 

White  Pine  L.  L.  Yellow  White 

Spruce.  Pine.  Oak. 

L  D.  S.  L.  n.  S.  S. 

0-10  625  0-15  1,000  750 

10-,?5  475  15-.10  875  650 

.35-45  .375  .W-40  750  .560 

45-50  M)  40-45  625  460 

45-50  500  375 

GEXERAI.  PROVISIOXS. 

Sec.  579.  Walls— Eight-Inch  Briek  Wall— Height  Limited. 
— In  no  case,  in  any  class  of  building,  shall  any  eight-inch 
brick  wall  be  more  than   fourteen   feet  in  height. 


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A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


Sec.  598.  Cement  Concrete  Walls — Solid. — Approved  ce- 
ment concrete  of  the  same  thickness  as  is  required  where 
common  brick  or  rubble  stone  is  used,  may  be  substituted  for 
either  of  these  materials  wherever  either  is  called  for  in  this 
chapter. 

Sec.  599.  Willis — Thickness  Of. — The  thickness  of  walls 
set  forth  in  the  tables  for  the  various  classes  of  building 
shall,  for  each  class  of  buildings,  apply  to  all  external  enclos- 
ing walls,  and  also  to  such  internal  walls  as  may  be  required 
under  the  specifications  of  tlie  ditferent  classes  of  buildings. 

Sec.  600.  Bay  Windou's  and  Light  Shafts — Material  For. — 
Bay  or  oriel  windows  and  light  shafts  may  be  built  of  com- 
bustible material,  as  specified  in  Section  287  of  this  ordi- 
nance. 

Sec.  601.  Bnildings— Height  Of.— The  limits  of  heights  of 
buildings  hereinbefore  given  for  non-fireproof  buildings,  shall 
be  from  the  average  established  sidewalk  level  to  the  highest 
point  of  roof  thereof. 

No  buildings  shall  be  erected  in  the  city  of  greater  height 
than  two  hundred  and  sixty  feet  from  the  sidewalk  level  to 
the  highest  point  of  e.xternal  bearing  walls.  The  erection  of 
parapet  walls  or  of  balustrades  constructed  entirely  of  in- 
combustible material  is  permitted  above  the  roof  level  of 
buildings  of  all  classes,  and  in  addition  to  the  heights  herein 
fixed  for  the  same.     (See   Sections  540  and  541.) 

Sec.  602.  Floor  Areas — Computation  Of — For  All  Classes 
of  Buildings — Stairs  in  Common. — The  floor  area  of  all  build- 
ings shall  be  computed  from  the  dimensions  taken  on  the 
inner  side  of  the  exterior  or  surrounding  walls  on  the  floor 
of  the  third  story,  and  the  areas  of  courts,  of  elevator  shafts, 
of  enclosed  stairs,  if  enclosed  with  incombustible  materials, 
and  of  chimneys,  shall  not  be  considered  as  a  part  of  such 
floor  areas. 

Where  two  areas  of  the  same  building  adjoin,  and  are  sep- 
arated by  fireproof  dividing  walls,  they  may  have  a  stairway 
in  common.  Provided,  however,  in  fireproof  buildings  such 
stairways  shall  be  of  incombustible  material,  enclosed  in  fire- 
proof partitions,  and  access  to  such  stairway  shall  be  direct 
from  each  such  area.  Provided,  however,  in  buildings  of 
mill,  slow-burning  or  ordinary  construction,  such  stairways 
shall  be  of  incombustible  materials,  enclosed  by  brick  walls, 
and  that  doors  to  such  stairways  shall  be  automatic,  self- 
closing  standard  iron  doors,  as  described  in  Section  260  of 
this  chapter,  and  all  materials  inside  of  such  brick  walls  shall 
be  fireproof  or  incombustible  material. 

Sec.  603.  Wind  Pressure — Precautions  Against. — In  the 
case  of  all  buildings  the  height  of  which  is  more  than  one 
and  one-half  times  their  least  horizontal  dimension,  allow- 
ances shall  be  made  in  both  vertical  and  horizontal  construc- 
tion for  wind  pressure,  which  shall  not  be  figured  at  less 
than  thirty  pounds  for  each  square  foot  of  external  wall 
surface. 

Sec.  604.  Basement— Meaning  Of— Cellar— Meaning  Of.— 
Wherever  in  this  chapter  the  words  "basement  story"  are 
used,  it  is  intended  to  mean  that  the  floor  of  such  story  is  at 
a  distance  of  two  feet  or  more  below  the  level  of  the  side- 
walk, and  that  its  height  does  not  exceed  eleven  feet  in  the 
cellar.  If  the  floor  of  such  story  is  nearer  than  two  feet 
above  the  sidewalk  or  if  the  ceiling  of  such  basement  is 
more  than  nine  feet  above  the  sidewalk  grade,  it  shall  be 
counted  as  the  first  story  of  the  building  in  which  it  occurs, 
except  in  buildings  of  Class  VI  and  Class  VIII  as  defined  in 
Sections  246  and  248  of  this  chapter. 


"Cellar"  is  a  story,  the  height  of  which  is  more  than  two- 
thirds  below  the  level  of  the  grade  at  the  building. 

Sec.  60S.  Sub-Basemeuts  and  Cellars — Construction  Of. — 
X'o  building  may  have  more  than  one  basement  or  cellar  of 
ordinary  or  slow-burning  or  mill  construction,  all  additional 
basements  or  cellars  shall  be  of  fireproof  construction,  as  de- 
scribed in  this  chapter,  all  elevator  enclosures  shall  be  of 
brick  from  the  lowest  basement  floor  level  to  the  first  story 
floor,  and  all  stairways  shall  be  enclosed  in  fireproof  parti- 
tions from  the  lowest  basement  floor  level  to  the  first  story 
floor  level  with  automatic  closing  standard  iron  doors,  open- 
ing outwards. 

In  cases  where  a  pipe,  conduit,  dumb-waiter,  cable,  wire, 
conveyor  or  belt,  or  any  combination  thereof  passes  from  one 
basement  to  another  through  a  floor  the  opening  in  the  floor 
shall  be  enclosed  as  specified  in  Sections  524  and  525  of  this 
chapter. 

The  number  and  width  of  stairs  from  the  lowest  basement 
floor  to  the  first  story  shall  be  the  same  as  required  for  tlie 
four  highest  stories  of  a  building  of  the  same  area. 

Sec.  606.  Enclosures  Ufon  Roofs — Parapets  and  Balus- 
trades rpon  Roofs. — It  shall  be  permitted  to  erect  on  the 
roofs  of  all  buildings  more  than  si.xty  feet  and  less  than  one 
hundred  feet  high,  skylights,  enclosures  for  water  tanks  and 
enclosures  for  elevator  machinery,  the  construction  of  all  of 
which  enclosures  shall  be  entirely  of  incombustible  material; 
provided,  however,  that  the  roofs  of  same  may  be  built  of  mill 
or  slow-burning  construction. 

Sec.  607.  Fire  Walls — When  Dispensed  With. — Fire  walls 
of  brick  not  less  than  twelve  inches  thick  shall  be  built  ex- 
tending above  the  roofs  of  buildings  if  such  roofs  are  flat, 
and  also  above  the  roofs  of  all  buildings  where  the  same  abut 
against  another  building,  or  where  the  same  stand  upon  any 
line  of  any  lot.  excepting  street  or  alley  lines.  Provided,  that 
where  ciglit-inch  walls  are  permitted  in  the  top  story  of 
buildings,  or  as  provided  in  Classes  III  and  VI  for  buildings 
not  over  three  stories  high,  the  fire  walls  shall  be  of  the  same 
thickness.  Such  fire  walls,  where  they  stand  upon  lot  lines, 
or  where  they  are  over  the  dividing  walls  in  the  interiors  of 
buildings  where  such  are  called  for  by  this  chapter,  by  reason 
of  the  great  area  of  such  buildings,  shall  extend  at  least  three 
feet  above  the  roofs  of  such  buildings.  Fire  walls  upon  street 
and  alley  lines  shall  extend  not  less  than  eighteen  inches  above 
the  roofs  of  such  buildings.  Fire  walls  may  be  dispensed 
with  on  street  and  alley  lines  if  the  tops  of  the  roof  boards 
and  roof  joists  are  protected  against  fire  for  a  distance  of  at 
least  five  feet  from  such  street  or  alley  lines  by  a  coating  of 
deafening  mortar  on  hollow  tile  or  porous  tile  at  least  two 
inches  thick.  Fire  walls  at  street  and  alley  lines  may  also 
be  dispensed  with  in  all  cases  where  the  entire  framing  and 
materials  of  the  roof  shall  be  made  strictly  fireproof. 

Walls  facing  upon  courts  and  light  shafts  shall  be  treated 
as  in  the  same  category  with  walls  facing  upon  streets  and 
alleys. 

Fire  walls  shall  be  covered  with  a  weatherproof  coping  of 
incombustible  material. 

Sec.  608.  Window  and  Door  Sills — Columns  and  Lintels 
Supporting  Store  Fronts — Incombustible. — ^Window  and  door 
sills  shall  be  made  of  incombustible  material.  Oak  timber 
used  for  door  sills  and  not  less  than  eight  inches  thick  by 
the  full  width  of  the  wall  in  which  such  sills  occur,  shall, 
for  the  purpose  of  this  chapter,  be  counted  incombustible,  but 
no  other  form  or  use  of  wood  construction  shall  be  consid- 
ered incombustible. 


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The  columns  anil  lintels  supporting  store  fronts  in  biiiUl- 
ings  within  the  tire  limits  of  more  than  one  story  in  height 
shall  he  made  of  incombustible  material. 

Sec.  609.  Roofs — Sliinglf  or  GrafcL— The  use  of  shingle 
roofs  or  of  other  forms  of  combustible  roof  covering  upon 
buildings  erected  or  altered  within  the  tire  limits  is  prohib- 
ited. Provided,  however,  that  shingle  roofs  may  be  i)laced 
on  buildings  not  exceeding  two  stories  in  height  and  two 
thousand  square  feet  in  area,  but  the  shingles  use<l  on  such 
roofs  shall  first  have  been  dipped  in  lire-resisting  paint,  such 
fire-resisting  paint  to  be  approved  by  llie  Commissioner  of 
Buildings. 

Roofs  whose  slope  is  not  more  than  three  inches  per  foot 
horizontal,  and  the  covering  of  which  is  made  with  a  com- 
position of  felt  and  gravel,  shall  be  considered  incomlnistible 
under  the  provisions  of  tliis  chapter,  ami  m.iy  be  used  upon 
buildings  of  all  classes. 

Sec.  610.  Roofs— Coiislniilion  of— Pitch  Of—Strcnuth  Of. 
— In  the  case  of  all  buildings  less  than  sixty  feet  in  height, 
roofs  having  a  slope  of  more  than  specified  for  composition 
roofs,  may  be  made  of  timber  and  board  construction,  and 
shall  be  covcre<l  with  incombustible  material,  exce])t  as  pro- 
vided in  Section  609  of  this  chapter.  The  roofs  upon  Imild- 
ings  sixty  or  more  feet  and  less  than  ninety  feet  high,  and 
of  greater  slope  than  three  inches  to  the  foot  and  less  slope 
than  thirty  degrees  with  the  horizon,  shall,  if  made  of  timber 
construction,  have  an  incombustible  covering  upon  the  roof 
boards,  which  shall  be  made  cither  of  mortar  or  porous  terra 
cotta  or  plaster  boards,  or  other  incombustible  material,  and 
which  shall  be  at  least  two  inches  thick.  If  this  covering  is 
made  upon  the  roof  boards,  wooden  strips  shall  be  inserted 
and  securely  fastened  to  the  wooden  substructure  at  regular 
intervals  between  the  incombustible  covering,  and  a  weather- 
proof covering  of  incombustible  material. 

The  roofs  of  all  buildings  of  every  kind  and  class  shall  be 
designed  and  constructed  in  such  a  manner  that  they  will 
bear  a  load  in  addition  to  the  weight  of  their  structure  and 
covering  of  at  least  twenty-five  pounds  for  each  square  foot 
of  horizontal  surface. 

Sec.  611.  Roofs — Pipes  Canyiif^  Water  From. — The  water 
from  all  roofs  shall  be  carried  to  the  street  sewers  in  metal 
conductor  pipes,  which  shall  be  continually  maintained  in 
such  condition  that  leaks  therein  will  not  cause  the  water  to 
soak  into  the  walls  or  any  other  part  of  the  building. 

Sec.  612.  Cornices — Gutters — Eares — P(ira/>cts — Pity  lliii- 
do'cs. — Where  sheet  metal  cornices  or  external  metal  sheet 
gutters  are  used,  their  entire  frame  work  and  covering  shall  be 
of  metal,  and  the  walls  shall  extend  liehind  all  such  cornices  or 
gutters  along  their  entire  height.  .Ml  metal  work  in  and 
about  any  cornice,  gutter,  cave  or  parapet,  or  in  or  about  any 
any  bay,  or  oriel  window,  shall  be  supported  by  suitable 
brackets  placed  not  more  than  four  feet  apart  and  firmly  se- 
cured to  the  wall.  Wood  shall  not  be  used  as  the  support  of 
any  gutter  or  cornice  for  buildings  of  one  hundred  feet  or 
more  in  height. 

Sec.  613.  Toii'crs — Domes  and  .Spires — Construction  Of. — 
Towers,  domes  and  spires  may  be  built  on  top  of  the  roofs 
of  buildings,  but  shall  not  occupy  more  than  one-fourth  of 
the  street  frontage  of  any  building.  Such  towers,  domes  or 
spires,  if  any  part  thereof  is  built  to  a  height  of  more  than 
sixty  feet  and  less  than  ninety  feet,  shall  be  of  slow-burning 
construction,  and  if  of  greater  height  than  ninety  feet  above 
the  sidewalk  shall  be  of  fireproof  construction ;  and  in  all 
cases  where  the  area  of  such  spire,  dome  or  tower  exceeds 


line  Inmdred  square  feet,  its  supports  sli.dl  be  carried  down 
111  the  ground,  and  shall  be,  if  the  construction  sup|)orted  is 
mure  than  sixty  feet  and  less  than  ninety  feet  high,  of  slow- 
burning  construction,  .md  if  more  than  ninety  feet  high,  of 
fireproof  construction. 

Sec.  614.  .Skylights — Coitstrnetioii  Of — Gloss  In. — Any  sky- 
light on  the  roof  of  any  building,  other  than  a  frame  building, 
shall  have  the  sides,  sashes  and  frames  constructed  of  metal ; 
or  of  wood,  metal  clad  on  all  exterior  surfaces. 

The  glass  in  all  such  skylights,  except  in  frame  buildings 
of  Classes  111  and  VI  not  exceeding  three  stories  in  height 
shall  have  at  least  six  inches  over  same,  a  strong  wire  net- 
ting (wire  not  lighter  than  Xo.  8  and  mesh  not  coarser  than 
one  and  one-half  inch  by  one  and  one-half  inch),  uidess  the 
glass  contains  a  wire  netting  within  itself. 

Sec.  615.  Porches — /  'eraiidds — Porticos — Biilconics — Con- 
struction of  Inside  Fire  Piinits. — 1  f  verandas,  jjorches  or  por- 
ticos are  enclosed,  the  enclosing  walls  shall  be  made  of  in- 
combustible material,  the  only  exception  being  in  case  such 
piirticos  or  verai\das  are  to  be  made  part  of  a  storm  house 
or  of  a  storm  dour  enclosure,  which,  however,  shall  in  no 
case  l)e  more  than  twelve  feet  high,  nor  shall  it  occupy  a 
greater  frontage  than  two  feet  more  than  the  width  of  the 
inner  doors  for  which  the  storm  doors  are  made. 

Sec.  616.  Sidezeolhs — Occupation  of  by  Parts  of  Buildings. 
—The  use  of  any  part  of  the  sidewalks  for  steps  or  for  open 
areas  is  prohibited. 

Sec.  617.  Chimneys— trails  Of-IIeiaht  Above  Roof.— 
.\mendcd  June  5,  1906,  to  read  as  follows : 

N'o  chimney  shall  be  built  with  less  than  four  inches  thick 
brick  wall,  and  no  chinmey  having  a  greater  flue  area  than 
two  hundred  and  sixty  square  inches  shall  have  walls  less 
lliaii  eight  iiiclus  thick;  provided  that  in  all  cases  where 
cliinmeys  ,ne  Iiuilt  with  walls  less  than  eight  inches  thick  the 
same  shall  liave  Hue  liners  of  fire  clay  or  terra  rotta  in  their 
entire  length.  Kxcept  that  where  flues  are  to  be  used  for 
gas  grates  or  gas  ranges,  the  flue  lining  may  be  omitted,  but 
the  inside  of  the  flue  shall  be  smoothly  plastered.  Chimneys 
that  are  built  of  fireproof  composition  composed  of  cinders, 
cement  and  burnt  sand  shall  be  no  less  than  two  and  one- 
half  (.21/2)  inches  thick,  and  perfectly  smooth.  Chimneys 
that  are  built  of  fireproof  composition  shall  be  built  in  two 
sections  capable  of  being  shoved  into  one  another  where  it 
touches  the  roof :  the  flue  hole  of  the  base  stone  must  be 
much  larger  than  the  lower  part  of  the  chimney,  so  that  the 
said  base  stone  incases  the  lower  portion  of  the  chimney,  and 
1)olh  can  move  independent  without  cracking  a  joint  in  a  sec- 
lion  :  there  being  an  air  space  or  a  cooler  between  tlie  flue  hole 
of  the  base  stone  and  the  lower  portion  of  the  chimney.  It  is 
not  neces.sary  that  this  chimney  should  be  lined  with  fire  clay 
or  terra  cotta,  as  it  is  itself  a  fireproof  composition.  The 
use  of  unprotected  metal  flues  inside  of  buildings  will  not  be 
permitted. 

Kvery  chimney  having  an  area  of  not  more  than  two  hun- 
dred and  sixty  square  inches  shall  be  carried  up  to  at  least 
five  feet  above  the  highest  part  of  the  roof  of  the  building 
of  which  such  chiiuney  is  a  part,  if  such  a  roof  is  a  flat  roof. 
If  the  roof  is  a  pitched  roof  the  chimney  shall  be  carried  up 
at  least  two  feet  above  the  highest  point  of  same. 

Sec.  618.  Chimneys— Interior— Walls  O/.— Chimneys  hav- 
ing a  greater  flue  area  than  six  hundred  square  inches  shall, 
if  built  of  brick,  have  surrounding  walls  of  at  least  sixteen 
inches  of  brick  work,  and  such  walls  shall  he  built  hollow 
with   at   least    four  inches   hollow   space   in   such   walls,   at    a 


185 


A     HALF    CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


height  of  fifty  feet  above  smoke  inlet  the  thickness  of  the 
surrounding  brick  work  may  be  reduced  to  twelve  inches, 
but  in  all  cases  the  surrounding  walls  of  chimneys 
of  this  or  any  other  size  shall  be  so  proportioned 
that  the  brick  work  in  same  will  not  be  subjected  to  a  greater 
stress  than  elsewhere  herein  fixed  as  a  maxinuim  safe  stress 
for  brickwork.  For  chimneys  having  a  greater  flue  area  than 
one  thousand  six  hundred  square  inches  the  thickness  of  walls 
shall  be  increased  above  the  thickness  above  specified,  four 
inches  for  each  increase  of  one  thousand  square  inches  or 
fractional  part  thereof. 

Sec.  619.  Chimneys  or  FJiics — Height  above  Roof. — All 
flues  having  a  greater  area  than  two  hundred  and  fifty  square 
inches,  and  not  more  than  six  hundred  square  inches,  shall 
be  carried  up  at  least  twelve  feet  above  the  highest  point  of 
roof  or  building  of  which  they  form  part ;  and  all  flues  hav- 
ing a  greater  area  than  six  hundred  square  inches  and  not 
more  than  nine  hundred  square  inches,  shall  be  carried  up 
at  least  twenty  feet  above  highest  point  of  roof.  All  chim- 
neys having  a  greater  area  than  nine  hundred  square  inches 
shall  be  carried  to  a  height  of  at  least  twelve  feet  above  any 
roof  within  a  radius  of  sixty  feet ;  provided  that  the  top  of 
the  chimney  shall  be  not  less  than  twenty  feet  above  the  high- 
est point  of  the  roof  of  the  building  of  which  it  forms  a 
part. 

Sec.  620.  Chimneys  or  Flues — Linings  Of. — .Ml  flues  hav- 
ing a  greater  area  than  four  hundred  square  inches  shall  be 
lined  on  the  inside  with  insulating  material,  which  lining  shall 
start  at  least  two  feet  below  the  smoke  inlet,  and  for  flues 
having  an  area  of  from  four  hundred  to  six  hundred  square 
inches  shall  extend  twelve  feet  above  smoke  inlet,  and  for 
all  flues  of  more  than  six  hundred  square  inches,  and  not 
more  than  one  thousand  six  hundred  square  inches,  shall  ex- 
tend twenty  feet  above  smoke  inlet,  and  for  all  flues  having 
a  greater  area  than  one  thousand  six  hundred  square  inches, 
shall  extend  at  least  thirty  feet  above  smoke  inlet.  If  an  in- 
ternal smoke  pipe  of  metal  is  used,  so  much  of  the  brick  work 
as  is  inside  of  the  insulating  cavity  of  the  stack  may  be  omit- 
ted. Metal  smoke-stacks  shall,  however,  be  lined  with  in- 
sulating material  for  at  least  thirty  feet  of  their  height. 

If  internal  stacks  in  buildings  be  made  of  metal  then  they 
shall  be  entirely  surrounded  within  the  building  with  a  fire- 
proof material  which  shall  thoroughly  protect  the  building 
from  fire,  and  there  shall  be  an  air  space,  not  less  than  four 
inches  in  the  smallest  part  between  the  fireproofing  and  the 
metal  stack. 

Sec.  621.  Chimneys — Interior — Framing  .4ronnd. — No 
joists  or  girders  shall  rest  and  be  supported  on  the  walls  of 
any  chimney,  and  the  framing  around  chimneys  of  all  kinds 
shall  be  so  constructed  that  in  no  case  will  any  joists  or  tim- 
bers be  placed  nearer  than  two  inches  from  the  outside  face 
of  walls  or  flues,  and  in  no  case  shall  the  distance  from  the 
inside  of  any  flue  to  any  joists  or  timbers  be  less  than  seven 
inches. 

The  foregoing  shall  apply  only  to  chimneys  which  are  en- 
closed by,  or  form  part  of,  the  interior  of  any  building. 

Sec.  622.  Chimneys — Externa! — Loeation  Of — Built  of  Iron 
or  Steel. — Chimneys  may  be  built  outside  of  the  walls  of  ex- 
isting buildings  (but  not  in  such  manner  as  to  encroach  upon 
any  street  or  alley),  and  shall  be  built  as  follows: 

If  at  least  one  side  of  such  chimney  abuts  entirely  upon  the 
wall  of  an  existing  building  and  the  chimney  is  throughout 
its  entire  length  securely  and  firmly  anchored  to  the  walls  of 
such    existing   building,    the    wall    of    such    chimney   may   be 


built  of  hollow  tiles,  in  which  case,  however,  it  shall  have  a 
cast  iron  base,  lined  with  fire  brick,  and  extending  to  a  height 
of  at  least  ten  feet  above  the  street  or  alley  grade. 

Such  external  chimney  may  also  be  built  of  rolled  steel  or 
iron  not  less  than  one-fourth  inch  in  thickness,  and  lined  with 
insulating  material,  laid  in  fire  clay,  for  at  least  thirty  feet 
above  street  or  alley  grade,  or  it  may  be  built  throughout  its 
entire  height  of  cast  iron,  in  which  case  the  first  ten  feet 
above  street  or  alley  grade  shall  be  lined  with  insulating  ma- 
terial ;  provided,  however,  that  in  chimneys  not  exceeding  five 
hundred  square  inches  in  flue  area,  the  upper  twenty-five  feet 
may  be  constructed  of  steel  or  iron  not  less  than  one-eighth 
inch  thick. 

Sec.  623.  Chimneys — Isolated. — Isolated  chimneys  shall  be 
so  designed  and  constructed  that  the  stress  upon  any  part 
thereof,  due  from  the  weight  of  the  stack  itself  and  from 
wind  pressure,  shall  never  e.xceed  the  safe  limits  as  provided 
in  this  chapter. 

Sec.  624.  Chimneys  or  Smokestacks — Foundation  Of. — The 
foundations  of  chimneys  or  sinoke-stacks,  whether  inside  or 
outside  of  buildings,  or  whether  connected  with  the  same  or 
isolated,  shall  be  designed  and  built  in  conformity  with  the 
provisions  relating  to  foundations  of  buildings  hereinbefore 
given. 

Sec.  625.  Smoke  Flues  Passing  Through  Partitions — 
IVoodzvork  Around. — Where  smoke  flues  of  diameter  of  six 
inches  or  less  pass  horizontally  through  a  wood  or  a  plas- 
tered stud  partition,  they  shall  be  surrounded  by  a  ventilated 
thimble  of  incombustible  material. 

Where  a  smoke  flue  of  a  greater  diameter  than  si.x  (6) 
inches  passes  through  a  wood  or  plastered  stud  partition,  it 
shall  be  surrounded  either  by  a  body  of  brick,  hollow  tile, 
porous  terra  cotta  or  other  incombustible  substance,  measur- 
ing at  least  eight  (8)  inches  all  around  such  smoke  flue. 
Smoke  flues  of  less  diameter  than  twelve  inches  shall  be  kept 
at  least  twelve  inches  distant  from  any  combustible  partition, 
ceiling  or  floor,  and  such  woodwork  immediately  over  and  for 
a  distance  of  two  feet  on  each  side  of  such  smoke  flue  shall 
be  covered  with  sheet  metal  or  with  porous  terra  cotta,  hol- 
low tile  or  with  plaster. 

Smoke  flues  of  greater  diameter  than  twelve  inches  and 
less  area  than  six  square  feet,  shall  be  kept  at  least  twenty 
inches  away  from  any  woodwork,  and  svich  woodwork  shall 
be  protected  as  before  specified  for  the  smaller  smoke  flues 
to  a  distance  of  four  feet  on  each  side  of  such  smoke  flues. 

Wherever  smoke  flues  of  larger  area  than  six  square  feet 
are  used  they  shall  be  kept  at  least  three  feet  distant  from 
any  woodwork,  and  such  woodwork  for  a  distance  of  at  least 
six  feet  on  either  side  of  such  smoke  flues  shall  be  protected 
as  before  specified  for  smaller  Hues. 

Sec.  626.  Floors — Protection  Of — Around  Boilers,  Fur- 
naces. Etc. — Wherever  steam  boilers  or  furnaces  or  ovens, 
coffee  roasters  or  other  structures  in  which  fires  are  main- 
tained, are  set  inside  of  a  Imilding,  or  in  a  room  with  wooden 
floor  or  ceiling  construction,  the  floor  of  the  same  shall  be 
protected  by  a  covering  of  brick  or  concrete  not  less  than 
five  inches  thick  set  in  mortar  upon  a  continuous  sheet  metal 
bearing  plate  not  less  than  three-sixteenths  of  an  inch  thick, 
all  the  joints  of  which  are  to  be  securely  riveted,  and  the 
edges  of  which  are  to  be  turned  up  five  inches  all  around. 
This  foundation  of  sheet  metal  and  brick  and  concrete  shall 
extend  under  the  whole  of  the  fire  box  and  ash  pit  of  such 
steam  boiler  or  furnace  or  other  structure,  and  to  a  distance 


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of  not  less  than  ten  fcit   in  front  and  at  least   four   foot  on 
the  other  three  sides  of  same. 

Sec.  627.  Ci-ilitig — Pmlcclion  Of — Around  HoiU-rs.  Fur- 
miics,  Etc. — The  space  between  the  tops  of  such  steam  boiler 
or  furnaces  and  any  wood  ceiling  construction  shall  in  no 
case  be  less  than  three  feet,  unless  such  boiler  be  a  low  press- 
ure boiler,  in  which  case  such  space  shall  be  not  less  than 
eighteen  inches,  and  the  under  side  of  such  wood  ceiling  con- 
struction shall  in  all  cases  be  protecte<l  either  by  three  coats 
of  plastering  or  metallic  lath  or  wire  netting,  or  at  least  two 
inches  of  porous  terra  cotta  plastered  on  the  under  side,  or  by 
a  covering  of  hollow  tile  with  two  air  spaces  at  least  one-half 
inch  each  between  the  wood  and  the  under  surface  thereof, 
which  under  surface  shall  also  be  covered  with  a  heavy  coat 
of  plastering. 

Sec.  628.  Boilers — Location  Of — Permit  For. — In  all  cases 
boilers  shall  be  so  placed  as  to  give  ample  room  between  any 
ceiling,  wall  or  partition  to  connect  or  operate  any  valves  or 
pipes  or  other  connections  used  on  such  steam  boilers,  and 
in  buildings  of  4.000  or  more  square  feet  in  area,  the  size, 
number  and  location  shall  be  marked  on  the  plans  before  a 
permit  is  issued  by  the   Building  Department. 

Sec.  629.  Ciipoltis  of  Foundries. — Cupolas  of  foundries 
shall  extend  at  least  ten  feet  above  the  highest  point  of  any 
roof  within  a  radius  of  forty  feet  of  such  cupola,  and  shall 
be  covered  on  top  with  wire  netting. 

Sec.  630.  Fifes  for  Dislriluilion  of  Hot  .Air— Registers.— 
Where  pipes  arc  used  for  the  distribution  of  hot  air  from  a 
hot  air  furnace,  such  pipes  sliall  be  made  of  metal  and  shall 
be  double.  The  space  between  the  two  metal  pipes  shall  be 
at  least  one-half  inch.  Such  pipes  are  to  be  made  witli  air 
tight  joints  and  to  be  securely  fastened  to  the  partitions 
through  which  they  pass. 

The  openings  in  floors  for  hot  air  registers  shall  I)e  sur- 
rounded with  borders  of  incombustible  material  not  less  than 
two  inches  wide,  and  firmly  and  securely  set  in  place.  The 
register  boxes  shall  be  double,  the  distance  between  the  two 
thicknesses  of  tin  being  at  least  one  inch. 

Sec.  631.  Pipes,  Ducts  and  Registers — Material  For. — 
Where  the  air  conveyed  through  pipes  is  heated  in  an  ordinary 
hot-air  furnace,  or  in  any  other  apparatus  by  direct  contact  of 
the  air  with  a  fire  box,  the  material  used  for  these  double 
ducts,  pipes  and  register  boxes  shall  be  bright  tin,  and  the 
joints  shall  be  double-seamed,  but  not  soldered.  Where  the 
air  is  heated  by  contact  with  hot  water  or  steam  pipes,  any 
other  sheet  metal  may  be  used  for  the  pipes,  and  the  use  of 
double  pipes  is  not  obligatory. 

Sec.  632.  Doors  and  ll'indozcs — iVlien  Required  to  Be 
Closed — Fire  Resisting  Glass. — Wherever  the  distance  be- 
tween doors  and  windows  in  buildings  of  Classes  I,  II,  IV, 
V,  VII  and  VIII  on  opposite  sides  or  alleys  or  courts  shall 
be  less  than  thirty  feet,  or  wherever  the  distance  between 
such  doors  and  windows  and  any  inside  lot  line  of  any  lot 
upon  which  any  such  building  is  erected  is  less  than  fifteen 
feet,  or  wherever  the  distance  between  such  doors  and  win- 
dows and  the  alley  line  (where  the  alley  is  less  than  thirty 
feet  wide)  is  less  than  fifteen  feet,  such  windows  and  the 
glazed  portion  of  such  doors  shall  be  made  of  fire-resisting 
glass,  set  in  frames  of  incombustible  material. 

Where  the  windows  in  buildings  of  Class  I  on  lot  line 
courts  are  less  than  two  feet  from  the  lot  line  the  sashes 
shall  be  stationary. 


The  provisions  of  this  section  shall  not  apply  to  frame 
buildings  of  any  class. 

.\s  amended  by  ordinance  of  October  22,   1906. 

This  section  shall  not  apply  lo  buildings  of  Lla>>  I.  i^ne 
story  in  height  anil  h.iving  a  tloor  area  of  less  than  twelve 
hundred  and  fifty  s(|uare  feet,  nor  shall  it  apply  to  buildings 
of  Class  II  not  more  than  two  stories  in  height. 

.\s  amended  by  ordinance  of  February   18,  1907. 

Sec.  633.  Class  of  Building  Xot  to  Be  Changed  H'ilhout 
Conforming  to  Provisions  of  This  Ordinance. — If  buildings, 
the  uses  of  which  bring  them  within  any  of  the  classes  men- 
tioned in  this  chapter  are  to  be  applied  to  the  uses  of  any 
other  class  for  which  a  better  system  of  construction  is  called 
for  by  this  chapter,  the  ctHistruction  and  eiiuipmeni  of  such 
buildings  shall  first  be  made  to  conform  to  the  requirements 
of  this  chapter  as  specified  for  their  intended  use.  .Xnd  it 
shall  be  unlawful  to  ii]t[t\y  any  such  building  to  a  new  or  dif- 
ferent use  than  tliat  to  which  its  structure  an<l  e(|uipment 
adapts  it  under  this  chapter,  unless  tlie  requirements  of  this 
chapter  for  .such  new  or  different  use  shall  first  have  been 
complied  with,  and  a  permit  for  such  alteration  of  use  shall 
have  been  first  obtained  from  the  Commissioner  of  Buildings. 

Sec.  634.  Alteration  of  FA-isling  Buildings. — Amended  by 
ordinance  Feb.  3,  1908.  to  read  as  follows : 

\othing  in  this  chapter  contained  shall  be  considered  as 
requiring  alterations  in  the  construction  or  equipment  of 
buildings  in  existence  at  the  time  of  the  passage  of  this 
chapter,  unless  such  buildings  shall  not  have  sufficient  or  ade- 
quate means  of  egress  therefrom  or  ingress  thereto  by  reason 
of  insufficient  or  inadequate  stairways,  or  stairways  im- 
properly located,  or  insufficient  or  inadequate  elevators  or 
elevator  equipment,  doors,  fire-escapes,  windows  or  other 
means  of  egress  or  ingress. 

Whenever  an  Inspector  of  Buildings  shall  make  a  report 
to  the  Commissioner  of  Buildings  that  any  such  building  has 
inadequate  or  insuflicicnt  means  of  egress  therefrom  or  in- 
gress thereto,  as  aforesaid,  he  shall  notify  the  owner,  agent, 
or  person  in  possession,  charge  or  control  of  such  building  of 
such  fact  and  direct  him  forthwith  to  make  such  alterations 
and  changes  in  the  construction  or  equipment  of  such  build- 
ing as  arc  necessary  to  be  made  in  order  to  premote  the 
safety  of  the  occupant  of  sucli  building,  and  of  the  person 
using  the  same,  and  of  the  public. 

If,  however,  it  is  desired  to  enlarge,  or  in  any  manner  ma- 
terially modify  the  construction  of  any  existing  building,  or 
to  make  change  in  its  use  or  occupation  which  will  transfer 
it  from  one  class  as  recognized  l)y  this  chapter  to  another 
class,  then  before  such  enlargement  or  structural  ch.nige  or 
modification  of  building  is  made,  or  before  such  change  in  its 
use  or  occupation  may  be  made,  the  entire  building  shall  be 
reconstructed  or  modified  in  such  manner  as  to  bring  the 
same,  when  enlarged  or  altered,  or  when  occupied  for  its 
new  and  different  purposes,  in  accordance  with  the  provisions 
of  this  chapter. 

Sec.  635.  Walls  of  Altered  Buildings— Increasing  Thick- 
ness Of. — If  the  walls  of  a  building  are  not  of  sufficient 
thickness  to  comply  with  the  requirements  of  this  chapter  for 
an  enlarged  or  modified  building,  then  the  thickness  of  the 
existing  walls  shall  be  increased  by  building  alongside  of  them 
a  new  wall,  which  shall  not.  however,  be  less  in  any  part 
thereof  than  twelve  inches  thick,  and  which  shall  be  increased 
in  thickness  by  four  inches  for  at  least  every  forty  feet  in 
the  height  of  such  wall.  Such  new  wall  shall  be  laid  in  Port- 
land cement  mortar  atid  shall  be  anchored  to  the  old  wall 
(bontling  with   brick  or   masonry   will   not   be  considered  as 


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A     HALF    CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


complying  with  this  chapter)  ;  and  if  an  increase  in  the  height 
of  the  ])uilding  is  contemplated,  the  wall  from  the  top  of  the 
old  wall  shall  be  built  jointly  upon  the  new  and  old  walls.  If 
solid  masonry  buttresses  are  introduced  in  connection  with 
such  thickening  and  strengthening  of  existing  walls,  the  in- 
tervening wall  may  be  reduced  to  eight  inches  in  thickness, 
provided  such  buttresses  are  sufficient  in  number  and  in  area 
to  make  the  resultant  structure  of  equal  strength  with  the 
solid  wall  already  specified.  Provided,  however,  that  steel  or 
iron  columns  or  beams  may  be  used  instead  of  such  new  wall, 
such  columns  or  beams  to  be  bolted  or  bonded  to  the  existing 
wall  in  a  manner  satisfactory  to  and  approved  by  the  Com- 
missioner of  Buildings. 

Sec.  636.  Walls — Party. — The  provisions  of  the  preceding 
section  shall  also  apply  to  all  cases  where  existing  party  walls 
are  to  be  joined  to  for  the  erection  of  new  buildings.  But 
in  the  case  of  party  walls,  which  at  the  time  of  their  erec- 
tion were  built  in  accordance  with  the  terms  of  the  city  ordi- 
nances then  in  force,  such  walls,  if  sound  and  in  good  condi- 
tion, may  be  used  without  increase  of  thickness  for  any 
building  not  higher  than  and  of  the  same  class  as  the  build- 
ing for  which  the  original  wall  was  built. 

Sec.  637.  Walls — Erection  Of — Walls  and  Skeleton  Fraine- 
it'ork  Securely  Braced. — In  the  erection  of  buildings  of  ma- 
sonry construction,  no  wall  shall  be  carried  up  at  any  time 
more  than  two  stories  above  another  wall  of  the  same  build- 
ing. The  walls  and  skeleton  framework  of  all  buildings 
shall  be  kept  securely  braced  and  otherwise  protected  against 
the  effects  of  the  weather  during  all  building  operations. 

Sec.  638.  Tanks  on  Roofs — Permits — Fees. — It  shall  be  un- 
lawful for  any  person  to  construct,  maintain,  or  to  allow  or 
permit  to  remain,  in  or  upon  the  roof  of  any  building  in  the 
city,  any  water  tank  of  a  larger  capacity  than  four  hundred 
gallons,  unless  such  tank  shall  rest  upon  a  good  and  sufficient 
foundation  of  solid  brick  or  stone  masonry,  or  upon  iron 
girders  set  on  steel  plates,  which  rest  upon  a  good  and  suf- 
ficient foundation  of  solid  brick  or  stone  masonry,  or  upon 
iron  or  steel  construction  ;  provided,  however,  that  no  water 
tank  of  a  capacity  exceeding  four  hundred  gallons  shall  be 
constructed  in  or  upon  any  building  without  first  submitting 
to  this  department  a  complete  set  of  plans,  showing  the  con- 
struction in  detail  of  the  supports  and  foundation  of  the  tank; 
said  plans  are  to  be  approved  by  the  Department  of  Buildings, 
and  a  permit  is  to  be  taken  out  by  the  contractor  for  the 
substructure,  for  which  permit  a  fee  of  five  ($S)  dollars  shall 
be  charged. 

Amended  Nov.  25,  1907. 

Sec.  639.  Stairs  and  Fire  Escapes— Obstruction  O/.— It 
shall  be  unlawful  under  any  circumstances  to  close  up  or  ob- 
struct during  the  occupation  for  business  purposes  of  any 
building,  the  stairways  or  fire  escapes  or  the  approaches  lead- 
ing thereto,  and  no  change  in  the  position  or  construction  of 
any  such  stairway  or  fire  escape  shall  be  made,  unless  the 
permission  so  to  do  of  the  Building  Department  first  shall 
have  been  obtained. 

ARTICLE  XVII. 

FRAME  BUILDINGS. 

Sec.  640.  Permits  for  Raising  or  Altering  Buildings — Re- 
quirements.— Permits  to  alter  or  raise  frame  buildings  shall 
be  given,  provided  they  do  not  involve  an  enlargement  or 
raising  of  such  buildings  beyond  the  limits  of  dimensions 
herein   prescribed    for    frame    buildings,    and    if    the    stresses 


upon  the  material  thereof  are  kept  within  the  safe  limit  of 
stresses  herein  prescribed  in  this  chapter,  and  if,  further,  such 
frame  building  has  not  been  damaged  to  any  extent  greater 
than  fifty  per  cent  of  its  original  value  by  fire,  wear  and  tear, 
and  action  of  the  elements  or  otherwise.  Provided,  however, 
where  any  frame  building  is  raised  for  the  purpose  of  erect- 
ing a  basement  story  under  the  same,  the  walls  inclosing  such 
basement  shall  be  of  masonry. 

Sec.  641.  Strength  of  Timber  Constructions — Outside  of 
Fire  Limits. — The  provisions  of  this  chapter  as  to  the  strength 
and  stability  of  timber  constructions  shall  also  apply  to  the 
construction    of    frame   buildings   outside    of    the   fire   limits. 

Sec.  642.  Frame  Buildings  Prohibited — Exception. — Here- 
after no  frame  building  shall  be  erected  within  the  fire  limits 
of  the  city,  except  where  express  provision  is  made  in  this 
chapter  therefor. 

Outside  of  the  fire  limits  it  shall  be  lawful  to  erect  frame 
buildings  not  exceeding  forty  feet  in  height  from  the  sidewalk 
to  the  highest  point  of  roof.  If  such  frame  buildings  have  a 
basement  story  of  masonry,  their  height  above  the  sidewalk 
may  be  made  not  to  exceed  forty-five  feet. 

Sec.  643.  Frame  Buildings  Inside  Fire  Limits — Altered  or 
Enlarged. — No  existing  frame  buildings  inside  the  fire  limits 
shall  be  altered  or  enlarged  beyond  the  limit  of  height  and 
dimensions  described  in  Sections  642  and  646  of  this  chapter. 

Sec.  644.  Frame  Buildings  Inside  the  Fire  Limits  Changed 
into  Flat  Buildings — Fire  JJ^alls. — Whenever  any  frame  build- 
ing inside  the  fire  limits  shall  be  remodeled,  altered  or 
changed  for  the  purpose  of  using  the  same  for  flats  or  apart- 
ments, or  whenever  such  frame  building  shall  be  occupied 
for  flat  or  apartment  purposes,  each  suite  of  apartments  in 
such  building  shall  be  separated  from  every  other  suite  of 
apartments  in  such  building  by  a  wall  of  incombustible  mate- 
rial, of  such  dimensions  and  thickness  as  required  by  this 
chapter. 

Sec.  645.  Frame  Buildings — Raising — Requirements — 
Clianging  Gable  or  Hip  Roofs  In  Flat  Roofs. — Permission 
may  be  granted  by  the  Comniissicincr  of  Buildings  for  the 
raising  of  existing  frame  buildings,  whetlier  within  or  with- 
out the  fire  limits,  to  the  limits  of  heiglit  hereinbefore  fixed 
for  new  frame  buildings,  and  no  more.  The  Commissioner 
of  Buildings  is  also  authorized  to  issue  permits  for  changing 
gable  or  hip  roofs  of  existing  frame  buildings  to  flat  roofs, 
and  for  the  raising  of  walls  incident  to  such  change.  But  if 
such  hip  or  gable  roof  is  changed  to  a  flat  roof  and  the  walls 
raised  in  connection  with  such  change,  the  total  cubic  con- 
tents included  by  the  walls  so  raised  and  the  roofs  so  altered 
shall  not  exceed  the  cubic  contents  originally  included  in  such 
gable  or  hip  roofs. 

Sec.  646.  Frame  Buildings — Damaged — Repairing — Limita- 
tions.— It  shall  not  be  lawful  to  repair  or  reconstruct  or  re- 
move any  frame  building  which  has  been  injured  more  than 
fifty  per  cent  of  its  original  cost  by  wear  and  tear,  by  the 
effects  of  the  elements  or  by  fire. 

Sec.  647.  Lot  Lines — Requirements  as  to — Number — Di- 
mensions.— Frame  buildings  shall  not  be  built  nearer  than 
one  foot  to  any  line  of  the  lot  upon  which  they  are  built, 
street  and  alley  lines  excepted.  It  shall  not  be  lawful  to  erect 
a  frame  building  wider  than  forty  feet  nor  deeper  than  sev- 
enty feet,  unless  such  building  be  divided  by  a  fire  wall  or 
fire  walls,  built  of  incombustible  material  and  of  a  thickness 
to  be  approved  by  the  Commissioner  of  Buildings,  so  that  no 
more  than  two  thousand  eight  hundred  square  feet  of  super- 


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A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


liciiil  area  shall  \k-  coiilaiiKil  in  any  section  or  part  of  such 
Imililing,  unincloscd  by  such  lire  wall.  If  niorc  than  one 
frame  building  is  built  in  the  direction  of  the  depth  of  any 
line  lot.  such  buildings  shall  not  be  built  with  a  less  distance 
than  ten  feet  between  them. 

Sec.  648.  Cliiiiiiit-ys  in  Fiiiiiir  liuildiiiiis — Chiiiiiu-y  l-hics 
Throujih  Partilioiis. — Cliimneys  in  frame  l)uddings  shall  be 
built  of  brick,  or  of  hollow  tile,  with  a  double  tile  wall  around 
the  smoke  duct :  all  joints,  whether  in  tile  or  in  brick  chim- 
neys shall  be  well  tilled  with  mortar  and  neatly  pointed  on 
the  outside.  Brick  chimneys  shall  have  flue  linings  of  fire 
clay  on  the  inside  where  the  inclosing  walls  are  less  than 
eight  inches  thick.  The  wood  framing  of  frame  buildings 
shall  be  triiumcd  around  chimneys  in  such  manner  as  not  to 
come  witliin  two  inches  of  the  same. 

Metal  smoke  pipes  or  tile  flues  of  single  thickness  shall 
not  extend  through  the  floors  or  through  the  ceiling  or  roof 
of  any  building;  and  where  such  smoke  pipes  or  tile  flues 
pass  through  partitions  the  woodwork  of  such  partitions  shall 
be  protected  either  by  a  course  of  brick  built  all  around  such 
smoke  pipes  or  tile  flues,  or  by  a  thimble  made  of  bright  tin, 
the  two  rings  thereof  being  at  least  three  inches  apart,  with 
proper  ventilating  holes  provided  in  the  outer  covering  of 
the  same  on  both  sides  of  the  partitions. 

Sec.  649.  Frame  Buildings  Carried  to  Uniform  Height. — 
Frame  buildings,  the  different  parts  of  wdiich  arc  of  different 
heights,  may  be  carried  up  to  a  uniform  height,  provided 
the  greatest  height  thereof  does  not  exceed  the  limits  of 
height  prescribed  in  this  chapter  for  frame  buildings. 

Sec.  650.  Basement  or  Story  Placed  Beneath  l-'rame  Build- 
ings.— A  frame  building  may  be  raised  for  the  purposes  of 
erecting  a  basement  or  story,  or  both,  thereunder,  but  the 
principal  floor  of  such  frame  building  shall  not  be  raised  to  a 
liighei  level  than  sixteen  feet  above  the  sidewalk  grade  of 
the  sidewalk  upon  whicli  such  premises  alnit.  The  walls 
inclosing  such  basement  or  story  shall  be  of  masonry  and 
not  less  than  twelve  inches  thick,  excepting  that  when  a  one- 
story  frame  building  is  raised  and  has  a  basement  only  built 
thereunder  the  masonry  wall  of  such  basement  may  be  eight 
(8)  inches  thick  above  grade  and  twelve  (12)  inches 
thick  below.  The  foundations  of  such  walls  shall  be  con- 
structed as  provided  in  this  chapter.  Provided,  however,  that 
no  frame  building  shall  be  raised  for  the  purpose  of  con- 
structing a  basement  or  story,  or  both,  under  the  same  to  a 
greater  height  to  the  top  of  its  roof  than  that  elsewhere 
herein  given  as  the  maximum  height  above  grade  for  frame 
buildings.  The  thicknesses  of  walls  hereinabove  required  also 
.ipply  to  new  frame  buildings. 

Sec.  651.  Sheds — Frame — Requirements. — Sheds  not  ex- 
ceeding fourteen  feet  in  height  from  the  ground  at  the  highest 
point  thereof,  and  not  exceeding  three  hundred  feet  in  area, 
with  an  incombustible  roof,  may  be  constructed  of  wood 
within  the  fire  limits.  Sucli  sheds  shall  not  be  located  on  the 
front  part  of  any  lot,  nor  shall  they  be  used  as  a  dwelling 
or  as  an  addition  to  a  dwelling  house,  or  for  any  business 
purpose  whatever,  nor  shall  more  than  one  shed  be  erected 
on  any  one  building  lot  of  twenty-tivc  feet  in  width. 

Sec.  652.  Sheds— Open  Shelter— Height  of  Walls  and 
Foundation  —  Enclosed  —  Inside  Fire  Limits. — Amended  by 
ordinance  Xov.  25,  1907,  to  read  as  follows : 

Open  shelter  sheds  not  exceeding  eight  hundred  square  feet 
in  area  may  be  erected  within  the  lire  limits,  provided  they 
have  roofs  of  incombustible  material  and  the  highest  point  is 


nut  over  fifteen  feet  above  the  ground,  .ind  that  the  rnoling 
be  supported  on  sufficient  posts  or  piers.  Such  sheds  shall 
have  no  combustible  enclosing  walls  or  wooden  floors,  pro- 
videil  that  a  floor  of  two-inch  planking  laid  directly  upon 
the  ground  may  be  used.  Such  sheds  shall  only  be  erected 
upon  the  rear  of  the  lot,  and  not  more  than  one  such  shelter 
shed  or  any  other  shed  shall  be  erected  on  any  lot  of  twenty- 
five  feet  in  width. 

If  it  is  desired  to  enclose  an  open  shelter  shed,  the  enclos- 
ing walls  shall  l)e  made  of  brick,  hollow  tile,  or  other  incom- 
bustible material,  and  such  walls  shall  have  foundations  ex- 
tending to  solid  ground  and  at  least  four  feet  below  the 
surface  of  the  ground. 

Open  shelter  sheds  may  be  erected  outside  the  fire  limits 
not  to  exceed  twenty-eight  hundred  square  feet  in  area  an<l 
subject  to  the  approval  of  the  Commissioner  of    I'.uildings. 

Sec.  65.1  Shed.t—Coal.  Brich  and  Salt  Sheds  .llong  Kail- 
road  Track's  and  .Wavigable  Streams. — .\mended  by  ordinance 
of  June  3,  1907,  to  read  as  follows : 

That  open  shelter  sheds  to  be  used  for  the  storage  or  hand- 
ling of  coal,  brick  or  salt  may  be  erected  within  the  lire  limits, 
upon,  along  or  adjacent  to  steam  railroad  tracks  or  along 
navigable  waters  ;  provided  such  sheds  shall  have  incombustible 
roofing  and  shall  not  exceed  thirty-five  feet  in  height  from 
the  ground  to  the  highest  point  of  the  roofing.  If  it  is 
desired  or  intended  to  enclose  any  such  sheds,  enclosing  walls 
thereof  shall  be  covered  with  incombustible  material.  Xo 
such  coal  or  salt  sheds  shall  be  built  upon  any  lot  or  parcel 
of  ground  fronting  upon  any  street  within  seventy-five  feet  of 
any  building  used  exclusively  for  residence  purposes,  unless 
the  consent  of  the  owners  of  the  majority  of  the  frontage 
on  both  sides  of  such  street  between  the  two  nearest  inter- 
secting cross  streets  shall  have  first  been  obtained  by  the 
person  or  corporation  desiring  to  erect  ami  maintain  such 
coal  or  salt  sheds. 

Sec.  654.  Lumber  or  Junk  Yards — Lumber  or  Juuh  .\ot  to 
Be  Piled  .Xear  Residences  E.rcef't  by  Cotisent. — Xo  person  or 
corporation  shall  establish,  maintain,  conduct  or  operate  any 
lumber  yard  or  place  at,  upon  or  in  which  new  or  second- 
hand lumber  is  kept  for  sale  or  is  stored  for  seasoning  or 
drying,  or  where  old  iron  or  junk  is  kept  or  stored  on  any 
premises  fronting  on  any  street  in  any  block  where  two- 
thirds  of  the  buildings  on  any  street  bounding  any  such  block 
are  used  exclusively  for  residence  purposes,  unless  the  written 
consent  of  the  owners  of  a  majority  of  the  frontage  on  both 
sides  of  all  the  streets  bounding  the  block  in  which  it  is 
proposed  to  locate,  establish,  conduct  or  maintain  such  lum- 
ber yard  or  place  be  first  obtained  3y  the  person  or  corpora- 
tion desiring  to  establish,  maintain  or  operate  such  lutnber 
yard  or  place  consenting  to  the  issuance  of  a  license  for  the 
establishment,  keeping  or  maintenance  of  such  lumber  yard  or 
place ;  and  such  written  consents  shall  accoiupany  the  applica- 
tion for  a  license  made  by  such  person  or  corporation. 

Sec.  655.  Lumber  Not  to  Be  Piled  Near  Planing  Mills, 
H'ood'A'orking  Establishments  or  Private  Residences. — 
.-\mended  by  ordinance  of  Jan.  2,  1907,  to  read  as  follows : 

Xo  lumber  shall  be  piled  for  the  purpose  of  storage,  season- 
ing or  drying  the  same,  within  fifty  feet  of  any  planing  mill 
or  wood  working  manufactory,  nor  within  one  hundred  feet 
of  any  private  residence,  unless  the  same  has  been  erected 
since  the  establishment  of  such  yard. 

Sec.  656.  Grand  Stands — Frame — Within  the  Fire  Limits — 
Frontage  Consents. — Wooden  grand  stands  or  tiers  of  scats 
commonly    known    and    described    as    grand    stands,    may    be 


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A     HALF    CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


erected  within-  the  lire  limits  where  no  part  of  any  such 
structure  shall  be  within  sixty  feet  of  any  other  building  or 
structure,  provided  that  the  person  or  corporation  desiring  a 
permit  for  the  construction  of  such  a  grand  stand  shall  first 
obtain  the  consent  in  writing  of  the  owners  of  a  majority 
of  the  frontage  on  both  sides  of  the  street  or  streets  on 
each  side  of  the  block  or  square  in  which  it  is  desired  to 
erect  such  grand  stand. 

Sec.  657.  Ice  Houses.— AmenAed  March  19,  1906.  to  read 
as  follows : 

Houses  to  be  used  exclusively  for  the  storage  of  ice  may 
be  constructed  within  the  fire  limits,  of  wood  with  incom- 
bustible roofing,  the  walls  to  be  inclosed  with  an  envelope  of 
incombustible  material ;  eight-inch  brick  or  tile  or  approved 
cement  concrete  walls,  with  proper  foundations  of  masonry, 
shall  be  used  for  such  envelopes,  and  such  houses  shall  be 
used  for  no  other  purposes  than  the  storage  of  ice. 

Provided,  however,  houses  to  be  used  exclusively  for  the 
storage  of  ice,  may  be  erected  and  maintained  contiguous 
with  any  lake,  and  six  hundred  feet  from  any  other  building, 
except  buildings  used  in  connection  with  the  conduct  of  said 
business,  outside  of  the  fire  limits,  may  be  constructed  of 
frame,  with  incombustible  roofing,  and  may  have  a  floor  area 
of  not  to  exceed  80,000  square  feet. 

Houses  to  be  used  exclusively  for  the  storage  of  ice  may 
be  constructed  of  frame,  with  incombustible  roofing,  outside 
of  the  fire  limits,  of  greater  floor  area  than  80,000  square 
feet,  provided  that  building  is  divided  by  a  solid  wall  of 
masonry  for  each  additional  80,000  square  feet  of  floor  area, 
or  fractional  part  thereof,  said  wall  to  be  approved  by  the 
Building  Department,  and  to  extend  one  foot  beyond  the 
enclosure  of  said  building  on  each  end. 

Houses  to  be  used  exclusively  for  the  storage  of  ice,  built 
continguous  with  railroad  tracks,  and  not  within  one  hundred 
feet  of  any  other  building,  outside  of  the  fire  limits,  may  be 
constructed  of  frame,  with  incombustible  roofing,  with  a  floor 
area  of  not  to  exceed  5,000  square  feet. 

Houses  to  be  use  dexclusively  for  the  storage  of  ice,  con- 
tiguous with  railroad  tracks  and  not  within  one  hundred 
feet  of  any  other  building,  outside  the  fire  limits,  may  be 
constructed  of  frame,  with  incombustible  roofing,  of  a  larger 
area  than  5,000  square  feet,  provided  that  building  is  divided 
by  a  solid  wall  of  masonry  for  each  additional  5,000  feet  of 
floor  area,  or  fractional  part  thereof,  said  wall  to  be  approved 
by  the  Building  Department,  and  to  extend  at  least  one  foot 
beyond  the  enclosure  of  said  building  on  each  end. 

All  dividing  walls  must  extend  through  and  above  the  roof 
of  any  building  in  which  they  are  built  to  a  distance  of  three 
feet  and  must  be  covered  with  incombustible  coping.  No 
dividing  wall  shall  be  of  less  thickness  than  12  inches  at  any 
point  thereof. 

ARTICLE  XVIII. 

ELEVATORS  AND  HOISTWAYS. 

Sec.  658.  Elevators,  Passenger  and  Freight — Permit  for 
Construction — Fee. — Before  proceeding  with  the  construction 
of  any  passenger  or  freight  elevator,  except  such  as  are  here- 
inafter specially  exempted  from  the  provisions  of  this  chapter, 
there  shall  be  obtained  from  the  Commissioner  of  Buildings 
by  the  owner  or  agent  of  the  building  in  which  such  elevator 
is  to  be  constructed  or  by  the  contractor  who  is  about  to  con- 
struct such  elevator  a  permit  for  such  construction,  and  it 
shall  be  unlawful  for  any  such  owner,  agent  or  contractor  to 
permit  or  allow  the  construction  of  any  such  elevator,  or  to 
proceed  with,  or  in  or  about  any  of  the  work  of  construction 


of  any  such  elevator  until  such  permit  shall  first  have  been 
obtained.  Such  permit  shall  be  issued  by  the  Commissioner 
of  Buildings  after  application  shall  have  been  made  to  him 
in  writing  therefor  by  any  such  owner,  agent  or  contractor, 
specifying  the  number  and  kind  of  elevators  which  it  is  de- 
sired to  construct  and  the  location  of  the  building  or  structure 
in  which  the  same  is  or  are  to  be  placed,  such  application 
shall  be  accompanied  with  such  plans  and  specifications  as 
may  be  necessary  to  advise  and  inform  said  Commissioner 
of  the  plan  of  construction,  type  of  elevator  and  location 
thereof.  If  such  plans  and  specifications  shall  show  that  such 
elevator  or  elevators  is  or  are  to  be  constructed  or  erected 
in  conformity  with  the  provisions  of  this  chapter,  the  Com- 
missioner shall  approve  the  same  and  shall  issue  a  permit  to 
such  applicant  upon  the  payment  by  such  applicant  of  a  fee 
of  two  dollars  for  each  elevator  to  be  constructed  and  erected, 
and  such  fee  shall  be  known  as  a  construction  fee,  and  shall 
not  be  held  to  cover  the  cost  of  any  inspection  which  shall  at 
any  time  thereafter  be  made  of  such  elevator  or  elevators 
when  constructed  or  any  of  the  equipment  thereof. 

Any  person,  either  as  owner  or  agent  of  any  building  or 
structure  in  which  any  elevator  or  elevators  is  or  are  to  be 
constructed,  or  any  contractor  engaged  in  erecting  or  con- 
structing such  elevator  or  elevators,  who  shall  allow  to  be 
erected  or  constructed,  or  who  shall  attempt  to  erect  or 
construct  any  elevator  or  elevators  in  any  building  or  struc- 
ture, without  having  previously  obtained  the  permit  herein 
required,  and  without  having  complied  with  the  provisions  of 
this  section,  shall  be  fined  not  less  than  fifty  nor  more  than 
two  hundred  dollars  for  each  offense. 

Sec.  659.  Testing  of  Safety  Dez'ices. — Every  passenger  or 
freight  elevator  hereafter  constructed  (except  such  as  are 
hereinafter  excepted  from  the  provisions  of  this  chapter)  in 
any  building  within  the  city  shall  be  provided  with  some 
efiicient  device  to  secure  the  safe  operation  of  such  passenger 
or  freight  elevator  in  its  running  up  or  down,  and  such 
device  shall  be  subjected  to  such  practical  test  as  may  be 
determined  by  the  Commissioner  of  Buildings  to  ascertain 
the  efficiency  of  such  safety  device  to  properly  perform  the 
service  for  which  it  is  intended ;  and  it  shall  be  the  duty 
of  the  Commissioner  of  Buildings  to  cause  to  be  made  such 
test  of  each  and  every  device  upon  any  such  elevator  here- 
after constructed,  and  no  such  elevator  hereafter  constructed 
shall  be  permitted  to  run  until  the  inspection  herein  provided 
for  has  been  made  and  a  certificate  issued  by  the  Commis- 
sioner of  Buildings  or  such  inspector  that  the  same  has  been 
inspected,  and  the  certificate  shall  be  posted  in  a  conspicuous 
place  in  such  elevator.  Every  pass-enger  or  freight  elevator 
now  in  operation  within  the  city  shall  be  provided  vvith  some 
efficient  device  to  procure  the  safe  operation  of  such  passen- 
ger or  freight  elevator  in  its  running  up  and  down,  and  such 
device  shall  be  subjected  to  the  same  test  as  is  herein  pro- 
vided for  elevators  to  be  hereafter  constructed,  and  a  certifi- 
cate of  such  inspction  issued  as  provided  for  elevators  to  be 
hereafter  constructed,  and  every  such  elevator  now  in  opera- 
tion within  the  city,  or  which  may  hereafter  be  constructed 
and  operated  in  the  city,  shall  be  inspected  under  and  by 
authority  of  the  Commissioner  of  Buildings  at  least  once 
every  si.x  months.  Every  owner  or  agent  of  any  building  who 
fails  to  comply  with  any  provision  of  this  section  shall  be 
fined  not  less  than  fifty  dollars  nor  more  than  two  hundred 
dollars  for  each  offense,  and  every  owner  or  agent  of  any 
building  wherein  any  passenger  or  freight  elevators  are 
situated  in  the  city  who  refuses  to  permit  the  inspection  of 
any  such  elevator  or  who  refuses  to  permit  the  making  of  the 
test    in    this    section    provided,    shall    be    fined    not    less    than 


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A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


twcnty-tive  dollars  nor  more  tli.iii  two  liiindrfd  dollars  for 
each  and  every  day  on  which  such  elevator  runs  or  is  oper- 
ated on  and  after  the  date  of  the  refusal  to  permit  inspection 
of  such  elevator  or  the  refusal  to  allow  such  test  to  he  made. 

Sec.  660.  Saft-ly  Di'viccs — /•'»r//i('r.— Kvery  passenger  or 
freight  elevator  now  running  or  operating  within  the  city,  or 
which  may  hereafter  he  constructed  and  run  and  operated, 
shall  be  provided  with  some  efficient  device  for  the  purpose 
of  preventing  the  cab  or  car  of  such  elevator  from  falling, 
or  the  securing  of  the  .safety  of  the  cab  or  car  and  its  load. 
in  case  it  does  fall,  and  all  such  devices  that  are  applied 
to  such  passenger  or  freight  elevator  for  the  purpose  of  pre- 
venting such  cab  or  car  from  falling  or  for  stopping  it  in 
case  it  does  fall  shall  be  subjected  to  a  practical  test,  such 
test  to  be  made  under  the  supervision  of  the  Commissioner 
of  Buildings,  to  determine  the  efficiency  of  such  device  and  to 
secure  the  safety  of  the  cab  or  car  and  its  contents,  lilvery 
person,  whether  owner  or  agent  of  any  building  wherein  any 
such  passenger  or  freight  elevator  within  the  city  is  now  run 
or  operated,  or  which  may  hereafter  be  constructed  or  oper- 
ated, who  shall  fail  or  neglect  to  provide  such  passenger  or 
freight  elevator  with  such  device  for  the  purpose  of  prevent- 
ing the  cab  or  car  from  falling,  or  the  securing  of  the  safety 
of  the  cab  or  car  in  case  it  does  fall,  shall  he  fined  not  less 
than  twenty-five  dollars  nor  more  tli.in  two  hundred  dollars 
for  each  and  every  day  on  which  such  elevator  is  run  or 
operated  without  being  provided  with  such  device. 

Sec.  661.  Tests — On'iicr  Musi  Pcniiit. — .'Xny  owner  or  agent 
of  any  building  wherein  ,iny  passenger  or  freight  elevator  is 
run  or  operated  within  the  city  who  desires  to  have  a  test 
made  by  and  under  the  authority  of  the  Commissioner  of 
Rnildings  as  to  whether  such  elevator  is  provided  with  suffi- 
cient and  proper  safety  devices  shall  or  may  notify  said 
Commissioner  of  Buildings  in  writing  that  such  a  test  is 
desired;  and  the  time  when  such  test  may  be  made,  whicli 
shall  not  be  less  than  two  nor  more  than  ten  days  after  such 
notice  is  given  to  the  Commissioner  of  Buildings:  and  it  shall 
be  the  duty  of  every  owner  or  agent  of  any  such  building 
wherein  any  such  passenger  or  freight  elevator  is  run  or 
operated  in  the  city,  or  which  may  hereafter  be  constructed 
and  operated,  to  permit  the  making  of  the  test  of  such 
devices  upon  demand  being  made  by  the  Commissioner  of 
Buildings  or  by  a  duly  authorized  inspector,  and  every  owner 
or  agent  of  any  such  building  wherein  any  .such  passenger  or 
freight  elevator  is  run  or  operated,  or  which  may  be  here- 
after constructed  and  operated,  who  refuses  to  permit  the 
test  of  such  devices  to  be  made  upon  demand  of  said  Com- 
missioner of  Buildings  or  Elevator  Inspector,  within  five  days 
from  and  after  such  demand  is  made,  shall  be  lined  not  less 
than  twenty-five  dollars  nor  more  than  two  hundred  dollars 
for  each  and  every  day  on  which  such  passenger  or  freight 
elevator  is  run  or  operated  after  such  demand  for  and  refusal 
of  the  making  of  such  test. 

Sec.  662.  Certificate  to  Be  I'urnished  mid  Posted. — When- 
ever any  such  elevator  shall  have  been  inspected  and  the 
tests  herein  required  shall  have  been  made  of  all  safety 
devices  with  which  such  elevator  is  required  to  be  equipped, 
if  the  result  of  such  inspection  and  tests  shall  show  such 
elevator  to  be  in  good  condition,  satisfactory  to  the  Connnis- 
sioner  of  Buildings  or  the  Inspector  of  Elevators,  and  that 
such  safety  devices  have  been  provided,  in  accordance  with 
the  requirements  of  this  chapter,  and  are  in  good  working 
condition  and  in  good  repair,  it  shall  he  the  duty  of  the  Com- 
missioner of  Buildings  or  Inspector  of  Elevators  to  issue  or 
cause  to  he  issued,  upon  the  payment  of  the  inspection  fee 


required  by  the  provisions  of  this  chapter,  a  certificate  setting 
forth  the  result  of  such  inspection  and  tests,  and  whether 
such  elevator  and  its  equipment  is  in  safe  condition  and  in 
good  working  order.  Such  certificates  shall  be  furnished  to 
the  owner  or  agent  of  the  building  wherein  such  elevator  is 
operated,  and  shall  be  posted  by  such  owner  or  agent  in  a 
cons))icuous  place  in  such  elevator. 

1  f  the  result  of  such  inspection  or  tests  shall  show  such 
elevator  not  to  he  in  safe  condition  or  not  to  be  in  a  con- 
dition of  good  repair,  or  shall  show  that  such  devices,  or  any 
of  them,  have  not  been  furnished,  or,  if  furnished,  are  not 
in  good  working  order  or  in  a  good  condition  of  repair, 
such  certificate  shall  not  be  issued  until  such  elevator  and  its 
i-qiiipment  or  such  .safety  device  or  devices  shall  have  been 
put  in  good  working  order  and  in  a  good  condition  of  repair, 
satisfactory  to  the  Commissioner  of  Buildings  or  the  In- 
spector of  Elevators. 

In  any  event,  however,  the  inspection  fees  herein  re(|uired 
shall  1)1'  iiiiiil  cillur  ;il  the  time  application  is  made  for  in- 
spection or  upnii  ilie  completion  of  such  inspection  and  tests. 

Sec.  663.  Tests  to  Be  Made  Semi-annually. — It  shall  he  the 
duty  of  the  Connnissioncr  of  Buildings  to  cause  the  tests  to 
be  made  as  provided  for  in  Sections  659,  660  and  661  of  this 
chapter  of  each  passenger  and  freight  elevator  in  the  city  at 
least  once  in  every  si,\  months  from  and  after  the  issuance 
of  the  first  certificate. 

Sec.  664.  Inspectors — Duties  Of — Pon-er  of  Commissioner 
to  Shut  DoiK'n  Elevators. — Whenever  any  inspector  of  any 
passenger  or  freight  elevator  finds  any  of  the  running  parts 
or  automatic  devices,  or  other  equipment  out  of  order  or  in 
an  unsafe  condition  he  shall  immediately  report  the  same  to 
the  Conmiissioner  of  Buildings,  together  with  a  statement  of 
all  the  facts  relating  to  the  condition  of  such  elevator  or 
elevators. 

It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  Commissioner  of  Buildings, 
upon  receiving  a  report  from  any  inspector  of  the  unsafe 
condition  of  any  elevator,  to  order  and  cause  such  elevator 
to  be  stopped  from  use  until  the  same  shall  have  been  placed 
in  a  safe  condition,  and  any  owner  or  agent  of  any  building 
wherein  any  such  passenger  or  freight  elevator  is  run  or 
operated  within  the  city  who  permits  or  allows  any  such 
elevator  to  run  after  tile,  receipt  of  a  notice,  in  writing,  from 
the  Commissioner  of  Buildings  that  any  such  elevator  is  out 
of  order,  or  is  in  an  unsafe  condition,  shall  be  fined  not  less 
than  twenty-five  dollars  nor  more  than  two  hundred  dollars 
for  each  and  every  day  on  which  such  elevator  is  run  or 
operated  without  being  put  in  a  safe  condition  or  placed  in 
good  order. 

Sec.  665.  Device— Efficient— To  Be  .Aflrored.—.Xny  device 
which  shall  prove  efficient  for  the  purposes  hereinbefore  de- 
scribed in  this  chapter  shall  be  approved  by  the  Commissioner 
of  Buildings,  if,  after  a  test  l)y  said  Commissioner  or  any  of 
his  Elevator  Inspectors,  it  is  found  that  such  device  or 
devices  satisfactorily  performs  the  work  it  is  intended  should 
be  performed  by  such  device  or  devices  in  and  by  the  pro- 
visions of  this  chapter. 

Sec.  666.  Inspections  to  Be  Made  at  tfw  Same  Time — One 
fee. — .*\1I  certificates  for  and  inspections  of  hoistways  and 
elevators  provided  for  in  this  article  shall  be  made  at  the 
same  time  and  the  fee  required  to  be  paid  by  Section  668  of 
this  chapter  shall  include  the  cost  of  all  such  inspections  and 
issuance  of  such  certificates. 

Sec.  667.  Elet'ators  Not  Required  to  Be  Equipped  7eitli 
Safety  Devices. — The  provisions  of  this  chapter  requiring  the 


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A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


equipment  of  elevators  with  safety  devices  shall  not  apply 
to  any  elevator  or  elevators  in  any  private  residence  not  more 
than  three  stories  in  height,  nor  to  any  hand  hoists,  elevator 
or  hoist  used  solely  for  hoisting  materials  or  tools  in  any 
building  in  course  of  construction. 

For  the  purposes  of  this  section,  flat  or  apartment  buildings 
shall  not  be  held  to  be  private  residences,  and  any  elevator 
or  elevators  operated  in  such  flat  or  apartment  buildings  shall 
be  equipped  with  safety  devices  in  accordance  with  the  pro- 
visions of  this  chapter. 

Sec.  668.  Insjtectioiis — Fees. — The  owners,  agents  or  occu- 
pants of  any  building  in  which  an  elevator  is  used  shall  pay 
to  the  City  Collector,  before  a  certificate  of  inspection  is 
issued,  a  fee  of  two  dollars  for  each  inspection  of  each 
elevator  made  in  pursuance  of  the  provisions  of  this  chapter. 

Sec.  669.  Certificates  of  Inspection — Construction — Details 
Of. — When  an  inspector  finds  a  hoistway,  door,  shaft  and 
elevator  and  its  equipment,  including  safety  devices,  in  a 
sound  and  safe  condition,  he  shall  make  and  deliver  to  the 
owner,  or  to  his  agent,  a  certificate  signed  by  the  Commis- 
sioner, which  shall  contain  the  date  of  inspection,  the  condi- 
tion of  the  elevator  at  that  date,  the  weight  it  may  safely 
carry,  and  a  statement  that  the  shaft,  doors  and  all  equip- 
ments, including  safety  devices,  are  constructed  in  a  safe  and 
proper  manner  and  are  constructed  in  accordance  with  the 
provisions  of  this  chapter,  which  certificate  shall  be  by  the 
owner  of  the  elevator  framed  and  put  in  some  conspicuous 
place  in  such  elevator  for  examination  by  the  public ;  pro- 
vided, that  the  words  "safe  condition"  in  this  section  shall 
mean  that  it  is  safe  for  any  load  up  to  the  amount  of  weight 
named  in  such  certificate. 

Sec.  670.  Hatch — Doors — Freight  Elevators. — It  shall  be 
lawful  for  elevators  used  exclusively  asr  freight  elevators  to 
be  without  inclosing  walls,  but  in  all  such  cases  there  shall  be 
at  every  floor  through  which  such  freight  elevators  pass 
automatic  hatch  closers  or  automatic  doors,  made  in  such 
manner  that  they  will  fully  close  each  well  hole  when  the 
temperature  in  such  well  hole  exceeds  one  hundred  and  forty 
degrees  Fahrenheit ;  and  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  owner, 
agent  or  person  in  possession,  charge  or  control  of  the  build- 
ing in  which  such  elevator  or  elevators  is  or  are  maintained 
to  keep  such  hatch  closers  or  doors  at  all  times  in  good 
working  order,  and  any  such  owner,  agent  or  person  failing 
to  do  so  shall  be  fined  not  less  than  twenty-five  dollars  nor 
more  than  two  hundred  dollars   for  each   oflfense. 

Before  any  doors  shall  be  considered  as  complying  with  the 
provisions  of  this  section  they  shall  be  examined  by  the 
Commissioner  of  Buildings  and  the  Fire  Marshal,  and  if  it 
be  found  by  such  officials  that  such  doors  will  automatically 
close  when  the  temperature  at  or  near  the  same  exceeds  one 
hundred  and  forty  degrees  Fahrenheit,  and  that  also  the 
conditions  of  construction  and  operation  of  such  doors  or 
hatch  closers  are  such  that  there  is  no  reasonable  probability 
of  their  getting  out  of  order  and  failing  to  operate  when 
required,  and  if  there  is  nothing  in  their  construction  or 
operation  that  is  likely  to  cause  accidents  to  or  interference 
with  the  elevator  service  in  the  hatch  holes  which  they  are 
intended  to  close,  then,  and  in  such  case  only,  shall  the  use 
of  such  hatch  closers  or  doors  be  permitted. 

But  such  automatic  hatch  closers  or  doors  shall  only  be 
permitted  in  cases  where  the  building  in  which  such  freight 
elevator  is  in  use  shall  be  equipped  with  stairways,  or  stair- 
ways and  passenger  elevators,  sufficient  to  afford  ample  means 
of  escape  from  such  building  in  case  of  fire  for  all  persons 
employed  or  for  all  persons  in  such  building,  and  in  buildings 


not   so   equipped   such    freight   elevators   shall   be   inclosed   in 
fireproof  walls,  as  hereinafter  required. 

Provided,  that  all  freight  elevators  herein  specified  shall  be 
either  inclosed  in  fireproof  walls,  as  hereinafter  required,  or 
equipped  with  automatic  hatch  closers  or  doors,  as  herein 
specified ;  and  provided,  further,  that  this  section  shall  not 
apply  to  elevators  in  fireproof  buildings. 

Sec.  671.  Passenger  and  Freight  Elevators — Inelosnre  Of. 
— In  all  non-fireproof  buildings  all  passenger  elevators  and  all 
freight  elevators,  except  such  as  are  expressly  excepted  by 
this  chapter,  shall  be  inclosed  in  a  wall  of  brick,  tile  or  such 
other  incombustible  material  as  may.  from  time  to  time,  be 
approved  by  the  Commissioner  of  Buildings  as  proper  and 
suitable  for  the  purpose ;  such  wall  to  extend  from  the  foun- 
dation to  the  roof  of  such  building,  and  when  built  of  brick 
or  tile  to  be  entirely  self-sustaining:  provided,  that  where 
such  elevator  shafts  are  placed  within  walls  or  partitions  of 
fireproof  material  surrounding  such  shafts  in  common  with 
stairways,  or  in  common  with  stairways  and  corridors,  addi- 
tional inclosures  about  such  shafts  alone  shall  not  be  re- 
quired. Provided,  further,  however,  that  the  provisions  of 
this  section  shall  not  apply  to  any  non-fireproof  building 
which  is  equipped  throughout  on  every  floor  and  in  every 
room  thereof  and  in  all  stairways,  platforms,  elevator  shafts, 
elevator  hoistways  and  well  holes  with  an  automatic  sprinkler 
system  approved  by  the  Fire  Marshal. 

Sec.  672.  Doors — On  Elevators. — In  all  elevator  shafts 
which  are  herein  required  to  be  inclosed  with  fireproof  walls, 
the  openings  through  which  ingress  and  egress  to  and  from 
such  elevators  is  had,  shall  be  equipped  with  fireproof  doors, 
of  iron  or  other  incombustible  material,  to  be  approved  by 
the  Building  Commissioner,  which  shall  be  made  to  open  from 
the  inside,  except  that  they  shall  also  be  made  to  open  from 
the  outside  by  means  of  a  key  or  other  device  satisfactory 
to  the  said  Commissioner. 

Sec.  673.  Skyliglits — Over  Elevators — Window's. — The  roof 
of  each  such  passenger  elevator,  shaft  or  inclosure  shall  be 
formed  by  a  skylight,  and  passenger  elevators  shall  have  a 
ventilator  of  at  least  one-twentieth  of  the  area  of  the  shaft, 
which  shall  have  an  operating  device  which  shall  be  operative 
from  every  floor.  Skylights  may  be  omitted  in  shafts  wherein 
there  are  windows  opening  on  streets,  alleys  or  courts  or 
other  vacant  spaces,  which  will  permit  sufficient  light  and  air, 
but  such  windows  shall  be  glazed  with  fire-resisting  glass. 

The  foregoing  provisions  relating  to  elevators  and  hoist- 
ways  shall  apply  to  buildings  now  existing  or  hereafter  con- 
structed. 

Sec.  674.  Safety  of  Employes — Proz'isious  For. — Amended 
by  ordinance  Nov.  25,  1907,  to  read  as  follows : 

In  every  building  or  structure  imder  construction,  where 
machinery  is  employed,  the  belting,  shafting,  gearing,  ele- 
vators and  every  other  portion  of  machinery,  when  so  located 
as  to  endanger  the  lives  and  limbs  of  those  employed  therein 
while  in  the  discharge  of  their  duties,  shall  be,  as  far  as 
possible,  so  covered  or  guarded  as  to  make  them  reasonably 
safe  and  to  prevent  injury  to  such  employes. 

ARTICLE  XIX. 

FIRE  ESC.-KFES  AND  SfANDPIPES. 

Sec.  67S.  Buildings  Required  to  Have  Fire  Escapes  and 
Standpipes — Inspection — Fee. — .\mended  by  ordinance  Nov. 
25.  1907,  to  read  as  follows: 


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A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


All  buildings  in  tin.-  City  of  four  or  more  stories  in  height, 
except  any  building  used  exclusively  for  a  private  residence, 
having  two  flights  of  stairs  leading  from  the  ground  to  the 
top  floor  of  the  building,  shall  be  provided  and  equipped  with 
one  or  more  stairway  lire  escapes,  as  described  in  Section  683 
of  this  Chapter,  provided  that  on  any  building  of  Class  V'l. 
four  stories  in  height,  in  which  each  occupant  shall  have 
access  to  at  least  two  separate  and  distinct  stairways  from 
tile  top  floor  to  the  ground,  a  combination  standpipe  and 
ladder  lire  escape  may  be  allowed.  .\iul  proviiled  also  that 
buildings  now  in  existence  having  a  sufficient  number  of 
stairways  properly  located  and  which  are  now  equipped  with 
ladder  fire  escapes  shall  be  exempt  from  the  provisions  of 
this  section. 

N'o  stairway  tire  escapes  shall  be  less  than  twenty-four 
inches  wide  and  shall  have  wrought  iron  or  steel  balconies 
with  suitable  handrailings  at  each  floor,  or  in  such  numbers 
and  locations  as  shall  be  satisfactory  to  the  Connnissioner  of 
Buildings,  all  firnily  secured  to  the  outside  walls  of  tlie 
building. 

-Ml  such  fire  escapes  shall  be  put  up  and  completed  to  con- 
form to  the  buildings  for  which  they  are  respectively  intended, 
and  shall  be  inspected  after  completion,  and,  if  found  to  be 
in  a  perfectly  safe  and  satisfactory  condition,  a  certificate  to 
that  effect  shall  be  issued  by  the  Commissioner  of  Buildings 
to  the  owner,  agent,  or  occupant  of  any  such  building,  upon 
payment  to  the  City  Collector  of  a  fee  of  two  ($2)  dollars 
for  each  and  every  fire  escape. 

.Ml  fire  escapes  in  the  City  shall  be  painted  with  mineral 
paint  at  least  once  a  year. 

Sec.  676.  Spccifitatioiis  for  Ladder  /-"I'/v  listn/'cs — .linhors. 
— .Ml  single  and  double  fire  escapes,  with  ladders,  hereafter 
erected,  shall  be  in  strict  accordance  with  the  following 
specifications : 

There  shall  be  no  less  than  three  one-inch  square  wrought- 
iron  anchors  to  every  six-foot  balcony,  and  si.x  for  a  twelve- 
foot  balcony.  Such  anchors  shall  pass  through  the  wall  of 
building  and  bolt  on  the  inside  with  a  three-fourths  by  two 
inch  nut  and  three  and  one-half  inch  iron  washer  back  of 
nut,  where  the  wall  is  not  over  twenty  inches  thick ;  but 
where  wall  is  over  twenty  inches  thick,  anchors  shall  be 
inserted  at  least  eight  inches  into  the  wall  mi  an  angle  of 
ihirty-five  degrees. 

The  brace  of  anchors  shall  at  least  be  twenty  inches  spread, 
and  pass  into  the  wall  four  inches  at  bottom.  Xo  other  form 
of  anchors  shall  be  allowed  without  a  special  permit  from 
the  Commissioner  of  Buildings. 

Sec.  677.  Balconies. — .All  balconies  hereafter  erected  shall 
be  either  steel  or  wrought  iron,  capable  of  sustaining  a  weight 
of  five  hundred  pounds  to  the  square  foot.  The  balcony  frame 
shall  be  made  of  not  less  than  one  and  one-half  by  three 
inch  angle  iron,  securely  riveted  together,  with  crossbars 
every  two  feet,  such  bars  to  be  punched  one-half  inch  square 
every  two  inches  center,  and  one-half  inch  square  iron  forced 
through  the  same,  leaving  a  manhole  of  not  less  tlian  twenty- 
four  by  twenty-four  inches.  The  crossliars  shall  be  securely 
riveted  to  the  angle  iron  frame.  The  crossbars  for  a  balcony 
twenty-eight  inches  wide  shall  be  one  and  one-half  liy  three- 
eighths  inch  iron.  Balcony  frames  over  twenty-eight  inches 
wide  shall  be  made  of  not  less  than  two  by  three-eighths 
inch  iron  to  conform  with  the  increased  ditnensions  of  iron 
in  crossbars ;  for  thirty-inch  balcony,  two  by  three-eighths 
inch  ;  for  thirty-si.x  inch  balcony  or  over,  two  and  one-half 
by  three-eighths  inch.  .Ml  balconies  over  this  width  shall 
have  a  two-inch  "T"  iron  through  the  center  of  balcony  for 


the  liars  lo  re>l  upon.  Such  balconies  shall  have  a  substantial 
cast  or  wrought  iron  post  every  three  feet,  bolted  to  the 
balcony.  .\o  balcony  shall  have  less  than  two  guard  rails, 
which  sli;ill  be  of  wrought  iron,  or  new  pipe  not  less  than 
three- fourths  inches  in  diameter,  and  the  ends  shall  be 
anchored  in  the  wall  of  building  not  less  than  ten  inches  on 
an  angle  of  thirty-five  degrees. 

Sec.  678.  Ladders. — The  ladder,  where  used  in  combination 
with  the  standpipe,  shall  be  bolted  to  such  standpipe  with 
short  tapped  bolts  every  four  feet  and  bolted  to  the  balconies. 
Rungs  of  ladder  shall  be  one-half  inch  square  iron,  with  the 
corners  upward,  so  as  to  give  a  safe  footing.  Every  other 
run  shall  be  riveted  and  shall  be  fourtcen-inch  centers. 
Where  a  ladder  is  put  up  without  a  standpipe,  the  side  guards 
shall  be  two  by  three-eighths  inch  flat  iron  or  one  and  one- 
fourth  inch  pipe.  .Ml  ladders  shall  be  seventeen  inches  or 
more  between  pipes.     \o  second-hand  pipe  shall  be  used. 

Sec.  679.  SUnidpil>es  Outside  Buildings. — Amended  by  ordi- 
nance of  Feb.  17,  1908,  to  read  as  follows  (superseding 
amendatory  ordinances  of  Oct.  22,  1906,  and  Nov.  25,  1907)  : 

The  standpipe  shall  be  of  the  best  three-inch  wrought  iron, 
seven  ami  one-half  pounds  to  the  foot,  and  a  two  and  one- 
half  inch  brass  hose  valve,  of  the  City  standard  thread,  shall 
be  attached  to  the  standpipe  at  every  outlet  at  each  floor 
and  on  the  roof.  The  owner,  agent,  occupant,  or  person  in 
possession,  charge  or  control  of  the  premises  where  said 
standpipe  is  located  is  hereby  required  to  keep  the  said  stand- 
pipe  and  hose  connections  oiled,  free  from  all  obstructions,  in 
good  working  order,  and  accessible  for  immediate  use  at  all 
times.  The  said  standpipe  and  hose  valves  shall  be  inspected 
and  tested  by  the  Fire  Department  as  often  as  once  in  three 
months,  .ind  ofteiier  if  deemed  necessary  by  the  Fire  Marshal. 

Sec.  6SU.  Staiidpil>es — Fumps — Axes,  Etc. — Amended  by 
ordinance  of  July  8,  1907.  to  read  as  follows  (superseding 
amendatory   ordinance   of   March    19,    1906)  : 

(1)  In  every  building  over  one  hundred  (100)  feet  in 
height  not  provided  with  a  three  (3)  inch  or  larger  standpipe. 
in  all  buildings  hereafter  constructed  of  a  greater  height  than 
seventy-five  (75)  feet  (except  buildings  used  for  theater 
purposes,  as  herein  elsewhere  provided  for)  ;  in  all  buildings 
used  for  hospital  purposes  of  a  greater  height  than  three  (3) 
stories,  with  accommodations  for  at  least  twenty  (20)  pa- 
tients; and  in  all  buildings  of  a  greater  height  than  five  (5) 
stories  now  or  hereafter  used  for  hotel  or  public  lodging 
house  purposes  there  shall  be  constructed  one  (1)  or  more 
four  (4)  inch  standpipes,  which  shall  extend  from  basement 
to  roof  and  which  shall  be  connected  at  street  or  alley  side 
of  building  with  two-way  Siamese  connection  for  use  of  Fire 
Department,  and  which  shall  be  provided  with  one  hose  con- 
nection, with  Fire  Department  thread,  on  the  roof  of  said 
Iniilding,  on  each  floor  and  in  the  basement  thereof,  with 
sufficient  hose  attached  to  reach  any  point  thereof.  The  pat- 
tern, quality,  installation  and  maintenance  of  such  standpipe, 
hose  and  couplings,  shall  be  subject  to  the  approval  of  the 
Fire  Marshal. 

(2)  In  any  of  the  buildings  herein  referred  to  where 
approved  sprinkler  systems  are  installed  and  properly  main- 
tained, it  shall  not  be  necessary  to  install  additional  inside 
standpipe  as  above  provided  for. 

(3)  On  each  floor  and  in  the  basement  of  every  building 
used  for  hotel,  public  lodging  or  school  purposes,  three  or 
more  stories  in  height,  there  shall  be  two  (2)  or  more  port- 
alile  hand  pumps  or  chemical  extinguishers,  one  or  more  fire 
axes  and  one  or  more  pike  poles.  In  the  basement  or  janitor 
quarters  of  all  apartment  buildings  three  or  more  stories  in 


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A     HALF    CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


height,  the  floors  of  which  are  divided  into  two  or  more 
apartments,  and  in  the  basement  of  all  office  buildings  four 
or  more  stories  in  height,  there  shall  be  provided  one  or  more 
portable  hand  pumps  or  chemical  extinguishers,  one  or  more 
fire  axes  and  one  or  more  pike  poles;  all  of  which  shall  be 
installed  and  maintained  subject  to  the  approval  and  super- 
vision of  the  Fire  Marshal. 

(4)  The  interior  of  all  grain  elevators  and  malt  houses 
of  a  height  of  fifty  (50)  or  more  feet,  which  are  not  entirely 
fireproof,  and  which  have  a  capacity  of  two  hundred  and 
fifty  thousand  (250,000)  bushels  or  over,  and  the  interior  of 
all  cold  storage  houses  of  a  height  of  four  (4)  or  more 
stories,  which  are  not  entirely  fireproof  and  which  have  a 
ground  floor  area  of  ten  thousand  (10,000)  or  more  square 
feet,  shall  be  equipped  with  either  a  dry  or  wet  sprinkler 
system,  to  each  of  which  systems  there  shall  be  a  feeder  or 
riser  pipe  or  pipes  not  less  than  four  (4)  inches  in  diameter, 
leading  from  one  or  more  Siamese  steamer  connections ;  all 
of  which  shall  be  installed  and  maintained  subject  to  the 
approval  of  the  Fire  Marshal. 

(5)  Grain  elevators  which  are  equipped  with  Journal  t'irc 
Alarm  Systems  of  the  most  approved  pattern  and  which  are 
left  at  all  times  in  the  most  perfect  working  order,  or  grain 
elevators,  malt  houses  and  cold  storage  houses,  which  are 
now  equipped  with  standpipes  of  approved  pattern  and  hose 
with  not  less  than  two  (2)  inch  connections  which  have  been 
installed  in  accordance  with  City  ordinances  and  approved  by 
the  Fire  Department,  each  floor  of  which  is  approved  by  said 
department  as  being  at  all  times  easily  accessible  to  firemen, 
where  fire  extinguishers,  water  barrels  and  pails  are  dis- 
tributed at  intervals  on  all  floors  on  advice  and  instruction 
of  the  Chicago  Underwriters'  Association ;  where  the  neces- 
sary pump  pressure  is  maintained;  where  some  approved 
electric  watch  service  and  fire  alarm  system  is  maintained 
and  watchmen  are  employed  during  nights,  Sundays  and 
holidays,  pulling  such  stations  not  less  frequently  than  once 
per  hour,  and  which  have  outside  Siamese  connections  and 
standpipes  not  less  than  two  and  one-half  (2^)  inches,  sliall 
be  exempt  from  the  provisions  of  this  ordinance. 

Sec.  681.  Siamese. — Amended  by  ordinance  Feb.  17,  1908, 
to  read  as  follows : 

There  shall  be  a  two-way  automatic  Siamese  at  the  bottom 
of  each  standpipc,  so  that  two  steam  fire  engines  may  be 
attached  to  it  without  interfering  with  each  other.  Such 
Siamese  shall  be  within  easy  reaching  distance  from  the  side- 
walk and  be  securely  anchored  to  the  wall  of  the  building. 
The  owner,  agent,  occupant,  or  person  in  possession,  charge 
or  control  of  the  premises  where  such  standpipe  and  Siamese 
are  located,  is  hereby  required  to  provide  such  covering  or 
protection  to  the  fittings  of  said  Siamese  steam  engine  con- 
nection for  the  purpose  of  keeping  said  fittings  and  connec- 
tion clear  and  upobstructed  as  shall  be  ordered  and  required 
by  the  Fire  Marslial.  The  protection  or  covering  herein 
referred  to  shall  apply  to  all  standpipes  located  inside  of 
buildings,  as  well  as  outside  of  buildings,  and  include  connec- 
tions to  automatic   sprinkler  equipment. 

Sec.  682.  Anchors  for  Tol'  of  Standpipc— Paiiiiing.— AW 
the  anchors  for  the  top  of  standpipe  and  ladders  shall  pass 
through  the  wall  and  bolt  on  the  inside  of  same. 

All  work  shall  be  painted  with  two  coats  of  the  best  mineral 
paint,  and  all  holes  shall  be  filled  up  with  the  best  cement. 

Sec.  683.  Stairway  Fire  Escapes — Erection  Of — Location — 
Component  Parts. — The  Commissioner  of  Buildings  or  In- 
spectors shall  determine  upon  the  location  of  all  stair  fire 
escapes  before  erection  of  same  is  commenced. 


A  permit  shall  be  obtained  from  the  Department  of  Build- 
ings before  work  is  commenced,  which  permit  will  be  issued 
on  payment  to  the  city  collector  of  a  fee  of  two  ($2)  dollars. 

No  permit  for  a  stairway  fire  escape  projecting  three  feet 
or  more  from  the  face  of  the  wall  shall  be  granted  unless  a 
detailed  plan  for  the  fire  escape,  approved  by  a  licensed 
architect  or  practicing  structural  engineer,  is  submitted  to  the 
Commissioner  of  Buildings,  and  a  copy  of  such  plans  shall 
be  left  on  file  with  said  commissioner. 

Anchors. — All  anchors  for  stairway  fire  escapes  shall,  wher- 
ever possible,  pass  through  the  wall  of  building  and  be 
secured  on  inside  of  same.  Where  it  is  impossible  to  anchor 
through  walls,  anchors  shall  be  put  in  wall  not  less  than 
fifteen  inches  at  an  angle  of  thirty-five  degrees.  On  buildings 
of  steel  construction,  where  walls  are  less  than  twenty  inches 
in  thickness,  there  shall  be  steel  channels  at  least  four  inches 
wide  set  on  inside  of  building  from  column  to  column  and 
bolted  or  riveted  to  columns,  and  anchors  shall  be  bolted  on 
inside  of  channels. 

Anchors  for  a  platform  four  feet  two  inches  or  less  in 
width  shall  be  made  of  one-inch  square  iron;  over  four  feet 
two  inches  and  not  over  six  feet,  shall  be  one  and  one-fourth 
inch  square  iron,  with  brace ;  over  six  feet,  shall  be  one  and 
one-half  inch  square  iron,  with  brace.  All  anchors  shall  be 
turned  up  not  less  than  six  inches  at  the  outside  of  platform 
to  bolt  post  to. 

Braces. — Braces  shall  be  the  same  thickness  as  the  anchors. 
Spread  of  braces  shall  be  the  width  of  platform.  Where  the 
platforms  are  over  five  feet  in  width  anchors  shall  have 
double  braces,  one  to  the  outside  and  one  to  the  center  of 
platform. 

Platforms. — Platforms  shall  be  not  less  than  fifty  inches 
wide  at  ends ;  passageways  shall  be  not  less  than  twenty-four 
inches  between  building  and  railings.  Platforms  shall  be  not 
less  than  twelve  feet  in  length.  The  frames  and  crossbars 
shall  be  made  as  specified  by  Section  677  of  this  chapter. 
Platforms  shall  have  clips  at  each  end  bolted  to  anchors.  No 
door  or  window  or  shutter  shall  open  so  as  to  obstruct  in 
any  way  the  free  passage  on  or  along  a  platform  or  a  stair- 
case or  ladder  fire  escape. 

Stairs.— All  fire  escape  stairs  for  apartment  buildings, 
hotels,  boarding  houses,  factories  and  office  buildings,  where 
there  are  less  than  one  hundred  people,  shall  be  not  less  than 
two  feet  wide  between  railings  and  stringers.  Where  there 
are  more  than  one  hundred  people,  stairs  shall  be  three  feet 
wide.  All  stairs  for  halls,  churches,  theaters,  hospitals, 
schools,  department  stores  and  buildings  where  large  numbers 
of  people  congregate  shall  be  not  less  than  three  feet  wide  in 
the  clear,  and  all  passageways  shall  be  not  less  than  three 
feet  wide  in  the  clear ;  stringers  shall  be  made  of  two  bars 
three  by  five-sixteenths  inch,  about  one  inch  apart,  or  four 
and  one-half  by  three-eighths  inch  flat  iron.  Where  over 
twelve  feet  in  length,  they  shall  have  anchor  and  brace  in 
center.  The  treads  shall  be  made  of  one-half  inch  square 
steel  or  iron,  corner  upwards  not  to  exceed  one  and  five- 
eighths  inches  center,  riveted  at  ends  to  two  by  five-sixteenths 
inch  flat  iron  or  steel.  There  shall  be  not  less  than  four 
bars  to  a  tread,  where  treads  are  less  than  twenty-seven 
inches  in  length ;  where  treads  are  over  twenty-seven  inches 
in  length,  there  shall  be  not  less  than  six  bars  to  a  tread ; 
then,  there  shall  be  a  truss  supporting  treads  made  of  bar 
iron  two  inches  by  three-eighths  of  an  inch,  riveted  to  bars 
of  treads  in  center,  supported  by  two  seven-sixteenth  inch 
rods  bolted  at  each  end  of  treads.  All  stairs  shall  have  an 
incline  of  about  forty-five  degrees ;  rise  of  treads  shall  be 
not  less  than  seven  inches  and  not  more  than  ten  inches. 


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A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


Rtiiliiiiis. — All  st;iirs  shall  have  three  har  railings  made  of 
onc-iiicli  bar  iron  for  top  rail  and  three-(|narier  inch  har 
iron  for  lower  rail,  and  when  such  stairs  are  more  than 
three  inches  from  wall  of  linilding,  then  there  shall  he  one 
or  more  hand  rails  on  the  wall  side  of  such  stairs. 

Posts. — All  posts  used  for  stair  lire  escapes  shall  he  made 
of  one  and  one-half  inch  angle  or  channel  iron  not  less  than 
three  feet  six  inches  high,  and  shall  have  braces  on  outside 
turne<l  upwards  and  fastened  to  fraiuc  of  balcony  or  stairs 
and  not  less  than  half  way  up  the  post :  all  stair  fire  escapes 
shall  extend  to  the  ground,  either  by  counterbalance  or  drop 
stairs.  Cables  for  counterbalance  stairs  shall  be  not  less 
than  three-quarters  inch  in  size,  anil  shall  be  well  oiled  or 
greased  when  hung  up.  and  oiled  or  greased  at  least  once  a 
year.  .Ml  pulleys  and  cables  holding  counterbalance  shall  be 
covered  at  bracket,  so  as  to  protect  it  from  snow  and  ice. 

Painting. — .Ml  stair  fire  escapes  shall  be  painted  with  two 
coals  of  paint,  one  at  the  shop  and  one  after  completion  at 
the  building. 

Where  it  is  impossible  to  erect  stair  lire  escapes  according 
to  these  specifications,  then  plans  shall  be  submitted  to  the 
Commissioner  of  Buildings  or  Inspectors  for  approval. 

.Ml  such  fire  escapes  shall,  on  completion,  be  inspected  by 
the  Inspectors,  and  if  found  safe  and  satisfactory,  a  certificate 
will  be  issued  upon  payment  of  one  ($1)  dollar  to  the  city 
collector. 

As  amended  Xov.  25.  1907  (substituting  the  word  "In- 
spectors" for  the  words  "Fire  Escape  Inspectors."  wherever 
they  occur). 

Sec.  684.  Fire  Eseapes  in  General. — No  fire  escape  of  any 
kind  shall  be  constructed  except  upon  a  permit  therefor  issued 
by  the  Commissioner  of  Buildings  upon  the  payment  by  the 
applicant  therefor  to  the  city  collector  of  a  permit  fee  of 
two  dollars. 

Every  building  in  the  city  required  by  law  to  lie  equipped 
with  tiietallic  standpipes  and  wrought  iron  or  steel  balconies, 
or  other  fire  escape  devices,  shall  have  displayed  in  con- 
spicuous places,  on  each  floor  of  such  building,  notices  suffi- 
cient in  number  and  in  plainly  legible  type  at  least  six  inches 
in  height,  indicating  and  showing  the  location  of  such  metallic 
ladders,  balconies  and  fire  escapes  and  the  easiest  way  to 
reach  them.  If  .such  notices  be  not  displayed  within  thirty 
days  after  such  equipment  and  kept  continuously  displayed. 
said  commissioner  is  authorized  to  take  such  action  as  may 
be  necessary  to  have  such  building  closed. 

Sec.  685.  Penalty. — .Any  owner,  agent  or  person  in  pos- 
session, charge  or  control  of  any  such  building,  who  violates, 
disobeys,  omits  or  neglects  to  comply  with  the  terms  of  the 
foregoing  section,  shall  be  fined  not  less  than  five  dollars  nor 
more  than  fifty  dollars  for  each  offense,  and  every  such 
owner,  agent  or  person  shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  a  separate 
offense  for  every  day  such  violation,  disobedience,  omission 
or  neglect  shall  continue,  and  shall  be  subject  to  the  penalty 
imposed  hereby  for  each  and  every  such  separate  oflTense. 

Where  stair  fire  escapes  pass  windows  or  doors,  the  win- 
dows or  doors  shall  be  of  fire-resisting  glass  and  have  metal 
frames  and  sash,  or  such  fire  escapes  shall  be  hooded  with 
metal  for  at  least  two  feet  each  side  of  such  opening. 

.ARTICLE  XX. 

FIRE  LIMITS. 

As  defined  by  ordinance  passed   March  29.  1909. 
Sec.  686.    Fire  Limits  of  City. — The  fire  limits  of  the  City 
of  Chicago  shall  be  and  are  hereby  rlefined  as   follows:      .Ml 


that  p.irt  of  the  City  of  Chicago  l)ouuded  by  the  following 
limits:  Commencing  at  the  intersection  of  the  shore  of  Lake 
.Michigan  ami  a  line  one  hundred  and  fifty  feet  north  of  the 
center  of  Belmont  avenue,  thence  west  on  said  first  mentioned 
line  to  the  center  line  of  N'orth  Halsted  street,  thence  south 
along  said  center  line  of  North  Halsted  street  to  the  center 
line  of  Fullerlon  avenue,  thence  west  along  said  center  line 
of  Fullerlon  avenue  to  the  center  of  the  .\orlh  Branch  of 
the  Chicago  River,  thence  northwesterly  along  the  center  of 
said  .North  Branch  of  the  Chicago  River  to  the  center  line 
of  Belmont  avenue,  thence  west  along  said  center  line  of 
Belmont  aveinie  to  the  center  line  of  Kedzie  avenue,  thence 
south  along  said  center  line  of  Kedzie  avenue  to  the  center 
line  of  West  North  avenue,  thence  west  along  said  center 
line  of  West  North  avenue  to  the  center  line  of  North 
Fortieth  avenue,  thence  south  along  said  center  line  of  North 
Fortieth  avenue  to  the  center  line  of  the  first  alley  north  of 
Park  avenue,  thence  west  along  the  center  line  of  said  alley 
to  the  center  line  of  South  Forty-sixth  avenue,  thence  south' 
along  said  center  line  of  South  Forty-sixth  avenue  to  the 
center  line  of  West  Madison  street,  thence  west  along  the 
center  line  of  West  Madison  street  to  the  center  line  of 
South  Forty-eighth  avenue,  thence  north  along  said  center 
line  of  South  Forty-eighth  avenue  to  the  center  line  of 
Kinzie  street,  thence  west  along  said  center  line  of  Kinzic 
street  to  the  center  line  of  South  Fifty-second  avenue,  thence 
south  along  said  center  line  of  South  Fifty-second  avenue  to 
the  center  line  of  West  .Madison  street,  thence  east  along 
said  center  line  of  West  Madison  street  to  the  center  line 
of  South  Fiftieth  avenue,  thence  south  along  said  center  line 
of  South  Fiftieth  avenue  to  the  north  line  of  the  present 
right  of  way  of  the  Chicago  &  Great  Western  Railroad 
Company,  thence  east  along  the  said  north  line  of  said  right 
of  way  to  the  center  line  of  South  Forty-eighth  avenue, 
thence  south  along  the  said  center  line  of  South  Forty-eighth 
avenue  to  the  center  line  of  West  Twelfth  street,  thence 
east  along  said  center  line  of  West  Twelfth  street  to  the 
center  line  of  South  Forty-sixth  avenue,  thence  south  along 
said  center  line  of  South  Forty-sixth  avenue  to  the  center 
line  of  West  Twenty-second  street,  thence  east  along  said 
center  line  of  West  Twenty-second  street  to  the  center  line 
of  South  Fortieth  avenue :  thence  south  along  said  center 
line  of  South  Fortieth  avenue  to  the  center  line  of  the 
Illinois  and  Michigan  Canal,  thence  northeasterly  along  the 
center  line  of  the  said  canal  to  the  center  line  of  South  Western 
avenue:  thence  south  along  said  center  line  of  South  Western 
avenue  to  the  center  line  of  West  Thirty-ninlli  street,  thence 
cast  along  said  center  line  of  West  Thirty-ninth  street  to 
the  center  line  of  State  street,  thence  south  along  said  center 
line  of  State  street  to  the  north  line  of  West  Forty-seventh 
street,  thence  west  along  said  north  line  of  West  Forty- 
seventh  street  to  a  line  seventj'-five  feet  west  of  the  west 
line  of  South  Halsted  street,  thence  south  to  a  line  seventy- 
five  feet  north  of  the  west  line  of  South  Halsted  street  along 
said  line  seventy-five  feet  west  of  the  north  line  of  West 
Sixty-third  street,  thence  west  along  said  line  seventy-five 
feel  north  of  the  north  line  of  West  Sixty-third  street  to  the 
center  line  of  South  .Ashland  avenue,  thence  south  along  the 
center  line  of  South  .Vshland  avenue  to  the  center  line  of 
West  Sixty-third  street,  thence  east  along  said  center  line  of 
West  Sixty-third  street  to  the  center  line  of  State  street, 
thence  .south  along  said  center  line  of  Stale  street  to  the 
center  line  of  East  Seventy-fifth  street,  thence  east  along  said 
center  line  of  East  Seventy-fifth  street  to  the  center  line  of 
Cfilfax  avenue,  thence  south  along  the  center  line  of  Colfa.x 
avenue  to  the  center  line  of  Seventy-ninth  street,  thence  east 


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A     HALF    CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


along  the  center  line  of  Seventy-ninth  street  to  the  sliore  of 
Lake  Michigan,  thence  northerly  and  northwesterly  along  the 
shore  of  Lake  Michigan  to  the  place  of  beginning. 

Also,  commencing  at  a  point  in  the  center  of  Manistee 
avenue,  where  it  intersects  the  right  of  way  of  the  main  line 
of  the  Lake  Shore  &  Michigan  Southern  Railroad;  thence 
northeasterly  and  north  along  the  center  line  of  Manistee 
avenue  to  the  center  line  of  Eighty-ninth  street,  thence  east 
along  the  center  line  of  Eighty-ninth  street  to  the  center  line 
of  Mackinaw  avenue,  thence  south  along  the  center  line  of 
Mackinaw  avenue  to  the  center  line  of  Harbor  avenue,  thence 
southwesterly  along  the  center  line  of  Harbor  avenue  to  the 
center  line  of  Ninety-third  street;  thence  west  along  the 
center  line  of  Ninety-third  street  to  the  easterly  line  of  the 
Baltimore  &  Ohio  Railroad  right  of  way;  thence  south  along 
the  easterly  line  of  the  Baltimore  &  Ohio  Railroad  right  of 
way  and  Baltimore  &  Ohio  Railroad  extended,  to  tBe  north- 
easterly line  of  said  Lake  Shore  &  Michigan  Southern  Rail- 
road; thence  northwesterly  along  the  northeasterly  line  of 
said  right  of  way  to  the  place  of  beginning. 

As  defined  by  ordinance  passed  March  29,  1909. 

Also,  commencing  at  the  east  line  of  Jackson  Park  avenue 
and  the  south  line  of  the  Pittsburg,  Ft.  Wayne  &  Chicago 
Railroad  Company's  right  of  way,  and  running  southeasterly 
along  the  right  of  way  along  the  Pittsburg,  Ft.  Wayne  & 
Chicago  Railroad  Company's  right  of  way  to  the  north  line 
of  Eighty-third  street,  thence  west  along  the  north  line  of 
Eighty-third  street  to  Jackson  Park  avenue,  thence  north 
along  the  east  line  of  Jackson  Park  avenue  to  the  place  of 
beginning. 

Sec.  687.  Fire  Limits — Provisional. — Provided,  however, 
that  any  person  desiring  to  erect  a  frame  or  wooden  building, 
to  be  used  for  residence  or  mercantile  purposes  within  that 
portion  of  the  territory  bounded  on  the  east,  between  Si.xty- 
seventh  and  Seventy-fifth  streets,  by  Lake  Michigan,  on  the 
south  by  the  center  line  of  Seventy-fifth  street,  on  the  west 
by  the  center  line  of  State  street  to  the  intersection  of  Sixty- 
third  street,  thence  east  along  the  center  line  of  Sixty-third 
street  to  the  intersection  of  Cottage  Grove  avenue,  thence 
south  along  the  center  line  of  Cottage  Grove  aventie  to  the 
intersection  of  Sixty-seventh  street,  thence  east  along  the 
center  line  of  Sixty-seventh  street  to  Lake  Michigan,  shall 
have  a  right  to  do  so,  upon  presenting  a  petition  to  the  Com- 
missioner of  Buildings,  together  with  a  plat,  plans  and  speci- 
fications showing  the  place  where  such  building  is  to  be 
erected.  Such  petition  shall  be  verified  by  the  affidavit  of  the 
applicant  and  shall  contain  the  written  consent  of  the  owners 
of  a  majority  of  the  frontage  upon  each  side  of  the  streets 
or  alleys  in  the  block  or  square  in  which  the  building  is  to 
be  erected. 

No  frame  or  wooden  residence  or  mercantile  building  shall 
be  erected  within  the  said  provisional  fire  limits  exceeding 
forty  feet  in  height  unless  the  basement  story  shall  be  con- 
structed of  brick  or  stone,  in  which  case  the  height  shall  not 
exceed  forty-five  feet  above  the  sidewalk. 

Sec.  688.  Fire  Limits — Exception  From. — There  shall  be 
excepted  from  the  fire  limits  as  hereinbefore  defined,  the 
territory  bounded  as  follows : 

Commencing  at  the  intersection  of  a  line  seventy-five  feet 
west  of  the  west  line  of  State  street  and  a  line  seventy-five 
feet  south  of  the  south  line  of  Forty-seventh  street,  thence 
west  along  said  line  seventy-five  feet  south  of  the  south  line 
of  Forty-seventh  street  to  a  line  seventy-five  feet  east  of  the 
east  line  of  Wentworth  avenue,  thence  south  along  said  line 
seventy-five  feet  cast  of  the  east  line  of  Wentworth  avenue 


to  a  line  seventy-five  feet  north  of  the  north  line  of  Sixty- 
third  street  to  a  line  seventy-five  feet  west  of  the  west  line 
of  State  street,  thence  north  along  said  fine  seventy-five  feet 
west  of  the  west  line  of  State  street  to  the  place  of  begin- 
ning. 

Also  that  territory  within  the  lines  beginning  at  the  inter- 
section of  a  line  seventy-five  feet  west  of  the  west  line  of 
Wentworth  avenue,  and  a  line  seventy-five  feet  south  of  the 
south  line  of  Forty-seventh  street;  thence  west  along  said 
line  seventy-five  feet  south  of  the  south  line  of  Forty-seventh 
street  to  a  line  seventy-five  feet  east  of  the  east  line  of  South. 
Halsted  street ;  thence  south  along  said  line  seventy-five  feet 
north  of  the  north  line  of  South  Halsted  street  to  a  Hne 
seventy-five  feet  north  of  the  north  line  of  Sixty-third- street ; 
thence  east  along  said  line  seventy-five  feet  north  of  the 
north  line  of  Sixty-third  street  to  a  line  seventy-five  feet 
west  of  the  west  line  of  Wentworth  avenue ;  thence  north 
along  said  line  seventy-five  feet  west  of  the  west  line  of 
Wentworth  avenue  to  the  place  of  beginning. 

As  amended  by  ordinance  of  Feb.  26,  1906. 

ARTICLE  XXI. 

FRONTAGE  CONSENTS. 

Sec.  689.  Definition  of  Word  "Block,"  as  Used  in  This 
Chapter. — Whenever  in  this  chapter  a  provision  is  made  that 
frontage  consents  shall  be  obtained  for  the  erection,  construc- 
tion, alteration,  enlargement  or  maintenance  of  any  building 
or  structure  in  any  block,  the  word  "block,"  so  used,  shall 
not  be  held  to  mean  a  square,  but  shall  be  held  to  embrace 
only  that  part  of  a  street  bounding  the  square  which  lies 
between  the  two  nearest  intersecting  streets,  one  on  either 
side  of  the  point  at  which  such  building  or  structure  is  to  be 
erected,  constructed,  altered,  enlarged  or  maintained,  unless 
it  shall  be  otherwise  specifically  provided. 

Sec.  690.  Hospitals — Permits — Special  Consents — Height 
Of. — It  shall  be  unlawful  for  any  person  or  corporation  to 
build,  constrvict,  maintain,  conduct  or  manage  in  any  block, 
if  two-thirds  of  the  buildings  fronting  upon  both  sides  of 
the  streets  bounding  such  block  or  square  are  devoted  ex- 
clusively to  residence  purposes,  any  hospital  for  the  care, 
treatment  or  nursing  of  three  or  more  insane  persons;  or 
any  hospital  for  the  care,  treatment  or  nursing  of  three  or 
more  inebriates,  or  persons  suffering  from  the  effects  of  the 
excessive  use  of  alcoholic  liquors ;  or  any  hospital  for  the 
care,  treatment  or  nursing  of  three  or  more  epileptics;  or 
any  hospital  for  the  care,  treatment  or  nursing  of  three  or 
more  persons  addicted  to,  or  suffering  from,  the  excessive 
use  of  morphine,  cocaine  or  other  similar  drugs  or  narcotics ; 
or  any  hospital  for  the  care,  treatment  or  nursing  of  any 
person  or  persons  affected  with  any  infectious  or  contagious 
disease,  unless  the  owners  of  a  majority  of  the  frontage  in 
such  block  and  in  addition  thereto  the  owners  of  a  majority 
of  the  frontage  on  the  opposite  sides  of  the  streets  bounding 
such  block  consent  in  writing  to  the  building,  constructing  or 
maintaining,  managing  or  conducting  of  any  such  hospital  in 
such  block.  Such  written  consents  of  the  majorities  of  such 
property  owners  shall  be  filed  with  the  Commissioner  of 
Buildings,  and  an  exact  copy  of  same  shall  be  filed  with  the 
Commissioner  of  Health  before  a  permit  shall  be  granted 
for  the  building  or  constructing  or  a  license  issued  for  the 
maintaining,  conducting  or  managing  of  any  such  hospital. 
Provided,  that  any  such  liuilding  that  may  be  used  for  such 
purposes  as  set  forth  in  this  section  and  which  is  over  two 
stories  in  height  shall  be  of  fireproof  construction  throughout, 


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A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


ami  no  hospital  shall  be  built  to  exceed  six  stories  in  heiglit. 
(Repealed.     Sec  note  at  bottom  of  page.) 

Sec.  691.  Hosfilols — LotOlioii  of  W'lir  Sthool  Houses. — 
Amended  by  ordinance  March  4.  1907.  to  read  as  follows : 

Xo  hospital  of  any  kind  or  description  hereafter  erected  or 
established  shall  be  erected  or  established  on  any  lot  or 
parcel  of  groinid  any  part  of  which  is  located  within  four 
hundred  feet  by  the  nearest  traveled  route  of  any  property 
useil  for  school  purposes.  (Repealed.  See  note  at  l>ottom  of 
page.) 

Sec.  692.    Amended  July  13,  1908,  to  read  as  follows : 

It  shall  not  be  lawful  for  any  person  or  corporation  to 
locate,  build,  construct  or  maintain  on  any  street  or  alley  in 
the  city  any  building  or  place  used  for  junk  shop  or  junk 
yard  without  the  written  consent  of  a  majority  of  the  prop- 
erty owners  in  the  block  in  which  said  junk  shop  or  junk 
yard  is  sought  to  be  located,  built,  constructed  or  maintained 
according  to  the  frontage  on  both  sides  of  such  street  or 
alley:  nor  for  any  person  or  corporation  to  locate,  build, 
construct  or  maintain  on  any  street  or  alley  in  the  city  in 
any  block  in  which  two-tliirds  of  the  buildings  on  both  sides 
of  the  street  are  used  exclusively  for  residence  purposes  any 
building  or  place  used  for  gas  reservoir,  packing  house,  ren- 
dering plant,  soap  factory,  tannery,  boarding,  livery  or  sale 
stable,  blacksmith  shop,  foundry,  lirewery  or  distillery,  grain 
elevator,  or  laundry  to  be  run  by  machinery,  or  machine  shop, 
without  the  written  consent  of  a  majority  of  the  property 
owners  according  to  the  frontage  on  both  sides  of  such  street 
or  alley. 

Such  written  consent  shall  be  obtained  and  tiled  with  tlic 
Commissioner  of  Buildings  before  a  permit  is  issued  for  tlie 
construction  of  any  such  building  or  place :  provided,  that  in 
determining  whether  two-thirds  of  the  buildings  on  both  sides 
of  the  street  are  u.sed  exclusively  for  residence  purposes  any 
building  fronting  upon  another  street  and  located  upon  a 
corner  lot  shall  not  be  considered. 

Under  amendments,  see  al.so  ordinance  requiring  frontage 
consents  for  buildings  used  for  theatrical  or  dramatic  enter- 
tainments, etc..  together  with  an  ordinance  prohibiting  sucli 
buildings  nearer  than  2C0  feet  of  a  church  or  educational 
building. 

Sec.  693.  Reformatories — Shelleriitg  Inslilulioiis. — It  shall 
be  unlawful  for  any  person  or  corporation  to  build,  construct, 
maintain,  conduct  or  manage  any  reformatory,  rescue  or 
sheltering  institution  in  any  block  or  square  in  whicli  two- 
thirds  of  the  buildings  on  both  sides  of  the  street  or  streets 
on  which  the  proposed  reformatory,  rescue  or  sheltering  insti- 
tution may  front  are  used  exclusively  for  residence  purposes, 
without  the  written  consent  of  a  majority  of  the  property 
owners,  according  to  frontage,  on  both  sides  of  tlic  streets 
bounding  such  block. 

Such  written  consent  shall  be  nl)t;iined  and  tiled  with  tlie 
Commissioner  of  Huildings  before  a  permit  is  issued  for  the 
construction  or  keeping  of  such  building. 

Provided,  that  in  determining  whether  two-thirds  of  the 
buildings  on  both  sides  of  the  street  arc  used  exclusively  for 
residence  purposes,  any  building  fronting  upon  another  street 
and  located  upon  a  corner  lot  shall  not  be  considered. 

Sec.  694.  Permits  for  .\fofitig  Frame  Buildings — Require- 
ments— U'ritten  Coiiseuls  ^fust  Be  Obtained — Affida'^its  Made. 


NoTK — Si*e  also  ordinanc<*  amendini;  N-c.  691  as  to  Blacksmith  Shops, 
under  "Amendments.*'  on  paiif  2U3. 

NoTF— Sections.  690  and  691  (loKether  with  279).  repealed  by  ordinanci' 
eovemine  Hospitals,  passed  J\ine  1,  I9W.  page  Hfi  rt  seq..  Council  Proci-od- 
inKS. 


—  Permits  to  move  frame  Imildings  shall  be  granted,  if  any 
such  frame  building  has  not  been  damaged  to  an  extent 
greater  than  fifty  per  cent  of  its  original  cost,  by  tire,  wear 
and  tear,  the  action  of  the  elements  or  otherwise.  .\ny  per- 
.son  desiring  to  remove  a  frame  building  shall  first  obtain 
the  written  consent  to  such  removal  from  persons  owning  a 
majority  of  the  frontage  of  the  lots  on  both  sides  of  the 
street  in  the  same  block  to  which  the  building  is  to  be 
removed. 

.\s  amended  by  ordinance  of  June  S,  1906. 

This  section  shall  not  apply  to  the  case  of  any  person 
removing  a  building  upon  his  own  premises  and  not  going 
upon  the  premises  of  any  other  person,  or  upon  any  street, 
alley  or  other  public  place,  in  making  such  removal. 

Provided,  however,  that  no  permit  shall  be  issued  for  the 
removal  of  any  frame  building  from  any  point  outside  the 
fire  limits  to  any  point  within  the  fire  limits,  when  such 
building  is  of  such  a  char.icler  that  it  would  not  be  lawful  to 
l)uild  it  uitliin  the  lire  limits. 

.VRTICLE  XXII. 

LSI-;   AXl)  (JRSTRUCTIOX  OF  STRKRTS   FOR 

RUILDIXG  PURPOSES 

Sec.  695.  Side-walk  and  Street— Oeeupation  (.)f—Liiniliilioiis. 

—  The  extent  of  occupation  of  sidewalk  and  street  to  be 
covered  by  the  terms  of  a  permit  for  street  obstruction  or 
buililing  shall  be  as  follows : 

Such  permit  shall  not  authorize  the  occupation  of  any  side- 
walk or  street  or  part  thereof  other  than  that  inunediately 
in  front  of  the  lot  or  lots  upon  which  any  building  is  in 
process  of  erection  and  in  relation  to  which  such  permit  is 
issued. 

During  the  progress  of  l)uilding  operations  a  sidewalk  not 
less  than  four  (4)  feet  in  width  shall  be  at  all  times  kept 
open  and  unobstructed  for  the  purpose  of  passage  in  front  of 
such  lot  or  lots.  Such  sidewalk  shall,  if  there  are  excavations 
on  either  side  of  the  same,  be  protected  by  substantial  railings 
whioli  shall  be  built  and  maintained  thereon  so  long  as  such 
excavations  continue  to  exist.  It  is  not  intended  hereby  to 
prohibit  the  maintenance  of  a  driveway  for  the  delivery  of 
material  across  such  sidewalk  from  tlie  curb  line  to  the 
building  site. 

Sec.  696.  Side<K'alks—Delizvry  of  Material— Elexaled  Side- 
walks.—\t  shall  be  permitted  for  the  purposes  of  delivering 
material  to  the  basements  of  buildings  in  process  of  erection 
to  erect  elevated  temporary  sidewalks  to  a  height  of  not 
exceeding  four  feet  above  the  curb  level  of  the  street ;  and 
in  case  a  sidewalk  is  so  elevated,  it  shall  be  provided  with 
good,  substantial  steps  or  easy  inclines  on  both  ends  of  the 
same  and  shall  have  railings  on  both  sides  thereof. 

Sec.  697.  Side-ccalks— Temporary  Roof  Over— Time  .\Iain- 
laiiied. — If  the  building  to  be  erected  is  more  than  four  stories 
in  height,  and  is  set  at  or  near  the  .street  line,  there  shall  be 
built  over  the  adjoining  sidewalk  a  roof  having  a  framework 
and  covering  composed  of  supports  and  stringers  of  three  by 
twelve  timbers,  not  more  than  four  feet  from  centers,  cov- 
ered liy  two  layers  of  two-inch  plank. 

Such  roof  shall  be  maintained  as  long  as  material  is  being 
use<l  or  handled  on  such  street  front  and  above  the  level  of 
such   sidewalk. 

In  all  cases  such  temporary  sidewalks  and  their  railings 
and  approaches,  and  the  roofs  over  the  same,  shall  be  made, 
as  regards  ease  of  approach,  strength  ami  safet)',  to  the 
.satisfaction  of  the  Commissioner  of  Ruildings. 


V)7 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


Sec.  698.  Street — Storage  of  Building  Materials— Limita- 
tions.— The  occupation  of  tlie  street  for  the  storage  of  build- 
ing materials,  or  for  temporary  sidewalks,  shall  never  exceed, 
in  front  of  any  one  building,  one-third  of  the  width  of  the 
roadway  of  the  same,  and  in  no  event  shall  any  material  be 
stored  or  placed  within  four  feet  of  any  street  or  steam 
railway  track. 

Sec.  6S9.  Sidc'd'alks  and  Street — Excavated  Material  and 
Rubbish  On — How  Cored  For. — Earth,  other  than  sand  to  be 
used  in  the  construction  of  the  building,  taken  from  excava- 
tions, and  rubbish  taken  from  buildings  shall  not  be  stored 
either  upon  sidewalks  or  roadways  of  streets,  and  shall  be 
removed  therefrom  from  day  to  day  as  rapidly  as  produced. 
When  dry  rubbish,  apt  to  produce  dust,  is  being  handled,  it 
shall  be  kept  wetted  down  so  as  to  prevent  its  being  blown 
about  by  the  wind. 

Sec.  700.  Derrieks — Limitations. — For  all  buildings  more 
than  four  stories  in  height,  the  use  of  derricks  set  upon  the 
sidewalk  of  street  is  prohibited.  In  no  case  shall  the  guy 
lines  be  less  than  fifteen  feet  above  the  roadbed. 

Sec.  701.  Frontage  Adjacent — Hozv  Occupied  for  Building 
Purposes. — If  the  written  consent  and  a  waiver  of  claims  for 
damages  against  the  city  of  the  owners  of  properties  abutting 
upon  the  site  of  any  proposed  building  is  first  obtained  and  filed 
with  the  Commissioner  of  Public  Works,  the  permission  to 
occupy  the  roadway  and  the  sidewalk  may  be  extended  beyond 
the  limits  of  such  building  in  front  of  the  property  for  which 
the  consent  of  the  owner  or  lessee  thereof  has  been  secured, 
upon  the  same  terms  and  conditions  as  those  herein  fixed  for 
the  occupation  of  sidewalk  and  street  in  front  of  the  building 
site. 

Sec.  702.  Street.  Use  of,  for  Building  Purposes — When 
Terminated. — Streets  and  sidewalks  may  be  occupied  for  the 
purposes  of  building  only  in  connection  with  the  actual  erec- 
tion, repair,  alteration  or  removal  of  buildings,  and  permis- 
sion for  such  occupancy  shall  terminate  with  the  completion 
of  such  operation.  It  shall  be  unlawful  to  occupy  any  side- 
walk or  street  after  the  completion  of  the  operation  for' 
which  a  permit  has  been  issued  by  the  Department  of  Build- 
ings. It  shall  also  be  unlawful  to  occupy  a  sidewalk  or 
street,  under  authority  of  such  permit,  for  the  storage  of 
articles  not  intended -for  immediate  use  in  connection  with 
the  operations  for  which  such  permit  has  been  issued. 

Sec.  703.  Red  Lights. — Red  lanterns  shall  be  displayed  and 
maintained  during  the  whole  of  every  night  at  each  end  of 
every  pile  of  material  in  any  street  or  alley  and  at  cacli  end 
of  every  excavation. 

Sec.  704.  Street  Obstructions  —  Permits  —  Bonds  —  Fees.— 
Permits  for  the  obstruction  of  streets  shall  be  issued  by  the 
Commissioner  of  Public  Works  and  shall  be  paid  for,  in 
proportion  to  the  street  frontage  occupied,  at  the  rate  of  two 
dollars  per  montli  for  each  twenty-five  feet  of  frontage  so 
occupied. 

No  permit  shall  be  issued  until  the  applicant  therefor  shall 
have  executed  and  filed  with  the  Commissioner  of  Public 
Works  a  bond,  with  sureties  to  be  approved  by  said  Com- 
missioner, and  in  an  amount  to  be  designated  by  him  (in  no 
case  to  be  less  than  ten  thousand  dollars),  conditioned  to  in- 
demnify, save  and  keep  harmless  the  city  from  any  and  all 
loss,  cost,  expense  or  liability  of  any  kind  whatsoever  which 
it,  the  city,  may  suffer  or  be  put  to  or  which  may  be  recovered 
from  it  from  or  by  reason  of  the  issuance  of  such  permit, 
or  by  reason  of  any  act  or  thing  done  under  or  by  virtue 
of  the  authority  given  in  sucli  permit. 


ARTICLE  XXIII. 

BILLBOARDS   AND   SIGNS. 

This  entire  article  amended  by  ordinance  of  January  2, 
1907,  together  with  a  new  section,  to  be  known  as  Section 
706a,  added. 

Sec.  705.  Billboards  or  Signboards  on  Buildings. — Every 
billboard  of  greater  height  than  two  feet  and  placed  on  any 
building  shall  be  faced  with  iron  or  other  incombustible 
material  with  framework  of  wood  or  iron,  and  shall  be  se- 
curely anchored  and  fastened  to  such  building  in  such  manner 
as  to  make  the  same  safe,  to  the  satisfaction  and  approval 
of  the  Commissioner  of  Buildings.  When  such  billboard  or 
signboard  is  situated  above  or  upon  the  roof  of  any  building 
the  supports  and  framework  for  same  may  be  of  wood,  and 
the  number  of  such  supports  and  the  construction  of  same 
and  the  construction  of  the  framework  for  same  shall  be 
satisfactory  to  and  approved  by  the  said  Commissioner. 

No  billboard  or  signboard  anchored  to,  fastened  to,  or  sit- 
uated above  or  upon  the  roof  of  any  building  shall  be  placed 
so  that  the  face  of  same  shall  come  within  three  feet  of  the 
inner  plane  of  the  outer  wall  of  such  building,  nor  shall  the 
same  be  constructed  so  that  the  bottom  of  such  billboard  or 
signboard  shall  be  less  than  one  foot  or  more  than  three  feet 
above  the  surface  of  such  roof ;  the  face  of  such  billboard 
or  signboard  shall  not  exceed  ten  feet  in  height,  nor  shall  it 
exceed  twenty-four  feet  in  length  for  every  twenty-five  feet 
of  frontage  on  the  building  on  which  it  is  placed,  nor  extend 
beyond  the  wall  of  said  building;  and  such  billboard  or  sign- 
board shall  have  a  door  in  the  center  of  same  which  can  be 
readily  opened  and  which  when  so  opened  will  leave  a  clear 
space  at  least  four  feet  in  width  and  seven  feet  in  height 
from  the  roof  to  the  top  of  said  door. 

No  billboard  or  signboard  shall  be  anchored  to,  fastened  to 
or  situated  above  or  upon  the  roof  of  any  building  more  than 
two  (2)  stories  in  height ;  and  no  billboard  or  signboard  shall 
be  anchored  to,  fastened  to  or  situated  above  or  upon  the 
roof  of  any  building  having  other  than  a  flat  roof. 

No  billboard  or  signboard  such  as  is  described  in  this  sec- 
tion, whether  anchored  to  or  fastened  to  any  building  or  sit- 
uated or  located  upon  the  roof  thereof,  shall  be  constructed 
and  put  in  place  unless  in  accordance  with  plans  and  speci- 
fications which  have  been  submitted  to  and  approved  by  the 
Commissioner  of  Buildings. 

Sec.  706.  Si~e  and  Construction  of  Billboards  and  Sign- 
boards Erected  Within  Fire  Limits  Otiierzvise  Than  on  Build- 
ings.— No  billboards  or  signboards  erected  within  the  fire 
limits  as  now  defined  or  as  they  may  hereafter  be  defined  by 
ordinances  of  the  city  (other  than  signboards  and  billboards 
referred  to  in  Sections  70S  and  707  hereof)  shall  exceed  twelve 
(12)  feet  in  height,  and  the  same  shall  be  constructed  of  tin 
or  galvanized  iron  or  some  other  equally  incombustible  ma- 
terial, except  that  the  stringers,  uprights  and  braces  thereof 
may  be  made  of  wood.  All  such  billboards  or  signboards 
shall  be  securely  anchored  or  fastened  so  as  to  be  safe  and 
substantial. 

Sec.  706a.  Height  and  Distance  From  Ground  of  Billboard 
or  Signboard  Erected  Within  Fire  Limits. — No  billboard  or 
signboard  (other  than  those  referred  to  in  Sections  705  and 
707  hereof)  shall  be  constructed  within  the  fire  limits  at  a 
greater  height  than  seventeen  feet  above  the  level  of  the  ad- 
joining street,  and  the  base  of  the  billboard  or  signboard  shall 
be  in  all  cases  at  least  five  feet  above  the  level  of  the  adjoin- 
ing street,  and  in  case  the  surface  of  the  ground  upon  which 


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A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


such  billboard  or  signboard  is  erected  is  above  the  grade  of 
the  adjoining  street,  the  base  of  such  billboard  or  signboard 
shall  be  not  less  than  two  feet  above  the  surface  of  the 
ground.  In  case  the  grade  of  the  adjoining  street  or  streets 
has  not  been  established,  no  such  billboard  or  signboard  shall 
he  constructed  at  a  greater  height  than  seventeen  feet  above 
the  level  of  the  street  .xljoining  tile  ground  uiioii  whicli  such 
billboard  or  signboard  is  erected. 

Sec.  707.  ll'oodi-ii  Hillhoards  or  Signboards — Coiislruilioii 
— Sicr — ExiCflioiis — Hillhoards  or  signboards  not  exceeding 
twelve  square  feet  in  area  may  be  built  of  wood  or  otlier 
combustible  material,  and  such  billboards  or  signboards  shall 
be  e.\empt  from  the  provisions  of  this  article.  Signs  erected 
flat  against  the  face  of  buildings  shall  also  be  exempt  from 
the  provisions  of  this  .\rticle,  provided  that  such  signs  shall 
be  safely  and  securely  fastened  to  the  building. 

Sec.  708.  Billboards  or  Signboards  Erected  Outside  of  the 
Fire  Limits — Construction — Size. — All  billboards  or  sign- 
boards erected  outside  of  tlie  tire  limits  as  now  defined  or  as 
they  may  hereafter  be  delined  by  the  ordinances  of  the  city 
(other  than  those  referred  to  in  Sections  70S  and  707  hereof) 
shall  comply  with  the  following  conditions : 

If  such  billboard  or  signboard  be  erected  or  located  so  that 
no  part  thereof  is  nearer  than  ten  feet  to  any  building. 
wooden  fence,  or  other  structure,  such  billboard  or  signboard 
may  be  constructed  of  wood  or  other  combustible  material, 
but  no  part  of  same  shall  exceed  seventeen  feet  in  lieiglit,  and 
the  same  shall  be  so  constructed  that  there  shall  lie  a  clear 
space  of  not  less  than  five  feet  between  the  bottom  of  such 
billboard  or  signboard  and  the  surface  of  the  ground  upon 
which  such  billboard  or  signboard  is  erected.  If  any  part  of 
such  billboard  or  signboard  shall  he  within  ten  feet  of  any 
building,  wooden  fence,  or  other  structure,  the  size  and  con- 
struction of  such  billboard  or  signboard  shall  be  limited  as  is 
provided  in  Sections  706  and  706a  for  billboards  or  signboards 
erected  w-ithin  the  fire  limits.  All  billboards  or  signboards 
erected  outside  of  the  fire  limits  as  provided  for  in  this  section 
shall  be  securely  anchored  or  fastened  so  as  to  be  safe  and 
substantial. 

Sec.  709.  iVo  billboard  or  Signboard  Shall  Be  Erected 
Without  Permit. — \o  billboard  or  signboard  such  as  is  de- 
scribed in  this  article  shall  be  erected  or  maintained  within 
the  City  unless  a  permit  shall  first  have  been  secured  1)y  the 
person  desiring  to  erect  or  maintain  such  liilUioard  or  sign- 
board from  the  Commissioner  of  Buildings,  to  whom  applica- 
tion for  such  permit  shall  be  made :  and  such  application  shall 
be  accompanied  by  such  plans  and  specifications  of  the  pro- 
posed billboard  or  signboard  as  are  necessary  to  fully  advise 
and  acquaint  the  said  Commissioner  with  the  construction  of 
such  proposed  billboard  or  signboard.  If  the  plans  and  speci- 
fications accompanying  such  application  shall  be  in  accordance 
with  the  provisions  of  this  article,  said  Commissioner  shall 
thereupon  issue  a  permit  for  the  erection  of  such  billboard  or 
signboard,  upon  the  payment  by  the  applicant  of  a  fee  as 
hereinafter  fi.xed :  provided,  however,  that  none  of  the  pro- 
visions of  this  article  shall  apply  to  or  affect  any  billboard 
erected  upon  land  abutting  the  right-of-way  of  any  railroad 
where  such  billboard  docs  not  come  within  twenty-five  feet  of 
any  public  highway  and  where  the  bottom  of  such  billboard 
is  not  less  than  three  feet  from  the  ground  and  the  same  is 
situated  more  than  fifty  feet  from  any  building. 

Sec.  710.  Alteration  and  Refair  of  Billboards  and  Sign- 
boards.— No  material  alteration  of  any  billboard  or  signboard 
shall  be  made  except   upon   a  written   permit   issued  by  the 


Commissioner  of  Huildiiig^  authorizing  such  alteration:  and 
such  permit  shall  he  issued  upon  application  in  writing  made 
to  such  Commissioner  by  the  owner  of  such  billboard  or  sign- 
hoard  or  by  the  person  in  charge,  possession,  or  control  there- 
of, accompanied  by  a  plan  or  statement  of  the  proposed  alter- 
ations to  he  made;  which,  if  satisfactory  tfi  and  approved  by 
the  Commissioner  of  liuililings,  shall  authorize  such  applicant 
to  receive  a  permit  upon  the  payment  of  a  fee  therefor  as 
hereinafter  fixed:  but  such  alteration  shall  not  be  construed 
to  apply  to  the  changing  of  any  advertising  inatter  of  any 
billboard  or  signboard,  nor  the  refaciiig  of  the  framework 
supporting  same. 

Sec.  711.  Billboards  .Vtiii'  E.risting  to  be  Altered  to  Comply 
icilh  the  Provisions  of  this  .Irticle. — Every  now  existing  bill- 
boar<I  or  signboard,  whether  erected  ujion  or  above  the  roof 
of  any  building  or  attached  or  fastened  to  the  wall  or  walls 
of  any  building,  or  standing  upon  or  erected  upon  any  lot  or 
premises,  which  is  now  erected  or  which  is  now  maintained 
contrary  to  the  provisions  of  this  article,  shall  be  forthwith 
removed  or  altered,  changed,  or  cut  down  so  as  to  fully 
comply  with  such  provisions:  and  any  billboard  or  signboard 
now  existing  and  not  comiilying  with  the  provisions  of  this 
article  which  shall  not  have  lieeii  removed  or  torn  down  or 
so  altered  and  changed  within  nine  months  from  and  after 
the  passage  of  this  ordinance  as  to  be  brought  into  conform- 
ity witli  the  provisions  of  this  article  by  the  owner  thereof 
r)r  by  the  person  in  charge,  possession,  or  control  thereof. 
shall  be  torn  down  by  the  Commissioner  of  Buildings  and 
the  cost  and  expense  of  tearing  down  such  billboard  or  sign- 
board shall  be  charged  to  the  owner  of  such  billboard  or  sign- 
In  i.ird  or  the  person  in  charge,  possession,  or  control  thereof, 
•  Mi'l  shall  be  recovered  from  such  pcr.son  for  the  use  of  the 
city  liy  any  appropriate  proceeding  therefor. 

Sec.  712.  Duty  of  Coiiiinissioner — Ozcner's  Xame  to  be 
Placed  on  Tob  of  Billboard.— \t  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  Com- 
missioner of  Buildings  to  inspect  all  plans  :ind  specifications 
submitted  in  connection  with  the  erection  or  construction  or 
the  alteration  or  repair  of  any  billboard  or  signboard  and  to 
approve  same  if  the  method  of  construction  and  provisions 
made  for  fastening,  securing,  anchoring  and  maintaining  such 
billboards  or  signboards  are  such  as  will  serve  to  protect  the 
public  and  to  render  sucli  billboards  or  signboards  safe  and 
siilislaiitial.  It  is  furtlur  made  the  duty  of  the  Commissioner 
of  liuildiiigs  to  exercise  a  supervision  over  all  billboards  and 
signboards  erected  or  being  maintained  un<Ier  the  provisions 
of  this  article:  and  whenever  it  shall  appear  to  said  Com- 
missioner that  any  sucli  billboard  or  signboard  has  been 
erected  in  violation  of  this  ordinance  or  is  in  an  unsafe  con- 
dition or  has  become  unstable  or  insecure  or  in  such  a  con- 
dition as  to  be  a  menace  to  the  safety  of  the  public,  he  shall 
thereupon  issue  or  cau.sc  to  he  issued  a  notice  in  writing  to 
the  owner  of  such  billboard  or  signboard  or  the  person  in 
cliargc,  I).)^session  or  control  thereof,  if  the  whereabouts  of 
such  person  is  known,  iiiforniiiig  such  person  of  tlie  violation 
of  this  orciinance  and  the  condition  of  such  billboard  or  sign- 
board an  1  directing  him  to  make  such  alterations  or  repairs 
thereto  or  to  do  such  .acts  or  things  as  are  necessary  or  advis- 
able to  place  such  billboard  or  signboard  in  a  safe,  substan- 
tial and  secure  condition,  within  such  reasonable  time  as  may 
be  stated  in  said  notice.  If  the  person  so  notified  shall  refuse, 
fail,  or  neglect  to  comply  with  and  conform  to  the  require- 
ments of  such  notice,  said  Commissioner  shall,  upon  the  ex- 
piration of  the  time  therein  mentioned,  tear  down  or  cause  to 
be  torn  down  such  billboard  or  signboard,  and  shall  charge 
the  expense  of  such  tearing  down  to  the  person  so  notified. 


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If  the  owner  of  such  billboard  or  signboard  or  the  person  in 
charge,  possession,  or  control  thereof  cannot  be  found  or  his 
whereabouts  is  not  easily  ascertainable,  the  Commissioner 
shall  attach  or  cause  to  be  attached  to  such  billboard  or  sign- 
board a  notice  of  the  same  import  as  that  required  to  be  sent 
to  the  owner  where  such  owner  is  known ;  and  if  such  bill- 
board or  signboard  shall  not  have  been  made  to  conform  to 
this  ordinance  and  placed  in  a  secure,  safe,  and  substantial 
condition,  in  accordance  with  the  requirements  of  such  notice, 
within  thirty  days  after  such  notice  shall  have  been  attached 
to  such  billboard  or  signboard,  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the 
Commissioner  of  Buildings  to  thereupon  order  such  billboard 
or  signboard  torn  down  ;  provided  that  nothing  herein  con- 
tained shall  prevent  the  Commissioner  of  Buildings  from 
adopting  such  precautionary  measures  as  may  be  necessary 
or  advisable  in  case  of  imminent  danger  in  order  to  place 
such  billboard  or  signboard  in  a  safe  condition,  the  expense 
of  which  may  be  charged  to  and  recovered  from  the  owner  of 
same  in  any  appropriate  proceeding  therefor.  No  permit  shall 
be  issued  to  any  applicant  for  permission  to  erect  a  billboard 
or  signboard  unless  such  applicant  shall  agree  to  place  and 
maintain  on  the  top  of  such  billboard  or  signboard  the  name  of 
the  person  or  corporation  owning  same  or  who  is  in  charge, 
possession,  or  control  thereof.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the 
Commissioner  of  Buildings  to  see  to  it  that  the  name  of  the 
person  or  corporation  owning  or  in  possession,  charge,  or  con- 
trol of  such  billboard  or  signboard  is  placed  upon  such  bill- 
board or  signboard  forthwith  upon  the  erection  thereof  and  is 
kept  thereon  at  all  times  while  such  billboard  or  signboard  is 
maintained ;  and  in  case  the  owner  of  such  billboard  or  sign- 
board or  the  person  in  charge,  possession,  or  control  thereof 
shall  fail  or  refuse  to  place  and  maintain  such  name  on  the 
same  after  due  notice  from  the  Commissioner  of  Buildings 
he  shall  be  subject  to  the  penalty  hereinafter  provided  for. 

Sec.  713.  Fees  for  Permits — Indemnifying  Bond. — 
Amended  by  ordinance  Dec.  2,  1907,  to  read  as  follows : 

The  fee  to  be  charged  for  permits  issued  for  the  erection 
or  construction  of  billboards  or  signboards  or  for  the  alter- 
ation thereof  sliall  be  two  dollars  for  each  twenty-five  lineal 
feet  of  billboard  or  signboard  so  erected. 

Any  person,  firm  or  corporation  engaged  in  the  business  of 
erecting  billboards  or  signboards  within  the  City  limits  for 
the  purpose  of  display  advertising  shall  file  with  the  City 
Clerk  of  the  City  of  Chicago  an  approved  bond  in  the  sum 
of  twenty-five  thousand  ($25,000)  dollars  to  indemnify  the 
City  against  any  lawsuits  brought  or  judgment  obtained 
against  the  City  of  Chicago,  or  any  of  its  officials,  resulting 
from  accidents  by  such  billboards  or  signboards. 

Sec.  714.  Penalty. — Any  person  or  corporation  owning, 
operating,  maintaining,  or  in  charge,  possession,  or  control  of 
any  billboard  or  signboard  within  the  City,  who  shall  neglect 
or  refuse  to  comply  with  the  provisions  of  this  article,  or  who 
erects,  constructs  or  maintains  any  billboard  or  signboard 
that  does  not  comply  with  the  provisions  of  this  article,  shall 
be  fined  not  less  than  twenty-five  dollars  nor  more  than  two 
hundred  dollars  for  each  offense ;  and  each  day  on  which  any 
such  person  shall  permit  or  allow  any  billboard  or  signboard 
owned,  operated,  maintained  or  controlled  by  him.  to  be 
erected,  constructed,  or  maintained  in  violation  of  any  of  the 
provisions  of  this  article,  shall  constitute  a  separate  and  dis- 
tinct offense. 

Sec.  715.  fences — Height  Of. — No  wooden  fences  shall  be 
constructed  of  greater  height  than  eight  feet  above  the  side- 
walk grade  or  eight  feet  above  the  surface  of  the  ground 
where  no  grade  is  established. 


ARTICLE  XXIV. 
STORAGE  OF  OILS. 

Sec.  716.  Storage  of  Oils — Buildings  for  Storage  of  Oils — 
IValls — Roof — Floor. — Buildings  designed  for  the  storage  of 
crude  petroleum,  gasoline,  naphtha,  benzine,  camphine,  carbon 
oil,  spirit  gas,  burning  fluid,  spirits  of  turpentine  or  coal, 
rock  or  earth  oils  (excepting  such  refined  oils  as  will  stand 
a  fire  test  of  one  hundred  and  fifty  degrees  Fahrenheit  ac- 
cording to  the  method  and  direction  of  John  Tagliabue),  shall 
be  constructed  as  follows  : 

The  walls  shall  be  of  brick,  stone,  or  concrete,  and  shall 
l)e  not  less  than  sixteen  inches  thick  or  more  than  sixteen 
feet  high.  The  lower  floor  of  such  buildings  shall  be  at  least 
three  feet  below  the  grade  of  the  adjoining  street  and  shall 
be  made  of  earth,  concrete  or  brick.  Tlic  roof  of  such  build- 
ings shall  be  made  of  tile,  metal  or  other  incombustible  mater- 
ial, and  the  outside  walls  of  any  such  building  having  a  flat 
roof  shall  extend  at  least  eighteen  inches  above  the  roof. 
The  coping  upon  the  roof  of  such  buildings  shall  be  made  of 
incombustible  material.  Such  buildings  shall  be  detached 
from  all  other  buildings  and  shall  be  properly  ventilated. 
Where  any  such  building  shall  be  located  less  than  twenty-five 
feet  away  from  any  other  building  or  structure,  the  wall  or 
walls  of  such  building  on  the  side  or  sides  thereof,  within 
such  distance  of  twenty-five  feet  from  any  other  building  or 
structure  shall  have  no  window  or  other  opening  therein ; 
provided,  however,  that  if  such  building  cannot  be  so  con- 
structed that  no  outside  wall  thereof  shall  be  less  than  twen- 
ty-live feet  away  from  any  other  building  or  structure,  in  such 
case,  openings  may  be  made  in  the  wall  of  such  building 
which  is  located  farthest  away  from  any  other  building  or 
structure  for  the  purpose  of  admitting  light  or  providing 
means  of  access  thereto  or  egress  therefrom.  If  such  opening 
be  a  window,  the  glass  in  such  window  shall  be  fire-resisting 
glass,  and  such  window  shall  be  provided  with  a  steel  shutter. 

No  such  building  shall  be  occupied  for  any  purpose  other 
than  the  storage  of  oils,  and  no  person  shall  be  permitted 
to  use  any  such  building  as  a  sleeping  apartment  or  dwelling 
place. 

The  interior  cubic  capacity  of  any  such  building  shall  ex- 
ceed by  at  least  twenty-five  per  cent  the  total  capacity  of  the 
tanks  or  other  receptacles  placed  in  such  building. 

Such  buildings  and  the  equipment  thereof,  including  the 
protection  of  the  doors  and  windows,  shall  be  constructed 
according  to  plans  and  specifications  which  have  been  sub- 
mitted  to   and  approved   by   the   Connnissioner   of    Buildings. 

Sec.  717.  Tanks  for  Storage  of  Oils. — 1  anks  for  the 
storage  of  any  one  or  more  of  the  oils  or  fiuids  mentioned 
in  the  preceding  section  may  be  built  outside  of  buildings 
either  above  or  under  the  surface  of  the  ground,  provided 
the  following  specifications  are  complied  with  : 

Such  tanks  shall  be  made  of  metal  of  sufiicient  gauge  and 
tensile  strength  for  the  purpose  for  which  they  are  to  be  used. 
All  portions  of  such  tanks  are  to  be  riveted  together  and 
shall  be  made  liquid  tight.  Every  such  tank  shall  have  a  man- 
hole and  shall  be  equipped  with  adequate  ventilating  or  safety 
devices. 

All  tanks  other  than  those  located  in  buildings  constructed 
under  the  provisions  of  Section  716  of  this  article,  whether 
placed  above  or  below  the  surface  of  the  ground,  shall  have 
no  building  or  structure  of  any  kind  whatsoever  over  or  above 
the  same;  provided,  however,  that  if  any  such  tank  be  located 
near  a  railroad  track  or  manufactory  or  place  where  sparks 
are  likely  to  fall,  and  it  is  desired,  in  order  to  obviate  such 
danger,   to  construct   over   such   tank   a   shed   or   shelter,   sucli 


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shed  or  shelter  may  be  eoiistnicteJ  upon  a  periiiit  in  writing 
therefor  being  issued  by  the  Commissioner  of  Buildings ;  ami 
such  permit  shall  only  be  issued  if  it  shall  he  shown  that  such 
shed  or  shelter  is  necessary  and  upon  the  express  agrcemeiu 
that  such  shed  or  shelter  shall  be  used  for  no  other  purpose 
than  affording  protection  or  shelter,  and  shall  not  he  used  for 
storage,  manufacturing,  residence,  office,  or  any  other  pur- 
pose whatsoever. 

Sec.  718.  Walls  Around  Tiiiiks. — Where  any  such  storage 
tank  or  any  portion  thereof  is  erected  or  maintained  upon  or 
above  the  surface  of  the  ground  ami  is  situated  less  than  fifty 
feet  from  any  other  building  or  structure  other  than  the 
buildings  or  structures  upon  the  premises  wherein  such  oils 
or  fluids  arc  to  be  used  or  stored,  such  tanks  shall  be  separ- 
ated from  any  such  building  or  structure  by  an  inclosing  wall 
of  brick,  stone  or  concrete :  and  such  wall  shall  be  not  less 
than  five  feet  high  and  in  no  case  of  less  height  than  two 
feet  higher  than  the  top  of  the  tank  which  it  is  designed  to 
separate  from  sfch  building  or  structure.  If  such  wall  l)e 
ten  feet  high  or  less  it  shall  be  not  less  than  twelve  inches 
in  thickness,  and  four  inches  in  thickness  shall  be  added  for 
every  additional  ten  feet  or  major  fraction  thereof  of  height 
added  to  such  wall.  Such  wall  shall  entirely  surround  or  in- 
close such  tank ;  provided,  however,  that  an  opening  may  be 
constructed  in  such  inclosing  wall  to  permit  access  to  the 
tank.  Such  opening  shall  contain  a  liquid-tight  door  made  of 
incombustible  material,  either  sliding  or  opening  inward,  and 
of  sufficient  strength  to  resist  any  pressure  which  may  be 
brought  to  bear  on  such  door  by  tlie  bursting  of  the  tank  in- 
closed in  such  wall. 

.•\11  such  tanks  and  walls  described  in  tliis  section  shall  be 
constructed  in  accordance  with  plans  and  specifications  which 
shall  have  been  submitted  to  and  approved  by  the  Commis- 
sioner of  Buildings. 

Sec.  719.  Stoiasic  of  Petroleum.  Elc. — It  shall  be  unlawful 
for  any  person  or  corporation  to  keep  or  store  crude  petro- 
leum, gasoline,  naphtha,  benzine,  camphine,  carbon  oil,  spirit 
gas,  burning  fluid,  spirits  of  turpentine,  or  coal,  rock  or  earth 
oil  (excepting  such  retined  oils  as  will  stand  a  fire  test  of  one 
hundred  and  fifty  degrees  Fahrenheit,  according  to  the 
method  and  direction  of  John  Tagliabuc).  upon  or  in  any 
structure  or  premises,  in  any  quantity  exceeding  one  barrel 
of  fifty  gallons,  within  the  city,  except  in  such  a  huihiing  or 
such  tanks  as  are  hereinbefore  described  in  this  article,  and 
where  a  quantity  of  any  of  such  oils  exceeding  five  gallons 
and  not  exceeding  fifty  gallons  is  kept  in  any  premises  other 
than  such  a  building  the  receptacle  or  recept.icles  in  which 
such  oils  is  or  are  kept  shall  not  be  placed  under  any  stair- 
way or  in  any  confined  space,  but  shall  be  kept  in  such  manner 
that  no  vapor  or  gas  therefrom  can  collect  in  such  a  quantity 
as  to  become  dangerous :  and  no  such  receptacle  or  receptacles 
shall  be  stored,  kept  or  handled  at  any  time  within  fifteen 
feet  of  any  gas,  candle,  oil  or  other  like  artificial  light  or  near 
any  lighted  stove,  gas  grate  or  any  open  flame  of  any  kind 
whatsoever :  provided,  however,  that  a  quantity  of  such  oils 
exceeding  one  barrel  of  fifty  gallons  and  not  exceeding  U\q 
barrels  of  fifty  gallons  each  may  be  kept  or  stored  in  a  room 
or  apartment,  the  floor  of  which  shall  be  at  least  five  feel  be- 
low the  grade  of  the  street  adj;icent  to  the  building  or  struc- 
ture in  which  such  room  or  apartment  is  located,  and  such 
room  or  apartment  shall  have  an  air  capacity  of  not  less  than 
fifteen  hundred  cubic  feet  and  shall  be  properly  ventilated  in 
such  manner  as  to  prevent  a  dangerous  accumulation  of  vapor 
or  gas  from  such  oils ;  and  such  room  or  apartment  shall  not 
be  used  for  any  purpose  other  than  the  storage  and  handling 


of  such  oils.  In  any  such  room  or  apartment  as  is  last  above 
described  turpentine  may  be  kept  in  a  quantity  not  exceeding 
five  hundred  gallons. 

N'o  gas,  candle,  oil,  or  other  like  artificial  light  or  lighted 
stove,  gas  grate,  or  other  open  flame  of  any  kinil  whatsoever 
shall  be  allowed  within  fifteen  feet  of  any  receptacle  or  re- 
ceptacles containing  any  of  the  oils  or  fluids  mentioned  in  this 
article,  while  located,  kept,  or  store<l  in  any  such  room  or 
apartment.  If  more  than  fifteen  (15)  barrels  of  any  of  the 
oils  hereinbefore  described  are  kept  in  any  such  building  as 
herein  provided  for,  such  building  shall  be  located  not  less 
than  100  feet  away  from  any  other  building  or  structure. 

Sec.  270.  Petroleum,  Etc..  in  I'ronsil  Xot  to  Be  Kept  Xeur 
Buildings. — It  shall  he  unlawful  for  any  person  or  corporation 
engaged  in  the  business  of  transporting  or  delivering  any  of 
the  oils  or  fluids  mentioned  in  this  article  to  permit  such  oils 
or  fluids  to  remain  in  barrels,  tanks,  or  other  like  receptacles, 
upon  any  railroad  track,  street,  wharf,  or  dock  for  a  longer 
time  than  is  reasonably  necessary  to  make  provision  for  the 
storing  or  delivering  of  same:  such  lime  in  no  event,  however, 
to  exceed  twenty-four  hours. 

Sec.  271.  Oils.  Sale  of.  Regulated.— It  shall  be  unlawful 
for  any  person  or  corporation  to  sell,  deliver,  or  receive  any 
of  the  oils  or  fluids  mentioned  in  this  article,  by  gas.  candle, 
oil,  or  other  like  artificial  light. 


ARTICLE  X.W". 

MISCELLWEOUS  PROVISIONS. 

Sec.  722.  Roofs  for  Speetatorial  Purposes — Permits.— \t 
shall  be  unlawful  for  any  person,  whether  owner,  lessee,  man- 
ager or  per.son  in  control  or  having  charge  of  any  building 
witliin  the  city,  to  permit  the  use  of  the  roof  of  any  house  or 
Iniilding,  whetlier  free  of  charge  or  through  admission  fee, 
to  any  person  as  a  place  of  observation  or  for  spectatorial 
purposes,  unless  he  has  first  obtained  from  the  Commissioner 
of  Buildings  of  the  city  a  permit :  provided,  however,  it  shall 
not  be  unl.iwful  for  any  person,  whether  owner.  lessee,  or  the 
person  in  control  or  having  charge  of  such  house  or  building, 
to  permit  the  roof  of  any  such  house  or  building  to  be  used 
as  a  place  of  observation  or  for  spectatorial  purposes  for  a 
number  of  persons  not  exceeding  ten,  and  when  no  admission 
fee  is  charged. 

Sec.  723.  Inspection  as  to  Safety  of  Buildings. — Before 
issuing  the  permit,  as  provided  for  in  the  foregoing  section, 
the  Commissioner  of  Buildings  shall  make  an  investigation  as 
to  whether  such  building  is  safe  and  secure  enough  to  permit 
the  presence  of  an  estimated  number  of  persons  upon  the  roof 
thereof,  and  the  permit  so  issued  shall  state  the  number  of 
persons  to  be  permitted  on  such  roof.  The  Commissioner  of 
Buildings  shall  see  to  it  that  every  such  roof  is  surrounded 
and  enclosed  with  a  railing  or  balustrade  of  sufficient  height 
and  strength  to  afford  adequate  protection. 

Sec.  724.  Fee  for  Inspection. — The  person  requiring  such 
permit,  as  hereinabove  provided  for,  shall  make  application 
to  the  Commissioner  of  Buildings  for  such  an  investigation, 
and  shall  pay,  as  a  fee  for  such  investigation  and  such  per- 
mit, the  sum  of  five  dollars. 

See.  725.  Penally — .\ny  i)erson.  whether  owner,  lessee, 
manager  or  person  having  charge  or  control  of  any  such 
house  or  building  within  the  city  who  shall  permit,  allow  or 
tolerate  the  use  of  the  roof  of  such  house  or  building  so  con- 
trolled by  him,  by  any  person  for  a  purpose  within  the  mean- 


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A    HALF    CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


ing  of  Section  722  of  this  article,  without  lirst  obtaining  a 
permit  as  hereinbefore  provided  for,  and  without  having  the 
safety  of  such  roof  tested  and  investigated  by  the  Commis- 
sioner of  Buildings,  as  hereinbefore  provided  for,  or  who 
shall  permit  a  larger  number  of  persons  than  is  provided  for 
in  his  permit  to  congregate  upon  such  roof,  shall  be  fined  not 
less  than  twenty-five  dollars  nor  more  than  one  hundred  dol- 
lars for  each  ofifense. 

Sec.  726.  Windows,  Cleaning  of — Safety  Devices. — The 
owner  or  agent  of  every  building  hereafter  erected  in  the  city 
shall  equip  each  and  every  window  in  any  such  building,  above 
the  second  story  thereof,  with  a  suitable  device  or  devices 
which  will  permit  the  cleaning  of  the  exterior  of  each  and 
every  window  in  such  building,  above  the  second  story,  with- 
out danger  to  the  person  cleaning  such  windows,  such  devices 
shall  be  of  such  pattern  and  construction  as  will  reasonably 
answer  the  purposes  for  which  they  are  intended.  Provided, 
however,  that  if  windows  are  of  such  size  that  they  may  be 
easily  cleaned  from  the  inside,  they  need  not  be  equipped  with 
such  devices. 

Sec.  727.  Penalty. — Any  owner  or  agent  of  any  building 
described  in  the  preceding  section  who  shall  fail,  neglect  or 
refuse  to  comply  with  any  of  the  provisions  of  such  section, 
shall  be  fined  not  less  than  ten  dollars  nor  more  than  fifty 
dollars  for  each  offense,  and  each  and  every  day  which  shall 
be  allowed  to  elapse  before  any  such  building  shall  be  sup- 
plied and  equipped  in  accordance  with  the  provisions  of  said 
section,  shall  constitute  on  the  part  of  the  owner  or  agent  of 
any  such  building  a  separate  and  distinct  offense. 

Sec.  728.  Scaffolds — Protection  During  Building  Opera- 
tions— Temporary  Floors. — All  scaffolds  erected  in  this  city 
for  use  in  the  erection,  repair,  alteration  or  removal  of  build- 
ings, shall  be  well  and  safely  supported,  and  of  sufficient 
width,  and  properly  secured,  so  as  to  insure  the  safety  of 
persons  working  thereon  or  passing  under,  or  by  the  same, 
and  to  prevent  the  falling  thereof,  or  of  any  material  that 
may  be  used,  placed  or  deposited  thereon. 

It  shall  be  the  duty  of  every  owner,  person  or  corporation 
who  shall  have  the  supervision  or  control  of  the  construction 
or  remodeling  of  any  building  having  more  than  three  (3) 
framed  floors,  whether  some  or  all  of  such  floors  are  above 
or  below  the  established  street  grade,  to  provide  and  lay 
upon  the  upper  side  of  the  joists  or  girders,  or  both,  of  the 
first  floor  below  the  riveters  and  structural  steel  setters,  a 
plank  floor,  which  shall  be  laid  to  form  a  good  and  substan- 
tial temporary  floor  for  the  protection  of  employes  and  all 
persons  engaged  above  or  below  or  on  such  temporary  floor  in 
such  building. 

Provided,  however,  that  where  the  permanent  floor  is  in 
place  on  the  floor  herein  required  to  be  planked,  a  temporary 
protective  floor  shall  not  be  required. 

If  the  floor  or  permanent  floor  of  the  second  floor,  or  of  any 
other  floor  above  the  second,  or  roof,  is  being  placed 
previous  to  the  permanent  floor  of  the  floor  immediately  be- 
low the  floor  which  is  being  arched  or  planked,  a  good  and 
substantial  temporary  floor  shall  be  laid  on  the  joists  and 
girders  of  the  next  lower  floor.  For  the  purposes  of  this  sec- 
tion the  lowest  framed  floor  in  a  building  shall  be  considered 
the  first  floor. 

In  buildings  more  than  three  (3)  stories  high,  where  per- 
sons are  working  on  a  scaffold  or  scaffolds  on  the  outside  of 
such  building,  such  persons  shall  be  protected  by  well-se- 
cured planking,  set  over  the  heads  of  such  persons  for  the 
full  width  of  the  scaffolding  on  which  they  are  working,  if 
another   story   or   other   stories   are   being   raised   above   such 


persons   during  the   time   they  are   working  on   such   outside 
scaffold  or  scaffolding. 

It  shall  be  the  duty  of  all  owners,  contractors,  builders  or 
persons  having  the  control  or  supervision  of  all  buildings  in 
course  of  erection  which  shall  be  more  than  thirty  (30)  feet 
high,  to  see  that  all  stairways,  elevator  openings,  flues  and 
all  other  openings  in  the  floors  shall  be  covered  or  properly 
protected. 

Sec.  729.  Penalty. — Any  person  violating  any  of  the  pro- 
visions of  the  foregoing  section  shall  be  fined  not  less  than 
one  hundred  dollars  nor  more  than  two  hundred  dollars  for 
each  offense,  and  any  permit  granted  for  the  construction  of 
such  building  by  the  authorities  of  the  city  may  be  revoked 
in  the  discretion  of  the  Commissioner  of  Buildings. 

Sec.  730.  Gas  or  Electric  Shut-off  Device — Otitside  of 
Building. — Every  building  within  the  city  in  which  gas  or  elec- 
tricity is  used  for  illuminating,  heating  or  other  purposes  shall 
be  equipped  with  a  device  or  devices  which  will  enable  firemen . 
to  shut  off  the  supply  of  gas  or  current  of  electricity  to  any 
such  building  from  the  outside  thereof ;  such  device  or 
devices  to  be  placed  at  such  a  point  or  at  such  points  on  the 
outside  of  any  such  building  as  may  be  designated  by  the 
Fire  Marshal  of  the  city,  and  to  be  of  such  design  and  con- 
struction as  to  enable  such  device  or  devices  to  perform  with 
reasonable  certainty  and  safety  the  work  required  to  be  done 
thereby. 

Any  device  or  devices  installed  for  the  purpose  of  carrying 
out  the  provisions  of  this  section  shall  first  be  approved  by 
the  Fire  Marshal,  and  after  the  installation  thereof  the  con- 
trol of  any  such  device  or  devices  so  installed  in  or  upon  any 
building  under  the  provisions  of  this  section  shall  be  under 
the  supervision  of  the  Fire  Department  of  the  city. 

Provided,  however,  that  buildings  used  exclusively  for  resi- 
dence purposes  and  outbuildings,  sheds  or  barns  attached  or 
appurtenant  to  buildings  used  exclusively  for  residence  pur- 
poses, shall  be  exempted  from  the  provisions  of  this  section. 

Sec.  731.  Penalty. — .Any  owner,  agent  or  person  having 
control  or  charge  of  any  building  coming  within  the  provis- 
ions of  the  foregoing  section,  who  shall  neglect,  fail  or  re- 
fuse to  equip  any  such  building  with  a  device  or  devices  such 
as  are  described  in  the  foregoing  section,  shall  be  fined  not 
less  than  fifty  dollars  nor  more  than  two  hundred  dollars  for 
each  offense,  and  each  day  which  shall  elapse  before  the 
equipment  of  any  such  building  with  a  device  or  devices  as 
herein  required  shall  be  deemed  a  separate  and  distinct  of- 
fense, and  any  person  who  shall  disturb,  meddle  or  tamper 
with  any  device  or  devices  installed  under  the  provisions  of 
the  preceding  section,  upon  any  building  or  buildings,  without 
authority  from  the  Fire  Marshal,  shall  be  fined  not  less  than 
ten  dollars  nor  more  than  one  hundred  dollars  for  each 
offense. 

Sec.  732.  License — Contractors. — Every  person  or  corpora- 
ation  engaged  within  the  city  in  the  construction  or  repairing 
of  the  whole  or  any  part  of  buildings  and  appurtenances  shall 
be  and  he  or  it  is  hereby  required  to  obtain  a  license  from  the 
city  which  shall  permit  him  or  it  to  engage  thereafter  in  the 
business  of  contracting  for  the  erection  of  buildings  and 
appurtenances  or  parts  thereof. 

Sec.  733.  Application — Conditions. — .Amended  by  ordinance 
Nov.  25,  1907.  to  read  as  follows : 

Every  application  for  such  license  shall  be  made  to  the 
Commissioner  of  Buildings  and  shall  set  forth  the  name  and 
residence  or  place  of  business  of  the  applicant  and  the  nature 
of  the  work  which  he  or  it  desires  to  engage  in  for  a  period 


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A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


of   one  year  tlu-ri-aftcr.   ami   shall  bo   acconipaiiic-d   by  a    fee 
of  live  dollars. 

Sec.  734.  License  lo  Be  Issued — Salil  Coininissioner  shall 
thiToiipon  issue  a  license  in  due  form,  perniilting  the  applicant 
to  engage  in  the  business  of  contracting  for  the  erection  of 
buildings  and  appurtenances,  or  parts  thereof,  in  the  city  for 
one  year  from  the  date  of  such  license,  which  date  shall  be 
the  first  day  of  May  in  the  year  in  which  such  license  is  ap- 
plied for,  and  no  license  shall  be  granted  for  any  period  less 
than  a  year,  and  all  licenses  shall  run  from  the  lirst  day  of 
May  in  each  year  until  the  tliirtieth  day  of  .\pril  in  the  suc- 
ceeding year. 

Sec.  735.  Penalty. — Any  person  or  corporation  who  sliall 
engage  in  the  business  of  building  in  the  city  under  contracts 
for  the  whole  or  any  part  of  buildings  and  appurtenances, 
without  first  having  obtained  a  license  therefor  as  aforesaid, 
shall  be  fined  not  less  than  twenty-five  nor  more  tlian  one 
hundred  dollars   for  e.ieli  offense. 

Sec.  376.  H' tills — Sinietures — Buildings  .lllered  lo  Con- 
form lo  Chaf'ler.-^'So  wall,  structure,  building  or  part  thereof 
shall  hereafter  be  built,  constructed,  altered  or  repaired  within 
the  city  except  in  conformity  with  the  provisions  of  this 
chapter.  \o  Iniilding  already  erected  or  luTcafler  t<i  l)c  1)uilt 
within  the  city  shall  be  raised,  altered  or  I)uilt  upon  in  such  a 
manner  that  if  such  building  w-ere  wholly  nliuill  or  con- 
structed after  the  passage  of  this  ordinance  it  would  lie  in 
violation  of  any  of  the  provisions  of  this  cliapter. 

Sec.  7i7.  Buildings — lixpensc  of  Altering  Recoverable 
from  Oicner  by  City. — Whenever,  in  the  opinion  of  the  Com- 
missioner of  Buildings,  it  shall  be  necessary  to  tear  down, 
alter,  repair  or  re1)uild  any  building  or  portion  of  any  build- 
ing which  is  dangerous,  defective  or  unsafe,  or  which  is  re- 
ported to  the  said  Commissioner  by  the  Commissioner  of 
Health  to  be  unfit  for  human  occupancy,  or  which  has  been 
built  in  violation  of  any  of  the  provisions  of  this  Chapter  or 
of  any  ordinance  regulating  the  construction  of  buildings 
hereafter  passed,  said  Commissioner  of  Buildings  shall  cause 
such  building  or  such  portion  thereof  to  be  torn  down,  al- 
tered, repaired  or  rebuilt,  or  such  work  to  be  done  thereon 
as  he  may  deem  necessary  to  render  such  building,  or  such 
portion  thereof,  safe  or  fit  for  human  occupancy,  and  the  ex- 
pense thereof  shall  be  recoverable  from  the  owner  or  owners 
of  such  building  by  any  proceeding  that  may  be  deemed  ap- 
propriate. 

Sec.  738.  I'endlly—l-ines  for  I'iohilion  of  Cluipter.—Xuy 
person  or  corporation  who  violates,  neglects  or  refuses  to 
comply  with,  or  who  resists  or  opposes  the  enforcement  of 
any  of  the  provisions  of  this  chapter,  shall  be  fined  not  less 
than  twenty-five  nor  more  than  two  hundred  dollars  for  each 
oflfense.  and  every  such  person  or  corporation  shall  be  deemed 
guilty  of  a  separate  offense  for  every  day  on  which  sucli  vio- 
lation, neglect  or  refusal  shall  continue;  and  any  builder  or 
contractor  who  shall  construct  any  building  in  violation  of  any 
of  the  provisions  of  tliis  chapter,  and  any  architect  designing 
or  having  charge  of  such  building  who  shall  permit  it  to  be 
constructed,  shall  be  liable  lo  the  penalties  provided  ami  im- 
posed by  this  section. 

AMENDMENTS. 

Passed  ^rarch  1,  1S09. 

Be  it  ordained  by  the  City  Council  of  the  City  of  Chicago : 

Section  1.     That  it  shall  be  unlaw-ful  for  any  person,  firm 

or    corporation    to    locale,    build,    construct    or    maintain    on 


any  lot  fronting  on  any  street  or  alley  in  the  city,  in  any 
block  in  which  one-half  of  the  buildings  on  both  sides  of  the 
streets  are  used  exclusively  for  residence  purposes,  :my  build- 
ing or  place  used  for  a  blacksmith  shop,  without  the  written 
consent  of  a  majority  of  the  property  owners  according  to 
frontage,  on  both  sides  of  such  street  or  alley.  Such  written 
consent  shall  be  obtained  and  liled  with  the  Conunissioner  of 
Buildings  before  a  permit  is  issued  for  tlie  construction  of 
such  building  or  place ;  provided,  that  in  determining  whether 
one-half  of  the  buildings  on  both  sides  of  the  street  are  used 
exclusively  for  residence  purposes,  any  building  fronting  upon 
another  street  and  located  upon  a  corner  lot  shall  not  be 
considered. 

Section  2.  That  portion  of  Section  692  of  the  Revised 
.Municipal  Code  of  Chicago  of  1905,  as  subsequently  amended 
relative  to  blacksmith  shops,  together  with  all  other  ordi- 
nances, or  parts  of  ordinances,  are  hereby  repealed  in  so  far 
only  as  they  are  inconsistent   wilh   this  ordinance. 

Section  3.  .\\\y  person.  Ilrm  or  corporation  who  shall  vio- 
late any  of  the  provisions  of  this  ordinance  shall  be  fined  not 
less  than  \\\<:  dollars  nor  more  than  one  luimlred  dollars  for 
each  ofTense. 

Passed  December  21.   1908. 

Be  it  ordained  by  the  City  Council  of  the  City  of  Chicago: 

Section  1.  It  shall  not  be  lawful  for  any  person,  firm  or 
corporation  to  locate,  l)uild,  or  construct  on  any  street  or  .illey 
in  the  city  in  any  block  in  which  two-thirds  of  the  buildings 
on  both  sides  of  the  street  are  used  exclusively  for  residence 
purposes,  any  building  for  a  theatrical,  dramatic  or  operatic 
entertainment,  show,  amusement,  game  or  public  exhibition  of 
any  kind,  intended  or  calculated  to  amuse,  instruct  or  enter- 
tain where  such  show,  amusement,  game  or  exhibition  is  given 
for  gain,  or  for  admission  to  which  the  public  is  required  to 
pay  a  fee,  without  the  written  consent  of  a  majority  of  the 
property  owners  according  to  frontage  on  both  sides  of  such 
street  or  alley. 

Such  written  consent  sliall  be  obl.-iined  and  filed  wilh  the 
Conunissioner  of  Buildings  l)efore  a  permit  is  issued  for  the 
construction  of  any  such  building :  provided  that  in  determin- 
ing whether  two-thirds  of  the  buildings  on  both  sides  of  the 
street  are  used  exclusively  for  residence  purposes  any  build- 
ing fronting  upon  another  street  and  located  upon  a  corner 
lot  shall  not  be  considered. 

Passed  January  25.  1909. 

Be  it  ordained  by  the  City  Council  of  the  City  of  Chicago : 

Section  1.  That  it  shall  hereafter  be  unlawful  for  any 
person,  lirm  or  corpor.ition  to  locale,  build  or  construct  any 
liuildiuK  lor  a  theatrical,  dramatic  or  operatic  entertainment, 
show,  amusement,  field  game  or  public  exhibition  of  any 
kind  intended  or  calculated  to  amuse,  instruct  or  entertain 
where  daily  entertainments,  shows,  amusements,  games  or 
exhibitions  are  given  for  gain  or  for  admission  lo  which  the 
pul)lic  is  required  to  pay  a  fee.  within  two  hundred  (2tK))  feet 
of  any  church  or  building  used  exclusively  for  educational 
purposes ;  said  distance  to  1)e  measured  by  the  shortest  route 
between  the  entrance  to  the  building  sought  to  be  located, 
built  or  constructed  and  the  entrance  to  such  church  or  build- 
ing used  exclusively   for  educational   purposes. 

ROl.KHR  SK.\Tl\r,  RIXKS. 

Ordinance  passed  .M.iy  18.  1908. 

Be  it  ordained  by  the  City  Council  of  the  City  of  Chicago : 

Section  1.  That  no  room  or  hall  used  for  the  purpose  of 
a  roller  skating  rink  shall  be  constructed,  operated  or  main- 
tained above  the  first  floor  of  any  building. 

Sec.  2.  This  ordinance  shall  l>e  in  full  force  and  effect 
from  and  after  its  passage. 


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A     HALF    CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


PROVISION'S  FOR  MOVING  PICTURE  MACHINES. 

Sections  2,  3,  4,  6,  7,  8,  9,  10,  11,  12  and  13  are  omitted 
as  not  containing  anything  of  special  interest  to  architects  or 
builders,  only  those  portions  of  the  ordinance  being  published 
which  might  have  bearing  on  construction. 

Be  it  ordained  by  the  City  Council  of  Chicago : 

Passed  July  13,  1908. 

Section  1.  There  is  hereby  established  a  Board  of  Exam- 
iners of  moving  picture  operators,  consisting  of  three  mem- 
bers, who  shall  be  appointed  by  the  Mayor  by  and  with  the 
advice  and  consent  of  the  City  Council,  and  shall  be  subject 
to  removal  by  the  Mayor. 

Sec.  5.  All  moving  picture  films,  when  not  in  use  in  the 
operating  booth,  shall  at  all  times  be  kept  in  metal  cases. 

This  ordinance  was  considered  by  the  Committee  on  Build- 
ings, recommended  by  it,  and  passed  February  3,  1908. 

ILLUMIN'ATED  ROOF  SIGNS. 

Be  it  ordained  liy  the  City  Council  of  the  City  of  Chicago : 
Section  1.  That  Chapter  LXI,  Article  II  of  the  Revised 
Municipal  Code  of  Chicago  of  1905  be  and  the  same  is  hereby 
amended  by  inserting  in  said  Chapter  LXI,  Article  II,  between 
Sections  2181  and  2182,  Revised  Municipal  Code  of  Chicago 
of  1905,  as  amended  July  2,  1906,  a  new  section  to  be  known 
as  Section  2181a. 

HOSPITALS. 

AN  ORDINANCE  RELATING  TO   HOSPITALS 

WITHIX  THE  CITY. 

Ordinances  passed  June  1,  1908. 

Sections  1103,  1104,  1105,  1109a,  1109b,  1109c,  1109d,  1109c, 
11091  are  omitted  as  having  no  special  bearing  in  construction 
of  hospitals  but  containing  requirements  as  to  license  and  oper- 
ation of  interest  to  physicians  and  hospital  management  after 
the  building  is  constructed. 

Be  it  ordained  by  the  City  Council  of  the  City  of  Chicago ; 

Section  1.  That  Section  690  of  the  Revised  Municipal  Code 
of  Chicago  of  1905,  and  Sections  279  and  691  of  said  Muni- 
cipal Code  as  amended  and  now  in  force,  be  and  the  same 
are  hereby  repealed. 

Sec.  2.  That  Article  XIII  of  Chapter  XXXII  of  the  Re- 
vised Municipal  Code  of  Chicago  as  amended  February  26, 
1906,  be  and  the  same  is  hereby  amended  to  read  as  follows : 

Sec.  1102.  Hospitals  and  Matcniily  Hospitals — Definitions. 
— For  the  purpose  of  this  article  a  hospital  is  hereby  defined 
to  mean  any  institution  or  place  used  for  the  reception  or 
care,  temporary  or  continuous  of  two  or  more  sick,  injured 
or  dependent  persons ;  or  used  for  the  treatment  of  two  or 
more  persons  suffering  from  or  afflicted  with  any  mental  or 
physical  disease  or  bodily  injury;  including  all  hydropathic 
and  massage  institutions. 

For  the  purposes  of  this  article  a  maternity  hospital  is  here- 
by defined  to  mean  any  institution,  or  place  used  for  the  re- 
ception and  care,  temporary  or  continuous,  of  one  or  more 
women  during  pregnancy  while  awaiting  confinement,  during 
confinement,  or  for  one  month  or  less  after  confinement  while 
recovering  therefrom. 

LTnless  otherwise  specified,  the  word  "hospital"  as  used  in 
this  article  includes  maternity  hospital. 

Sec.  1105.  Hospital  Building  Board. — For  the  purposes  of 
this  ordinance  there  is  hereby  created  a  Hospital  Building 
Board  which  shall  be  composed  of  the  Commissioner  of 
Health,   the   Commissioner  of   Buildings   and   the   Chief   Fire 


Marshal.  The  Hospital  Building  Board  shall  meet  upon  call 
of  the  Commissioner  of  Health  and  shall  make  such  recom- 
mendations to  the  City  Council  as  they  may  deem  necessary 
or  expedient  for  the  construction  and  erection  of  new  hospi- 
tal buildings  and  for  changes  in  buildings  now  being  used  or 
which  may  hereafter  be  used  for  hospital  purposes. 

Sec.  1107.  Acconimodalions  for  Patients. — In  every  such 
hospital  each  room  occupied  or  to  be  occupied  by  patients  shall 
be  of  such  dimensions  as  to  give  each  patient  not  less  than 
800  cubic  feet  of  space ;  every  room  shall  have  at  least  one 
window  connecting  with  the  external  air  for  each  two  beds; 
said  windows  shall  be  of  such  dimensions  as  shall  secure  to 
each  patient  at  least  2,400  cubic  feet  of  fresh  air  per  hour 
by  natural  ventilation,  or  in  case  said  window  shall  not  secure 
said  2,400  cubic  feet  of  air  per  hour  by  natural  ventilation, 
then  each  room  shall  additionally  be  fitted  with  such  appli- 
ances for  ventilation  as  shall  secure  to  each  patient  in  said 
room  at  least  2,400  cubic  feet  of  fresh  air  per  hour.  Each 
bed  shall  have  at  least  eighty  square  feet  of  floor  space.  '  In 
case  of  a  maternity  hospital,  a  regularly  licensed  physician 
must  reside  on  the  premises.  Each  ward  or  wing  in  said 
hospital  shall  have  running  water  furnished  in  one  or  more 
places  either  in  said  ward  or  convenient  thereto  so  that  the 
same  may  be  adequate  and  convenient  to  the  occupants 
thereof;  the  plumbing,  water  closets,  bath  rooms  and  other 
sanitary  appliances  and  conditions  shall  be  constructed  in  ac- 
cordance with  the  city  ordinances  relating  to  these  matters. 
The  building  shall  have  the  floor  of  the  cellar  properly  ce- 
mented so  as  to  be  water  tight;  the  halls  of  each  floor  shall 
be  open  to  the  external  air  with  suitable  windows  and  shall 
have  no  room  or  other  obstruction  at  the  end  unless  sufficient 
light  or  ventilation  is  otherwise  provided  for  said  hall  and 
the  building  as  a  whole  shall  be  provided  with  adequate  and 
proper  fire  escapes,  stairways  or  inclines  or  exits. 

There  shall  be  provided  in  each  hospital  building  a  suitable 
room  or  rooms  approved  by  the  Commissioner  of  Health  to 
be  used  for  the  isolation  of  cases  of  contagious,  infectious,  epi- 
demic or  communicable  diseases  that  may  lie  found  in  the  hos- 
pital until  such  time  as  the  parties  suffering  from  such  con- 
tagious diseases  shall  be  removed,  in  accordance  with  the  rules 
and  regulations  of  the  Health  Department ;  and  a  suitable 
room  or  rooms  approved  by  the  Commissioner  of  Health  for 
the  proper  care  of  the  dead  pending  their  removal. 

Sec.  1108.  Frontage  Consents. — It  shall  be  unlawful  for 
any  person,  firm  or  corporation  to  build,  construct,  maintain, 
conduct  or  manage  in  any  block  in  which  two-thirds  (2-3) 
of  the  buildings  fronting  on  both  sides  of  the  street  or  streets 
on  which  the  proposed  hospital  may  front  are  devoted  to 
exclusive  residence  purpose,  any  hospital  for  the  care,  treat- 
ment or  nursing  of  two  or  more  insane  persons ;  or  any  hos- 
pital for  the  care,  treatment  or  nursing  of  two  or  more  in- 
ebriates, or  person  suffering  from  the  effects  of  the  excessive 
use  of  alcoholic  liquors ;  or  any  hospital  for  the  care,  treat- 
ment or  nursing  of  two  or  more  epileptics ;  or  any  hospital 
for  the  care,  treatment  or  nursing  of  two  or  more  persons 
addicted  to,  or  suffering  from  the  excessive  use  of  morphine, 
cocaine  or  other  similar  drugs  or  narcotics ;  or  any  hospital 
for  the  care,  treatment  or  nursing  of  any  person  or  persons 
affected  with  any  contagious  disease  unless  the  owners  of  a 
majority  of  the  frontage  in  such  block,  and  the  owners  of  a 
majority  of  the  frontage  on  the  opposite  side  or  sides  of  the 
street  or  streets  on  which  said  building  faces  consent  in  writ- 
ing to  the  building,  constructing  or  maintaining,  managing  or 
conducting  of  any  such  hospital  in  said  block.  Such  written 
consent  of  the  majority  of  said  property  owners  shall  be  filed 


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A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


with  the  ComiiiissioniT  of  Hoallli  before  a  permit  sliall  lie 
granteil  for  the  huiUling  or  constructing,  or  a  license  be  issued 
for  the  maintaining,  conducting  or  managing  of  any  such 
hospital. 

Sec.  1109.  Location  of  Ilosfiliils  Xctir  School.—So  hos- 
pital of  any  kind  or  description,  shall  hereafter  be  erected  or 
established  within  four  hundred  (-UKI)  feet  of  any  property 
use<l  lor  public  nr  p:irochial  school  purposes. 

STEAM  BOILER  AND  STEAM  PLANT 
INSPECTION  DEPARTMENT. 

.Vccording  to  the  Municipal  Code,  with  code  number  .-ind 
amendments  to  date. 

Section  2204.  Department  Established— Chief  Insfeetor— 
riicre  is  hereby  established  a  department  for  the  inspection 
of  steam  boilers  and  steam  phuits,  the  head  of  which  shall 
be  known  as  the  Chief  Inspector  of  Steam  Boilers  and  Steam 
Plants. 

Sec.  2205.  .-Ipfoiiilnient— He  shall  be  appointed  l)y  the 
Mayor  by  and  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  City 
Council. 

Sec.  2206.  Qiialifieotioii. — The  person  so  appointed  shall  be 
well  qualified  from  practical  experience  in  the  design  or  con- 
struction and  operation  of  boilers,  generators,  and  super- 
heaters, and  their  appurtenances,  used  for  generating  steam 
for  power,  steaming  or  heating  purposes,  to  enable  him  to 
judge  of  their  safety  for  use  as  such.  No  person  employed 
in  the  department  created  by  this  chapter  shall  be  directly  or 
indirectly  interested  in  the  manufacture,  ownership,  or  agency 
of  steam  boilers  or  other  apparatus  or  appliances  used  in  the 
generation  or  use  of  steam,  which  are  to  ])e  inspected. 

Sec.  2207.  Bond. — The  Chief  Inspector  of  Steam  Boilers 
and  Steam  Plants,  before  entering  upon  the  duties  of  his  of- 
fice, shall  execute  a  bond  to  the  City  of  Chicago  in  the  sum 
of  twe  thousand  dollars  ($5,000)  with  sureties  to  be  approved 
by  the  Mayor,  conditioned  for  the  faith  fid  performance  of 
the  duties  of  his  office. 

Sec.  2208.  Stifenisinfi  Mechonical  Eti};ineei: — There  is 
hereby  created  the  office  of  Supervising  Mechanical  Engineer 
and  Chief  Deputy  Inspector  of  Steam  Boilers  and  Steam 
Plants.  He  shall  be  appointed  by  the  Chief  Inspector  of 
Steam  Boilers  and  Steam  Plants  according  to  law. 

Sec.  2209.  Bond. — The  Supervising  Mechanical  Engineer 
and  Chief  Deputy  Inspector  of  Steam  Boilers  and  Steam 
Plants,  before  entering  upon  the  duties  of  his  office,  shall 
execute  a  bond  to  the  City  of  Chicago  in  the  sum  of  five 
thousand  dollars  ($5,000),  with  sureties  to  be  approved  by 
the  Comptroller  conditioned  for  the  faithful  performance  of 
the  duties  of  his  office. 

Sec.  2210.     Repealed  July  8.   1907.     See   Smoke  Ordinance. 

Sec.  2211.  (Amended  July  8,  \907)— Board  of  Inspectors  of 
Slcant  Boilers  and  Steam  Plants — To  Inspect  City  and  Board 
of  Education  Boilers. — The  department  of  steam  Iroilers  and 
steam  plants  shall  have  the  same  power  over  all  steam  boilers 
and  steam  plants  owned  or  operated  by  the  city  or  Board  of 
Education  as  over  all  other  steam  boilers  and  steam  plants 
in  said  city ;  and  all  steam  boilers  or  steam  plants  owned, 
operated  or  controlled  by  the  city  or  the  board  of  education 
of  said  city  shall  be  subject  to  the  requirements  of  this  chap- 
ter :  and  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  said  department  to  inspect 
at  least  once  in  each  year  all  of  such  steam  boilers  and  steam 


plants  :is  are  owned,  operated  or  controlled  by  the  city  or  .said 
Board  of  Education,  and  also  to  preserve  a  record  of  the  con- 
dition of  such  steam  boilers  or  steam  plants  as  shown  by  such 
inspection.  N"o  fee  shall  be  charged  or  paid  to  said  depart- 
meiu  nor  to  any  employe  under  said  department  for  the  in- 
spection of  any  steam  boiler  or  steam  plant  or  for  the  certifi- 
cate of  inspection  issued  by  said  department  for  any  steam 
boiler  or  steam  plant  owned,  operated  or  controlled  by  said 
city. 

Sec.  2212.  ( .\mended  July  8,  1907 )— /Ji</iV^  of  the  Board.— 
It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  department  to  inspect  all  boilers, 
tanks,  jacket  kettles,  generators  or  other  apparatus  used  for 
generating  or  transmitting  steam  for  power,  or  using  steam 
under  pressure  for  heating  or  steaming  purposes,  and  all 
other  tanks,  jacket  kettles,  and  reservoirs  under  pressure  of 
whatsoever  kind,  except  as  hereinafter  provided,  as  often  as 
once  in  each  and  every  year,  by  making  a  hydrostatic  pressure 
test  where  such  tests  shall  be  deeemd  necessary:  provided,  that 
the  hydrostatic  pressure  used  in  such  test  shall  not  exceed  the 
maxinunn  working  pressure  of  said  apparatus  by  more  than 
fifty  per  cent ;  and  by  making  a  careful  external  and  internal 
examination.  In  all  cases  where  hydrostatic  pressure  test  is 
used  an  internal  examination  of  said  apparatus  shall  after- 
wards be  made.  In  certifying  the  working  pressure  allowed 
on  each  steam  generator  or  other  apparatus  the  same  shall  be 
determined  by  multiplying  one-fifth  of  the  lowest  tensile 
strength  of  any  plate  in  the  cylindrical  shell  of  said  steam 
lioiler  or  steam  generator  or  other  apparatus  by  the  lowest 
efficiency  of  joint  in  such  cylindrical  shell  expressed  in  deci- 
mals, and  by  multiplying  the  product  by  the  thickness,  ex- 
pressed in  inches  or  parts  of  an  inch,  of  the  thinnest  plate  in 
the  same  cylindrical  shell  and  divide  by  the  radius,  also 
expressed  in  inches.  This  sum  will  be  the  pressure  allowable 
per  square  inch  of  surface. 

.\ny  boiler,  tank,  jacket  kettle,  generator  or  reservoir  hav- 
ing been  in  use  eight  years  or  more  and  its  condition  being 
such  tli.it  in  the  opinion  of  the  inspector  the  same  should  be 
drilled  in  order  that  the  exact  thickness  and  condition  may 
be  ascertained,  he  shall  report  the  same  to  the  Chief  Inspec- 
tor of  Steam  Boilers,  who  shall  serve  the  owner  or  agent  with 
a  written  notice  to  show  cause  to  the  Chief  Inspector  within 
five  days  why  such  boiler,  tank,  jacket  kettle,  generator  or 
reservoir  should  not  be  drilled. 

If.  after  the  owner  or  agent  has  been  heard,  or  at  the  end 
of  five  days,  the  Chief  Inspector  deems  it  necessary  that  the 
boiler,  tank,  jacket  kettle,  generator  or  reservoir  be  drilled, 
then  the  boiler,  tank,  jacket  kettle,  generator  or  reservoir 
may  be  drilled  at  points  near  the  water  line,  and 
at  the  bottom  of  shell  of  boiler,  or  such  other  points  in  the 
lioiler,  tank,  jacket  kettle,  generator  or  reservoir  as  the  in- 
specting officer  may  direct,  and  the  thickness  of  said  material 
shall  be  determined  thereafter  at  such  annual  inspection  as 
the  inspecting  officer  may  deem  necessary,  and  the  steam 
pressure  or  other  pressure  allowed  shall  be  governed  by  such 
ascertained  thickness  and  general  condition  of  boiler,  tank, 
jacket  kettle,  generator  or  reservoir,  .^nd  the  drilling  and 
plugging  of  said  holes  shall  be  done  at  the  expense  of  the 
owner. 

.\ny  boiler  may  be  tested  and  rated  in  accordance  with  the 
United  States  Marine  Inspection  Law  governing  the  inspec- 
tion of  steam  boilers.  But  no  boiler,  tank,  jacket  kettle  or 
jacket  constructed  or  reconstructed  of  boiler  plates  hereafter, 
where  the  same  are  required  shall  have  stay  bolts  of  less  than 
seven-eighths  of  an  inch  in  diameter  and  pitched  more  than 
seven  inches  apart.  .Ml  stationary  boilers,  tanks,  jacket  ket- 
tles or  packets  carrying  a   pressure  of  one  hundred  pounds 


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A     HALF    CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


or  over  to  tlie  square  iiicli,  the  construction  of  wliicli  requires 
stay  bolts,  shall  be  equipped  with  hollow  stay  bolts.  All 
boiler  heads  made  of  boiler  plate  shall  be  braced  with  braces, 
the  sectional  area  of  which  shall  not  be  less  than  one  square 
inch  each,  so  pitched  that  a  greater  strain  than  six  thousand 
pounds  per  square  inch  of  section  shall  not  be  carried  by  any 
one  brace  or  stay  bolt.  In  computing  the  strain  on  braces  in 
flat  surfaces  the  diameter  of  brace  rivets  shall  be  considered. 
In  computing  the  strain  on  shells  having  dished  heads  the 
pressure  will  be  figured  according  to  the  radius  of  the  heads. 

It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  department  to  see  that  the  boiler 
or  boilers,  boiler  setting,  means  of  producing  draft,  smoke 
connections  and  furnace  or  hre  box  of  each  boiler  inspected 
by  it  are  of  sufficient  capacity  or  so  constructed  as  with 
proper  management  to  avoid  the  issuance  of  emission  of 
dense  smoke  from  any  chimney  or  smokestack  connected 
therewith. 

Sec.  2213.     Repealed  July  8,   1907.     See  Smoke   Ordinance. 

Sec.  2214.     Repealed  by  City  Council  January  11,  1906. 

Sec.  2115.  (As  amended  January  2,  1905) — Prosecutions  for 
I'iolatioiis — By  Whom  to  Be  Instituted. — Provides  that  prose- 
cutions for  all  violations  of  above  section  shall  be  instituted 
by  the  Chief  Inspector  of  Steam  Boilers  and  Steam  Plants  or 
his  deputy  in  the  name  of  the  City  of  Chicago. 

Sec.  2216.  (Amended  July  8,  \907)— Permit  for  New  Plants 
Plants,  Etc. — No  new  plant,  nor  any  reconstruction  of  any 
old  plants,  for  producing  power  and  heat,  or  either  of  them 
shall  be  erected  or  maintained  in  the  city  until  the  plans  and 
specifications  of  the  same  have  been  filed  in  the  office  of  and 
approved  and  a  permit  for  such  erection  or  construction  is- 
sued by  the  Chief  Inspector  of  Steam  Boilers  and  Steam 
Plants,  which  plans  and  specifications  shall  show  the  amount 
of  work  and  the  amount  of  heating  to  be  done  by  such  plant 
and  all  the  appurtenances  thereto,  including  provisions  for  the 
complete  combustion  of  the  fuel  to  be  used  and  a  statement 
of  the  kind  of  fuel  proposed  to  be  used.  Such  plans  and 
specifications  shall  also  show  that  the  room  or  apartment  in 
which  such  plant  shall  be  located  is  provided  with  doors, 
windows,  air-shafts,  fans,  and  other  means  of  ventilation 
sufficient  to  prevent  the  temperature  of  such  room,  apartment, 
basement  or  other  portion  of  such  building  wherein  such 
steam  plant  or  apparatus  is  to  be  used,  from  rising  to  a  point 
higher  than  one  hundred  and  twenty  degrees  Fahrenheit,  or 
that  the  atmosphere  of  any  such  apartment  wherein  such  ap- 
paratus may  be  located  may  be  entirely  renewed  every  ten 
minutes.  Upon  approval  of  such  plans  and  specifications,  a 
duplicate  set  of  which  shall  be  left  on  file  in  said  office,  and 
the  payment  of  fees  as  hereinafter  provided,  and  upon  the 
presentation  to  the  department  of  a  permit  issued  by  the  de- 
partment of  smoke  inspection,  said  Chief  Inspector  shall  issue 
a  permit  for  the  installation  of  such  plant  or  such  reconstruc- 
tion. Such  permit  shall  state  the  maximum  amount  of  steam 
pressure  to  be  carried.  As  soon  as  the  department  hereby 
created  has  examined  the  plans  and  specifications  submitted 
for  a  new  steam  plant  in  a  new  building  and  has  issued  a 
permit  for  the  installation  of  same  it  shall  notify  the  Com- 
missioner of  Buildings  to  see  that  the  execution  of  the  con- 
struction work  on  the  building  in  which  such  plant  is  to  be  in- 
stalled is  carried  out  in  conformity  with  the  plans  and  speci- 
fications of  the  proposed  steam  plant  for  the  execution  of 
which  a  permit  has  been  issued,  with  special  reference  to  the 
amount  of  space  to  be  used  for  such  appurtenances,  the  size 
and  construction  of  the  chimney  or  chimneys  to  be  used,  and 
the  provisions  for  ventilation  and  proper  temperature  in  the 
engine  and  boiler  room. 


It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  Supervising  Mechanical  Engineer 
and  Chief  Deputy  Inspector  of  Steam  Boilers  and  Steam 
Plants  to  examine  in  detail  all  plans  and  specifications  that 
may  be  submitted  to  the  department,  and  to  report  upon 
the  same  for  approval  by  the  department. 

Sec.  2217.  '  (Amended  July  8,  1507)— Dw/y  oj  Officers.— It 
shall  be  unlawful  for  any  person  to  use  any  steam  boiler  or 
any  tank  or  tanks  subject  to  pressure  other  than  city  press- 
ure, until  lie  shall  have  first  procured  a  certificate  from  said 
Chief  Inspector  that  such  apparatus  may  be  safely  used,  and 
that  the  boiler  or  boilers,  boiler  setting,  means  of  producing 
draft,  smoke  connections  and  furnace  or  fire  box  are  of  such 
size  and  capacity  that  they  will  do  the  work  required,  and  be 
capable  of  being  so  managed  for  the  purpose  of  generating 
steam  that  no  dense  smoke  shall  be  emitted  from  the  chimney 
connected  with  such  furnace  or  fire  bo.x. 

If  such  owner,  agent  or  person  using  a  steam  boiler  or 
tank  shall  fail  to  notify  said  Chief  Inspector  of  his  intention 
to  make  any  alteration,  repairs  or  enlargement  of  such  steam 
plant,  and  shall  fail  to  file  plans  and  specifications  for  the 
enlargement  or  alterations  of  the  same,  and  shall  proceed  to 
make  such  alteration,  repairs  or  enlargement  without  a  per- 
mit therefor,  he  shall  be  liable  to  a  fine  of  twenty-five  dollars 
for  each  day  on  which  he  shall  have  prosecuted  such  alter- 
ation, repairs  or  enlargement  without  said  permit,  and  each 
day's  violation  shall  constitute  a  separate  off^ense.  Provided, 
however,  that  minor  necessary  or  emergency  repairs  which  do 
not  increase  the  capacity  of  such  apparatus  or  involve  any 
substantial  alteration  of  structure  may  be  made  by  or  under 
the  engineer  in  charge  of  such  apparatus  without  permit  or 
report  thereof. 

If  at  any  time  when  inspecting  a  steam  boiler,  generator  or 
other  apparatus  used  for  generating  steam  for  power  or  heat- 
ing purposes  the  inspector  of  boilers  shall  find  that  the  fur- 
nace or  fire  bo.x  in  which  fuel  is  used  for  the  purpose  of 
generating  stream  is  so  constructed  or  operated  as  to  cause 
the  emission  of  dense  smoke  from  the  chimney  connected 
therewith  he  shall  report  to  the  department  of  smoke  inspec- 
tion the  condition  of  such  plant. 

Provided,  tliat  any  boilers  for  heating  purposes  only,  in 
which  the  permit  specifies  that  not  more  than  ten  pounds  of 
steam  pressure  to  the  square  inch  shall  be  carried,  shall  be 
known  as  "low  pressure  boilers." 

After  the  next  inspection  of  such  low  pressure  boilers  shall 
have  been  made  following  the  adoption  of  this  ordinance, 
inspections  thereafter  shall  be  made  once  in  every  three  years. 
But  all  of  such  low  pressure  plants,,  may  be  inspected  at  any 
time  thereafter  and  without  charge,  with  reference  to  the  pro- 
visions for  draft,  complete  combustion  or  degree  of  combus- 
tion of  fuel  and  prevention  of  the  emission  of  smoke. 

Sec.  2218.  Exceptions. — The  provisions  of  this  chapter  re- 
lating to  the  inspection  of  boilers,  generators  or  other  appar- 
atus carrying  other  than  city  pressure  shall  not  apply 
to  such  boilers,  generators  or  apparatus  while  in 
use  or  installed  in  any  locomotive,  steam  or  tug 
boat.  The  provisions  of  this  chapter  relating  to  the 
inspection  of  steam  boilers,  generators  or  other  apparatus 
carrying  other  than  city  pressure  shall  be  held  to  apply  to  any 
such  steam  boiler,  generator  or  apparatus  in  use  or  installed 
in  any  steam  roller,  steam  derrick,  steam  pile  driver,  automo- 
bile or  other  movable  structure  or  contrivance  of  any  kind 
whatsoever  used  within  the  city.  Provided,  however,  that 
this  ordinance  shall  not  apply  to  boilers,  generators  or  other 
apparatus  used  in  private  residences  for  generating  steam 
solely  for  heating  purposes :  and  for  the  purpose  of  this  ordi- 


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A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


nance  llat  Imiltlings  or  apartment  buildings  witli  more  than 
three  apartments  shall  not  he  classed  as  private  residences, 
and  any  steam  hoiler.  generator  or  other  apparatus  used  for 
generating  steam  in  flat  Iniildings  or  apartment  buildings  hav- 
ing more  than  three  flats  or  apartments  sliall  l)e  subject  to 
inspection  as  hereinbefore  provided. 

Sec.  2219.  Certificate — Record. — //lun  an  inspection  of  a 
boiler  or  boilers,  tank  or  tanks,  jacket-kettle,  generator  or 
generators,  superheater  or  superheaters,  or  any  apparatus  un- 
der pressure,  has  been  made,  and  the  same  shall  be  approved 
by  the  Chief  Inspector  or  Supervising  Mechanical  Engineer 
and  Chief  Deputy  Inspector  of  Steam  Boilers  and  Steam 
Plants,  he  shall  make  and  deliver  to  the  person  for  whom  the 
inspection  was  made,  upon  the  payment  of  llie  fees  hereinafter 
mentioned,  a  certificate  of  such  inspection,  which  shall  contain 
the  date  of  inspection,  together  with  a  general  description, 
for  what  purpose  used,  the  number  of  try-cocks,  steam  and 
water  gauges,  the  pounds  pressure  at  which  they  may  be 
safely  used;  which  certificate  shall  be  framed  and  put  up  in 
a  conspicuous  place  in  the  engine  or  boiler  room,  and  a  record 
of  the  same  sliall  he  made  and  kept  by  said  Board,  in  a  well- 
bound  book  or  books,  indexed  alphabetically  or  l)y  locality. 

Sec.  2221^).     See  Smoke  Ordinance'. 

Sec.  2221.  Inspection  of  Rcpnirs.— It  shall  be  the  duty  of 
said  Inspector,  upon  an  application  in  writing  made  by  any 
person,  firm,  corporation,  or  agent,  owning,  leasing  or  con- 
trolling the  use  of  any  boiler,  tank,  jacket-kettle,  generator. 
or  superheater,  stating  that  the  same  is  out  of  repair  or  has 
been  repaired,  to  examine  the  same  when  so  repaired,  and  de- 
termine if  such  repairing  has  been  properly  done;  and  it  shall 
be  unlawful  for  any  person,  firm,  corporation,  or  agent  to  use 
any  boiler,  tank,  jacket-kettle,  generator,  or  superheater,  after 
the  same  has  been  repaired,  until  a  certificate  shall  have  been 
procured  from  the  Inspector  to  the  effect  that  such  repairing 
has  been  properly  done,  and  such  boiler,  tank,  jacket-kettle, 
generator,  or  superheater  may  be  safely  used,  except  as 
hereinbefore  provided  in  this  chapter. 

Sec.  2222.  Fees. — The  fees  for  inspection  of  steam  boilers 
and  other  apparatus  under  this  chapter  shall  be  as  follows : 

Class  A.  Including  steam  boilers,  tanks,  jacket-kettles,  of 
a  capacity  of  seventy-five  gallons  or  over,  generators,  or  other 
apparatus  under  a  pressure  exceeding  ten  pounds  per  square 
inch  in  plants  where  only  one  such  apparatus  is  used,  five  dol- 
lars each. 

Class  B.  Steam  boilers,  generators,  or  superheaters  under 
pressure  exceeding  ten  pounds  per  square  inch  in  plants 
where  more  than  one  such  is  used,  five  dollars  for  the  first 
and   three  dollars   for  each   additional   apparatus. 

Class  C.  Tanks  and  jacket-kettles,  of  a  capacity  of  seven- 
ty-live gallons  or  over,  under  pressure  in  plants  where  more 
than  one  such  tank  or  jacket-kettle  is  used,  one  dollar  cacli 
for  all  after  the  first. 

Class  D.  All  low-pressure  steam  boilers  as  herein  de- 
scribed in  this  chapter,  three  dollars  each. 

Class  E.  The  fee  for  a  permit  for  .-i  new  ste.im  |)laiU  or  for 
additions  to  an  old  plant  shall  be  Uw  dollars  for  each  boiler 
or  tank  to  be  used  under  pressure  or  for  the  addition  or 
rebuilding  of  any  smokestack  or  chimney  or  for  any  material 
alteration  or  change  made  in  such  plant.  The  fee  for  the 
inspection  of  steam  boilers  and  other  apparatus  above  pro- 
vided for  shall  be  double  the  respective  amounts  above  speci- 
fied when  an  inspection  is  made  on  Sunday  or  any  legal  holi- 
day at  the  request  of  the  person  or  corporation  owning  or 
operating  said  steam  boilers  or  other  apparatus. 


.-Ml  fees  provided  for  in  this  chaptir  sh.ill  be  paid  to  the 
City  Collector. 

Sec.  2223.  (.Amended  July  S.  WViT  )—li.\cml<lioiis—Clhirilii- 
ble.  Religious  and  Educational  Institutions. — Said  Chief  In- 
spector inay,  and  he  is  hereby  directed  and  instructed  to  remit 
all  inspection  fees  charged,  or  that  may  hereafter  be  charged, 
against  any  and  all  charitable,  religious,  and  educational  in- 
stitutions, when  the  boiler  or  other  apparatus  inspected  is  lo- 
cated in  or  upon  premises  used  or  occupied  exclusively  by 
such  charitable,  religious  or  educational  institution ;  provided, 
that  such  charital)le,  religious  or  educational  institution  is  not 
conducted  or  carried  on  for  private  gain  or  profit,  and  pro- 
vided further,  that  said  Chief  Inspector  may  require  every 
application  for  the  remission  of  such  fees  to  he  verified  by 
the  afiidavit  of  one  or  more  taxpayers  of  the  city. 

Sec.  2224.  C7wri'm;i;  ll.vcess  Fees.— If  any  person  acting 
on  behalf  of  the  city  under  the  provisions  of  this  chapter  shall 
take  or  receive  any  money  or  any  valuable  thing  for  the  pur- 
pose of  deceiving  or  defrauding  any  person  or  per,sons,  or  for 
the  purpose  of  favoring  any  person  or  persons,  or  if  any  in- 
spector shall  recommend  the  issue  of  any  certificate  of  inspec- 
tion without  having  at  the  time  stated  thoroughly  examined 
and  tested  the  boiler  so  certified,  he  shall  be  fined  one  hun- 
dred dollars  ($100)   for  each  offense. 

Sec.  2225.  (Amended  July  8,  1907.)  Try-Cocks.  Gauges. 
Force  Pumps. — It  shall  be  the  duty  of  every  person  or  corpor- 
ation owing,  leasing  or  controlling  the  use  of  any  steam  boil- 
er or  boilers,  subject  to  inspection,  as  hereinbefore  provided, 
to  provide  and  properly  affix  to  each  and  every  one  of  such 
boilers  a  full  complement  of  try-cocks,  one  water  gauge,  one 
fusible  plug  of  good  Banca  tin,  one  or  more  pop  safety  valves 
(the  area  of  pop  valves  shall  be  in  the  ratio  of  one  square 
inch  to  three  square  feet  of  grate  surface)  :  Provided,  that 
on  boilers  used  for  generating  steam  for  heating  purposes 
only  and  carrying  not  more  than  ten  pounds  steam  pressure, 
direct  weighted  .safety  valves  may  be  used.  On  each  steam 
boiler  or  steam  generator,  or  other  apparatus  subject  to  in- 
spection, there  shall  he  placed  a  suitable  shut-oflF  or  main  stop 
valve  so  placed  as  to  prevent  the  water  passing  into  the  heat- 
ing apparatus  during  the  test  made  at  the  time  of  inspection ; 
provided,  that  shut-off  or  main  stop  valves  shall  be  required 
only  in  plants  to  be  hereafter  installed,  and  a  good  and  suffi- 
cient force  pump  or  other  means  of  supplying  the  boiler  with 
water;  also  a  good  and  sufficient  safety  valve  or  reducing 
valve  to  all  tanks  or  jacket-kettles,  properly  attached.  .\o  stop 
or  shut-off  valve  shall  be  placed  between  a  hoiler.  tank  or 
jacket-  kettle  and  the  safety  valve. 

.'Xfter  inspection  the  inspector  shall  seal  all  safety  valves, 
and  said  seal  shall  not  be  broken,  except  by  authority  of  said 
department,  except  in  case  of  emergency,  and  when  the  seal  is 
broken  a  complete  report  of  the  same  shall  be  made  to  said 
department  within  twenty-four  hours;  and  said  valve  shall 
be  resealcd  forthwith  l)y  said  department  without  charge, 
provided  the  circumstances  of  the  breaking  of  said  seal  are 
approved  by  said  department. 

Sec.  2226.  Owners  to  Proiide  Facilities. — Every  person 
owning  or  having  possession  or  control  of  any  steam  boilers, 
tanks,  jacket-kettles,  generators,  or  superheaters,  subject  to 
inspection  as  aforesaid,  shall  provide  at  his  own  expense 
proper  arrangements  and  facilities  for  attaching  the  instru- 
ments of  inspection.  Immediately  before  the  time  set  for 
such  inspection,  every  person  shall  remove  all  scale,  dirt,  soot, 
and  sediment  in.  beneath,  and  around  such  boiler,  shall  fill  the 
same  with  water,  when  so  directed  by  the  Inspector,  and  have 


207 


A    HALF    CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


all  main  stop  valves  and  other  valves  and  connections  on  said 
boiler  or  boilers  perfectly  tight,  so  that  the  Inspector  may  be 
able  to  apply  hydrostatic  pressure,  leaving  all  said  apparatus 
in  clean  condition  for  inspection. 

Sec.  2227.  Engineer's  Xcgligrncc,  Ma.viiiunn  Pressure,  and 
Safety  1  'akrs. — Any  engineer  or  other  person  in  charge  of  a 
steam  boiler  or  generator  who  shall  negligently  or  wrongfully 
endanger  the  life  of  any  person  by  permitting  the  water  to 
fall  below  three  inches  above  the  flues  or  crown  sheet  of  any 
boiler,  or  shall  disturb  the  spring  or  weight  on  the  safety 
valve,  or  break  the  seal  of  the  safety  valve,  or  tamper  with 
it  so  as  to  carry  more  pressure  than  allowed  by  the  Inspector, 
or  who  shall  otherwise  neglect  his  duties,  shall  be  subject  to 
a  fine  of  not  less  than  $25  nor  more  than  $100  for  each  offense 
and  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  Chief  Inspector  to  report  the 
facts  to  the  Board  of  Examining  Engineers. 

The  safety  valves  of  steam  boilers  shall  not  be  loaded  to 
sustain  more  than  the  maximum  pressure  allowed  by  said 
Inspector,  and  the  area  of  the  discharge  of  each  safety  valve 
shall  be  equal  to  the  full  area  of  the  valve,  and  all  safety 
valves  shall  be  directly  open  to  the  atmosphere. 

Sec.  2228.  (Amended  July  S.  19Q7)~Mani4faelurers  and 
Dealers — Xotify  Insfcctors. — Any  person  or  corporation 
manufacturing,  dealing  in,  selUng  or  erecting  steam  boilers, 
tanks,  jacket  kettles,  or  generators,  subject  to  inspection  under 
this  chapter,  shall,  on  the  sale  or  delivery  of  such  steam  boiler, 
tank,  jacket  kettle,  or  generator  at  any  point  or  locality  within 
the  city,  notify  the  said  Chief  Inspector,  giving  the  name  of 
the  owner,  name  of  maker,  number  and  name  of  street,  or 
otherwise  designate  the  locality  of  said  delivery  or  sale ;  shall 
state  also  the  thickness  and  quality  of  the  material  used  in 
the  construction  and  the  brand  stamped  on  the  plate. 

Sec.  2229.  Second-Hand  Dealers. — All  steam  boiler  manu- 
facturers, second-hand  steam  boiler  and  junk  dealers,  and 
any  other  person  selling  second-hand  steam  boilers,  tanks, 
jacket-kettles,  generators,  or  superheaters,  shall  before  paint- 
ing the  same  have  them  inspected  by  the  Department  of  Steam 
Boiler  and  Steam  Plants,  and  have  in  their  possession  a 
certificate  issued  by  said  Department,  showing  the  amount  of 
pressure  per  square  inch  the  said  steam  boiler,  tank,  jacket- 
kettle,  generator  or  superheater  is  allowed  to  carry  before 
offering  for  sale  any  second-hand  steam  boiler,  tank,  or 
jacket-kettle,  generator,  or  superheater,  and  give  the  buyer 
the  said  certificate  of  inspection.  Any  person  or  corporation 
violating  this  section  shall  be  fined  not  less  than  fen  dollars 


($10),  nor  more  than  one  hundred  dollars   ($100 1,  for  each 
offense. 

Provided  that  any  person  or  persons  disposing  of  a  second- 
hand steam  boiler,  tank,  jacket-kgttle,  generator,  or  super- 
heater, which  has  been  in  use,  shall  not  be  required  to  secure 
inspection  if  said  steam  boiler,  tank,  jacket-kettle  generator, 
or  superheater  is  sold  to  a  dealer  in  or  repairer  of  such 
apparatus,  but  such  inspection  shall  be  had  before  such  articles 
are  sold  for  use. 

Sec.  2230.  Penalty. — .Any  person  who  shall  violate  any  of 
the  provisions  of  this  chapter  shall  be  fined  not  less  than 
twenty-five  dollars  ( $25 ) ,  nor  more  than  one  hundred  dollars 
($100),  for  each  offense. 

Sec.  2231.  (Amended  July  8,  l907)—Apparatus~Reeord.— 
The  city  shall  provide  such  instruments,  books,  papers  and 
equipment  as  shall  be  necessary  for  the  proper  performance 
of  the  duties  of  such  department,  which  shall  be  the  property 
of  said  city,  and  which  shall  be  delivered  by  said  Chief  In- 
spector to  his  successor  in  office.  Said  Chief  Inspector- shall 
report  annually  on  or  before  the  first  day  of  February  to  the 
Mayor  and  City  Council,  and  as  often  as  required  by  said 
Council. 

Said  department  shall  prepare  and  keep  in  its  office  a  record 
of  each  steam  boiler,  steam  generator,  tank,  jacket-kettle,  or 
other  apparatus  used  for  the  generation  of  steam  or  under 
pressure  other  than  city  pressure,  and  at  the  first  inspection 
of  any  such  apparatus  under  and  by  virtue  of  this  chapter  a 
number  shall  be  securely  stamped  upon  the  same  with  a  steel 
stamp  or  die.  of  not  less  than  one-half  inch  in  height,  in  a 
conspicuous  and  easily  accessible  place  upon  said  apparatus, 
which  number  shall  be  the  office  number  of  such  piece  of 
apparatus,  and  the  designation  by  which  the  same  shall  be 
known  in  said  record  after  such  inspection ;  and  said  record 
shall  contain  a  full  description  of  such  piece  of  apparatus, 
together  with  the  use  for  which  it  is  employed,  the  place 
where  it  may  be  located,  the  name  of  the  owner,  agent,  or 
lessee  of  said  apparatus,  together  with  the  amount  of  pressure 
allowed  by  the  Inspector  for  the  same,  and  the  kind  of  fuel 
used,  together  with  the  number  of  try-cocks,  steam  and  water 
gauges,  and  any  special  information  pertaining  thereto,  includ- 
ing a  record  of  inspections  made. 

Sec.  2232.  (Amended  July  8,  \907)— Report  Defeets  in 
Furnaees  and  Snwkestaeks. — It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  assist- 
ant inspectors  to  report  to  said  Chief  Inspector  defects  in 
furnaces  and  smokestacks  as  well  as  in  boilers. 


208 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 

CHICAGO    XELEPHOIME    COIVIPAIVY 

Twenty-one  specially  constructed  buildings 


i 

^rf^ 

PiiPwuT^'*!  1 

1  **    *^b.  "*'^H 

.     -         :i^^j* 

KEDZIC 


WENTWQRTH 


OOUGLAS 


NO.  DIV.  BARN 


[^lli|J|->^.ua»»i 


so.  OIV.  BARN 


OAKLAND 


In  addition  to  the  above,  all  of  which  have  been  built  within  twenty-five  years,  the  Company  occupies  over  two  hundred  and 
sixty-five  thousand  square  feet  in  other  buildings  lowned  and  leased  within  the  Chicago  City  limits.  Over  210,000  telephones  are  now 
in  operation  within  the  Chicago  City  limits,  connecting  with  55,000  in  adjoining  counties  and  over  4,000,000  throughout  the  country. 

CHICAGO  TELEPHONE  COMPANY.   191-203  Washington  S  rcet.  Chicago. 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


ELECTRIC  SHOP 

JACKSON  and  MICHIGAN  BOULEVARDS 
CHICAGO 


ARCHITECTS,  AND  THOSE  CONTEMPLATING  BUILDING  or  improving  upon  the 
electrical  arrangements  of  the  home,  will  find  a  wealth  of  suggestion  at  ELECTRIC  SHOP,  located 
on  the  ground  floor,  northwest  corner  of  Jackson  and  Michigan  Boulevards — a  permanent  exhibition  of 
educational  value,  no  less  than  of  artistic  attractiveness.     Something  electrical  to  interest  everyone. 


VIEW  IN  RECEPTION  ROOM,  ELECTRIC  SHOP.  SHOWING  ELECTRIC  GRATE 

Being  centrally  located  with  respect  to  the  shopping  district,  ELECTRIC  SHOP  affords  visitors 
many  conveniences  aside  from  its  interesting  displays  of  lamps,  fixtures  and  electrical  devices  of  all  kinds, 
which  they  are  invited  to  inspect  and  enjoy.     A  convenient  location  for  the  payment  of  electric  light  bills. 

The  architectural  features  of  ELECTRIC  SHOP  will  prove  of  especial 
interest  to  the  Architect  and  Builder.  The  interior  design,  being  Elizabethan  in 
style,  antique  gray  finished  oak  in  richly  carved  panels,  is  far  in  advance  of  any- 
thing yet  seen  in  the  west.  The  furniture  is  also  of  carved  oak,  especially 
designed  in  the  Elizabethan  style.  The  beams  of  the  ceiling  are  richly  decorated 
in  gold  and  the  strong  primary  colors.  The  ceiling  between  beams  is  treated  m 
deep  old  gold.  The  dining  room  is  designed  in  the  style  of  the  early  English 
Renaissance.     The  effect  withal  is  most  pleasing.     Your  inspection  is  invited. 

COMMONWEALTH       EDISON       COMPANY 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


Electric  Light  and  Power 


from  the  Central  Station 

The  Modern  Method 


TX7HETHER  YOU  REQUIRE  A  SINGLE  HORSE-POWER 

"  '     or  50,000  or  more,  you  can  buy  it  to  your  decided  advantage 

from  Central  Station.     Electric  Power  is  clean,  reliable,  economical. 

Our  service  is  available  day  and  night — no  heavy  expense  for 

overtime,  no  investment  in  generating  plant,  no  depreciation  charges. 

Call  Randolph  1280 

Commonwealth  Edison  Company 

General  Offices,  139  Adams  Street,  Chicago 


% 


il^ 


3B 


HALF     CENTURY      OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


THE  LOWERING  OF  A  TUNNEL  UNDER  THE  CHICAGO  RIVER 


THE  old  Van  Buren  Street  tunnel  under  the  Chicago 
River  at  Van  Buren  Street,  2^4  miles  from  the 
mouth  of  the  river  in  Lake  Michigan,  was  a  double 
track  tunnel  used  by  the  Chicago  Union  Traction  Com- 
pany for  transporting  passengers  in  street  cars  between 
the  west  and  the  east  sides  of  the  Chicago  River;  the 
lowering  of  the  river  level,  due  to  the  opening  of  the 
Drainage  Canal,  left  only  15  to  16  feet  of  water  over  the 
tunnel,  and  Congress  ordered  its  removal  so  22  feet  of 
water  would  be  provided  over  it  the  full  width  of  the 
river. 

It  was  decided  by  the  Union  Traction  Company, 
owners  of  the  tunnel,  to  lower  it  and  exhaustive  plans 
and  specifications  were  prepared  by  Mr.  Samuel  G.  Art- 
ingstall.  The  con- 
tract was  awarded 
to  the  Great 
Lakes  Dredge  & 
Dock  Company. 

The  w  or  k  -  of- 
lowering  the  Tun- 
nel consisted  es- 
sentially in  put- 
ting in  a  new  roof 
inside  or  under 
the  old  one,  and 
also  putting  in  a 
new  bottom  or  in- 
vert ;  the  side 
walls  were  left 
practically  intact. 
The  work  pro- 
gressed  rapidly 
and  the  job  was 
fi  n  i  s  h  e  d  in  19 
months.  The  new 
roof,  which  is  9 
feet  6  inches 
below  the  top  of 
the  old  roof,  con- 
sists of  transverse 
I-shape  steel  gird- 
ers,   32    feet    long 

over  all,  spaced  4  feet  3  inches  apart  on  centers.  The 
girders  are  carried  at  the  ends  by  columns  which  are 
15-inch  80-pound  I-beams  seated  on  brick  masonry  piers 
built  up  to  the  springing  line  of  the  arch.  These  piers 
are  placed  in  chases  cut  two  feet  deep  into  the  old  brick 
side  walls  of  the  tunnel,  as  shown  in  the  accompanying- 
photograph.  The  spaces  between  the  roof  girders  are 
filled  with  concrete  and  a  jack  arch  formed  between 
each  pair  of  girders.  The  concrete  for  the  jack  arches 
was  mixed  by  hand  in  the  limited  space  between  the 
new  roof  girders  and  the  old  floor  and  hoisted  up  through 
a  space  obtained  by  omitting  one  jack  arch.  Over  this 
layer  of  concrete  are  two  courses  of  brick  placed  in  an 
asphalt  compound  while  it  was  still  hot,  which  serves  as 
the  water-proofing  of  the  roof.  As  a  covering  for  this  is 
a  layer  of  concrete  twelve  inches  thick,  reinforced  by  a 
system  of  wires. 

The  placing  of  the  large  roof  girders  was  greatly 
handicapped  on  account  of  the  limited  head  room  in  the 
tunnel..  They  weighed  five  tons  each  and  were  made  up 
readv  for  erection  when  delivered.    Thev  were  conveved 


into  the  tunnel  to  the  place  of  erection  on  flat  cars  run 
on  the  street  car  tracks,  from  which  they  were  jacked  up 
and  placed  in  proper  position.  The  accompanying  photo- 
graph shows  the  roof  girders  in  place  before  the  con- 
creting. 

The  invert  of  the  tunnel  was  lowered  eight  feet  in 
the  section  under  the  river  and  the  walls  of  the  tunnel 
were  underpinned  to  that  depth;  the  underpinning 
gradually  decreasing  towards  each  portal  where  it  re- 
tains the  same  grade  as  before.  The  invert  lowering 
had  to  be  done  in  narrow  sections  or  "ribs"  and  in  differ- 
ent parts  of  the  tunnel  so  as  to  give  the  finished  portions 
plenty  of  time  to  set  and  still  keep  the  new  roof  and  side 
walls  well  braced  and  at  the  approaches  to  avoid  possible 

damage      through 
^- W^% ''>**^'^1         settlement   to   the 
,■'  ■ '  Vi,/-  "^c'         heavy  buildings 
/  '   .  ■.     .--,  adjoining.     These 

'  ■  '■''  sections  were  pits 
">  I  ranging  from  five 
to  eight  feet  in 
width,  dug  trans- 
verselv  across  the 
tunnel  to  a  depth 
of  from  ten  to 
eleven  feet  below 
the  old  floor  level 
at  the  center  line 
of  the  t  u  n  n  e  1. 
They  penetrated 
the  side  walls  of 
the  section  about 
four  feet  and  up 
to  the  masonry 
piers  on  which 
the  columns  hold- 
ing the  roof  gird- 
ers were  mounted. 
In  digging  these 
pits  through  the 
side  walls  in  the 
river  sections  the 
inner  rows  of  piles 
of  the  old  cofterdai-i  were  occasionally  encountered, 
showing  the  tremendous  side  pressure  of  the  clay  which 
squeezed  these  piles  inside  the  lines  of  the  work. 

The  pits  were  concreted  so  that  the.  new  invert  is 
eight  feet  below  the  old  invert  and  the  concrete  placed 
in  the  pits  in  the  side  walls  connects  with  the  concrete 
placed  when  the  columns  were  put  in;  thus  connecting 
the  arch  and  the  invert. 

0\'er  the  approach  ends  of  the  new  roof  of  the  tunnel 
up  to  the  old  arch,  solid  bulkheads  suitably  waterproofed, 
were  built ;  so  when  the  arch  of  the  old  tunnel  was  re- 
moved in  the  river  section  the  water  could  not  run  in 
over  the  new  roof.  The  west  bulkhead  is  26  feet  thick 
and  the  east  one  ten  feet. 

The  Great  Lakes  Dredge  &  Dock  Company  also  had 
the  contract  to  remove  the  masonry  of  the  old  tunnel 
arch  down  to  the  line  of  the  new  roof.  It  was  required 
that  the  masonry  be  destroyed  as  much  as  possible  from 
the  under  side  after  the  new  work  had  been  made  tight 
and  without  the  aid  of  coflferdams  or  explosives  and  to 
avoid  hindrance  to  navigation,  and  as  much  as  possible 


4B 


A     HALF     CENTURY      OF    CHICAGO      BUILDING 


any  concussions  or  jars  iliat  niiylil  injure  tlie  new  con- 
struction or  the  adjoininj,'  tall  heavy  buildinj^s. 

The  destroy inj,-^  and  removing  of  tlie  old  roof  was 
carried  out  in  a  novel  way.  A  cushion  of  sand  was 
placed  over  the  new  roof  underneath  the  old  arch  to 
protect  it  from  the  debris  that  would  naturally  fall  on  it 
in  the  wrecking.  One  of  the  Great  Lakes  Dredge  ^: 
Dock  Company  s  drill  boats  in  the  river  above  started 
the  work  by  drilling  cuts  across  the  arch  about  4  feet 
apart  on  one  side  of  the  river.    This  strip  of  old  masonry 


was  then  taken  out  and  another  slrij)  executed  in  a  simi- 
lar manner;  thus  successive  strijjs  were  broken  off 
across  the  channel.  The  loosened  material  which  lay  on 
top  of  the  new  roof  was  then  removed  by  one  of  the 
Com])any's  dredges  carefully  operated  so  as  not  to  dam- 
age the  new  roof. 

The  lowering  of  the  \'an  P.uren  Street  tunnel  by  the 
(ireat  Lakes  Dredge  &  Dock  Company  was  the  first 
operation  of  this  kind  ever  successfully  e.xecuted. 


CONSTRUCTION  OF  THE  HARBOR  AT  GARY,  INDIANA 


THE  great  numlier  of  the  largest  boats  on  ilie  ( ireat 
Lakes  that  would  run  between  the  mine  railroads 
on  Lake  Su])erior  and  the  new  steel  |)lant  at  (iary. 
Indiana,  necessitated  the  provision  of  i)roper  and  suf- 
ficient harbor  and 
docking  facilities 
for  the  latter.  The 
construction  of  a 
harbor  for  the 
new  steel  plant 
w  a  s  considered 
one  of  the  most 
difficult  and  ex- 
tensive engineer- 
ing w  o  r  k  s  re- 
quired in  building 
that  plant,  mostly 
on  account  of  the 
unfavorable  nat- 
u  r  a  1  conditions 
there.  The  sliore 
line  in  that  vicin- 
ity is  a  low,  fiat. 
and  practically 
unbroken  sandy 
beach.  The  sand 
is  a  fine  lake  sand 
variety  and  it  ex- 
ists to  a  depth  of 
from  forty  feet  to 
sixty  feet  from 
the  surface.  This 
sand  was  shifting 
and  lay  in  alter- 
nate ridges  and  hollows  parallel  to  the  shore  line.  These 
ridges  rose  from  fifteen  to  forty  feet  above  the  water  in 
the  lake  with  the  hollows  in  between  about  ten  feet 
above  that  level.  The  water  here  was  very  shallow  as 
the  minimum  depth  of  twenty-two  feet  in  channel  con- 
struction on  the  Great  Lakes  was  not  reached  imtil 
about  2.000  feet  off  shore  in  the  lake. 

The  contract  for  the  construction  of  the  harbor  and  a 
slip  was  awarded  the  Great  Lakes  Dredge  &  Dock  Com- 
pany. The  slip,  which  is  2.^0  feet  wide  and  about  a  mile 
in  length,  with  a  minimum  depth  of  twenty-two  feet,  is 
built  at  right  angles  to  the  shore  line  and  extends  2.000 
feet  out  from  shore  line  to  the  twenty-two  foot  dejith 
in  the  lake  and  3.000  feet  inland — total  amount  of  exca- 
vation estimated  at  l.'K)0.000  cubic  yards.  It  was  dug 
l)y  the  Great  Lakes  Dredge  &  Dock  Comjiany's  hydraulic 
dredges  ■"Michigan"  and  "Xew  York,"  the  latter  having  a 
twenty-four  inch  diameter  suction  pipe  and  a  capacity 
of  10,000  cubic  yards  per  twenty-four  hour  day 
Both  sides  of  tlie  sli])  were  closely  lined 


,ith 


sheet  piling,  which  mi  tlie  west  side  was  later  topped 
with  a  concrete  dock.  The  off  shore  ])ier  along  the  west 
side  of  the  slip  extends  2.000  feet  out  from  the  end  of  the 
concrete  dock  and   is  a  rock   filled   timber  and  pile  ]iier 

v  a  r  y  i  n  g  froii) 
twelve  feet  wide 
at  the  shore  to 
twenty-four  feet 
wide  at  its  far- 
thest end  in  the 
lake. 

.\t  the  o  u  t  e  r 
end  of  this  ])ier  a 
rock  filled  timber 
and  i)ile  ])ier  2.000 
feet  in  length  and 
24  feet  in  width 
extends  to  the 
west  in  the  lake  at 
a  right  angle  to 
the  slip.  T  h  e 
S])ace  enclosed  by 
this  pier  was  for- 
m  c  r  1  y  covered 
with  about  twen- 
ty-two feet  of 
water  and  has 
been  filled  in  with 
sand  by  the  hy- 
draulic dredge 
"Xew  York"  to  a 
height  of  from 
three  feet  to  eigh- 
teen feet  above 
datum.  On  this  made  land,  aggregating  about  4.000.000 
square  feet,  the  blast  furnaces,  etc.,  of  the  new  steel  town 
are  now  being  built.  The  off  shore  pier  on  the  east  side 
is  similar  to  that  on  the  west  side  of  the  slip  beyond  the 
concrete  dtick. 

In  the  construction  of  the  timber  and  ])ile  piers,  25,000 
piles  and  7,000,000  feet  P..  M.  of  timber  was  used.  The 
work  was  handled  by  six  floating  pile  drivers,  each  equip- 
ped with  a  pump  o])erating  a  hydraulic  jet.  .Ml  the  piling 
and  sheeting  was  driven  with  the  assistance  of  a  water 
jet.  as  the  sand  was  of  such  a  nature  that  a  pile  would 
break  before  it  would  penetrate  the  sand  under  the  blows 
of  the  hammer  unless  the  jet  was  used. 

The  construction  of  the  slip  and  piers  is  almost  com- 
])leted,  but  work  is  still  in  progress  on  the  excavation  of 
2.^^0,000  yards  for  the  turning  basin  at  the  end  of  the  slip 
and  also  on  the  3,200  lineal  feet  of  outer  breakwater 
which  is  now  being  built  in  dc])ths  of  water  varying  from 
20  to  40  feet.  The  (M-eat  Lakes  Dredge  v^-  Dock  Com- 
])an\-  is  also  contractor  for  the  two  latter  works. 


.-i; 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


CHICAGO'S  GARDEN  SPOT 


IS  THE 


Beautiful  North  Side 


REACHED  BY  THE 


Northwestern 
Elevated  Railroad 

The  Excellent  Transportation  Facilities  of   This  Line 
Insure  to  the  Chicago  Public 

Speed,   Safety,  Comfort  and  Convenience 

J^QTJTPMENT      ^^^  ^""^  Equipment  has  been  increased   thirty-three  per  cent  within  the  past  eighteen 
_i months,  although 

T*  T>    A    JT  JT  T  Q      Its    Passenger   Traffic    has    increased    but    twenty    per   cent    within    the  same  period 
of  time. 

P     0     AV     E     R      ^'•^   Electric   Motive   Power  has   been    increased    more   than  5,200  horsepower  within 
the  past  twelve   months. 

Nine  Reasons  Why  the  Northwestern  Elevated  Railroad  Should 
Enjoy  Popularity  and  Win  Patronage: 

1       Its  cars   are  large,   well  ventilated,  A      Its  extensions  of  lines,  made  at  an  "T     Its  Express  train  service  is  first-class 
convenient  and  comfortable.  expense   of    13,500,000,    enable    the  ''in   every   respect   and  with  the   co- 
public  to  reach  every  North  Side  section  operation  of  the  public  will  be  improved. 
2      Its  new  Pullman  cars,  now  installed,  conveniently.  _      ,     ,.                ,                   ■        .■ 
•           .,           ^     ,       „„           ,      r     •  X     I's  hnes  reach  every  pomt  of  mterest 
provide  seats   for  28  people   facmg  ^      Its  North  Water  Street  Terminal  ac-  °'   and  recreation  between  the  Loop  and 
forward  instead  of  8  as  in  most  elevated  '•''    commodates  2,500  passengers  daily  Evanston,   connecting  with  the  Chicago 
railroad  cars.  and  does  much  to  relieve  congestion  of  &   Milwaukee  Electric  Railway  cars  for 

traffic  on  the  Loop.  all  points  north. 
■3      Its   curves    are    being    modified    at 

*'•    great  expense,  thereby  adding  to  the  6.    w    '"'c?''   Tx"'    -'T    "'?i   ^'''?'  9.    lf'"cal  cars  on  all  trains  are  almost 

"   .              f    u          Kr         H   •         •  Water  Street  Termmal  are  the  only  -^ '    always  only  partly  filled  durmg  rush 

convenience  01  the  public  and  insuring  Chicago  elevated  railroad  trains  composed  hours,    so    that    ample    accommodations 

speedier  service.  of  six  cars.  may  be  found. 

PASSENGERS  ARE  EARNESTLY  REQUESTED  to  co-operate  with  the 
management  in  further  improvement  of  the  service  by  taking  such  trains 
as  will  carry  them  to  their  destination  WITHOUT  CHANGE  OF  CARS 

From  Every  Point  of  View  This  is  the  Ideal 
Line  for  Busy  Chicago  People 


6B 


A     HALF     CENTURY      OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


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A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


THE  CHICAGO  C 

A  Corporation  which  has  been  ol 

A  Half  Century  o 

THE  history  of  the  last  fifty  years  of  Chicago  building,  which  virtually  means  the  history  of 
Chicago,  cannot  be  written  without  reference  to  the  Chicago  City  Railway  Company. 
Not  only  has  this  corporation  been  chiefly  instrumental  in  developing  the  great  south  side 
with  its  enormous  real-estate  and  commercial  values,  but  it  has  been  a  determining  factor  in  ex- 
panding the  retail  trade  of  the  city  as  a  whole. 

The  State  Street  line  of  the  company  was  opened  to  Twelfth  Street  on  April  25,  1859,  more  . 
than  a  half  century  ago.  It  was  a  great  day  for  early  Chicago.  At  that  time,  a  crude  horse  car, 
costing  perhaps  not  more  than  $500,  was  operated  over  a  mile  of  track.  Hay  strewn  on  the  car 
floor  constituted  the  winter  robe  of  pioneer  luxury  in  street  railway  travel,  and  the  fare  charged 
was  five  cents.  Today,  a  palace  car,  costing  $6,800,  running  over  track  and  roadbed  costing  $40,- 
000  a  mile,  and  manned  by  the  highest  paid  street  railway  trainmen  in  the  United  States,  will 
carry  you  a  maximum  distance  of  25  miles  for  the  same  price.  Four  of  the  old-time  "bob-tail" 
cars  could  easily  be  accommodated  inside  one  of  the  modern  pay-as-you-enter  cars  of  the  Chicago 
City  Railway  Company,  while  the  new  coach  is  propelled  by  more  than  100  times  the  power  of 
the  early  conveyance. 

The  latest  standard  car  of  the  City  Railway  Company  represents  the  highest  skill  in  street 


CABLE  TRACK 

All  old  cable  track  (34.71  miles)  has  been 
removed  and  replaced  with  modern  elec- 
tric track,  in  full  compliance  with  "im- 
mediate rehabilitation"  requirements  of 
ordinance  of  Feb.  11,  1907. 

ELECTRIC  TRACK 

Sixty-one  miles  of  electric  track  rebuilt  in 
compliance  with  "immediate  rehabilita- 
tion" requirements  of  ordinance  of  Feb. 
11,  1907. 

POWER   SUPPLY   AND  DISTRIBUTION 
SYSTEMS 

(a) — .^  substations  in  service — total  ca- 
pacity 43.700  K.  W. 


(b) — Underground  conduit,  430  miles 
constructed. 

(c) — Underground  feeders,  166  miles  con- 
structed. 

(d) — Trolley  wire,  143  miles  renewed, 
(e) — Return  feeder.  73  miles  installed. 

CAR  HOUSES 

4  modern  car  houses  completed — total  ca- 
pacity, 1,076  double-truck  cars. 

ROLLING  STOCK 

350  modern  double-truck  cars  purchased 
and  remainder  of  passenger  cars  thor- 
oughly o\erhauled. 

STEEL  WHEELS 

The   Company   has   replaced   its   cast-iron 


wheels  with  rolle 
dncing  to  a  mini 
"flat"  wheels. 

FENDERS  AND  TR 

The  Company  is  e 
life-guard  or  fenc 
highest  markings 
at  Schenectady  ar 
der,  with  truck  gi 
the  reduction  oi 
standing  an  increa 
operated  b}^  the 
show  a  steady  dec 
fatal  accidents. 


The  Chicago  City  Railway  Company  and  the  City  of  Chicago  are  legally  constituted  busi- 
ness partners,  the  city  receiving  55  per  cent  of  the  Company's  net  receipts.  The  Company  relies 
for  its  future  success  upon  public  support  because  its  business  is  a  public  business.  It  is  in  the 
transportation  field  as  a  builder  and  developer  of  general  business  interests  and  general  municipal 


cSlJ 


A      HALF     CENTURY      OF    CHICAGO      BUILDING 


[TY  RAILWAY  CO. 

3  of  the  Largest  Contributors  to 

Chicago  Building 

railway  construction.  It  is  provided  with  wide,  comfortable  seats,  it  is  equipped  with  electrical 
heaters,  and  the  pay-as-you-enter  method  of  fare  collection  relieves  passengers  of  all  the  old-time 
jostling,  discomfiture  and  confusion  due  to  frequent  passmg  of  the  conductor  through  the  car. 
Platforms  are  vestibuled  for  the  protection  of  trainmen,  and  the  conductor  at  all  times  commands 
a  full  view  of  the  rear  platform  from  which  all  passengers  enter  the  car,  thus  minimizmg  the  most 
prolific  class  of  accidents. 

The  Chicago  City  Railway  Company  is  giving  the  best  service  in  the  world — an  achievement 
which  IS  made  possible  because  of  the  fact  that  every  department  of  its  activity  is  first  class  and  up- 
to-date.  The  car  on  track  is  the  apex  of  the  system,  but  at  its  base  are  modern  car-houses,  car 
shops,  repair  shops,  sub-stations  for  electrical  distribution,  a  car-dispatching  organization  and  a 
miscellaneous  equipment — all  of  which  have  been  assembled  together  along  lines  of  scientific  rail- 
roading. 

The  Company  has  expended  on  rehabilitation  work  upwards  of  $17,000,000,  of  which 
more  than  $15,000,000  has  been  invested  since  Feb.  I,  1907,  on  which  date  its  present  franchise 
ordinance  became  effective.  TTie  following  recapitulation  describes  the  principal  improvements 
made  by  the  Company  in  the  last  three  years : 


eel   wheels,  tlui.s  re- 
ijie   noise   due   to 


C  GUARDS 
)pinfjf  its  cars  with  a 
which  received  tlie 
ests  held  a  year  ago 
'ittshiirg'.  This  fen- 
,  promises  much  for 
rcidents.  X(jtwith- 
1  the  number  of  cars 
mpany.  its  records 
ie  in  the  number  of 


MISCELLANEOUS  EQUIPMENT 

With  tlic  must  complete  rejiair  shops  of 
their  kind  in  the  country,  the  Cit\'  Rail- 
way is  prepared  to  make  prompt  repairs 
on  its  rolling  stock  and  to  keep  its  cars  in 
excellent  condition.  The  miscellaneous 
equipment  of  the  Comiiaiiy  also  includes 
12  sprinkling  cars.  2  40-ton  electric  loco- 
motives and  a  snow-tighting  equipment 
consisting  of  5  power  ])lows,  30  sweepers, 
54  trail  plows,  and  20  single-truck  cars 
with  snow-wing  attachments. 


CAR  DISPATCHING 

The  Company  has 


a  complete   system   of 


car-dispatching,  which  insures  greater 
flexibility  in  the  movement  of  cars  and 
which  enables  the  management  to  regu- 
late their  movement  as  nearly  as  possible 
in  accordance  with  the  actual  demands  of 
the  traffic. 

INSURANCE 

All  insurable  ])roperty  of  the  Company  is 
insured  at  its  full  value.  The  fact  that  the 
insurance  rate  has  been  reduced  from 
^2.22  per  $100  in  July,  1905.  to  48  cents  in 
November.  1909,  attests  the  high  character  of 
construction  work  performed  i)y  the  Com- 
pany. 


prosperity,  and  in  this  capacity  it  invites  the  co-operation  of  all  other  builders  whose  efforts,  united, 
will  lift  the  Chicago  of  1910  as  far  above  its  present  level  as  the  half  century  last  past  has  raised 
it  above  the  plane  of  pioneer  days. 


915 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


lOB 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


The  New  Passenger  Terminal  of  the  Chicago  and  North 
Western  Railway  at  Chicago  is  to  be  one  of  the  finest 
monuments  ever  erected  to  the  commercial  life  and  spirit 
of  the  west. 

Hundreds  of  trains  arriving  at  and  departing  from  this 
terminal  every  day,  will  connect  Chicago  with  thousands 
of  western  cities,  towns  and  villages. 

More  than  $20,000,000  is  being  expended  to  provide 
a  railway  entrance  to  the  city,  through  which  passenger  traffic 
to  and  from  the  territory  that  has  made  Chicago  powerful 
and  rich  is  to  move  in  ceaseless  activity. 

Work  upon  the  new  station  is  proceeding  with  all  the 
rapidity  that  skill  and  liberal  expenditure  can  command. 

The  new  station  will  have  a  capacity  for  handling  a 
quarter  of  a  million  patrons  daily. 

It  IS  confidently  asserted  that  its  provisions  for  doing 
this  expeditiously  and  with  the  greatest  comfort  will  excel 
anything  ever  known  to  the  travehng  public. 

The  Best  of  Everything 

TICKET  AND  FREIGHT  OFFICE 
212  Clark  Street  Telephone  Ceni,.l  721  Chicago,  111. 


tm 


IIB 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


LA  SALLE    STATION,    CHICAGO 

used  by 

Rock  Island  Lines 

and  the  Lake  Shore  and  Michigan  Southern  Ry.,  Chicago  and  Eastern  Illinois  R.R. 
and  New  York,  Chicago  and  St.  Louis  R.  R. 

More  cities  and  towns  can  be  reached  from  this  station  without  change  of  cars  than 
from  any  other  railway  terminal  in  the  United  States. 

La  Salle  Station  is  in  the  heart  of  the  business  district,  the  most  centrally  located  as 
well  as  the  finest  passenger  station  in  the  city. 

It  is  the  only  station  on  the  elevated  railway  loop,  thus  all  parts  of  Chicago  are  brought 
to  its  doors.  From  its  portals,  through  trains  and  through  cars  depart  daily  for  such  widely 
separated  and  remotely  situated  points  as 


New  York 

Sioux  Falls 

Jacksonville 

El  Paso 

Minneapolis 

San  Francisco 

Ft.  Worth 

Salt  Lake  City 

St.  Paul 

Colorado  Springs 

Kansas  City 

Denver 

Omaha 

Tucson 

Des  Moines 

Albany 

St.  Joseph 

Atlanta 

Boston 

Buffalo 

with  direct  connections  for  Houston,  Galveston,  New  Orleans,  Mobile,  Montgomery,  City  of  Mexico,  San  Diego, 
Seattle,  Portland,  Spokane,  and  hundreds  of  important  cities  in  the  West,  Southwest,  South  and  Southeast.  These 
facilities  and  superior  train  service  throughout  the  fourteen  Rock  Island  States  and  beyond  are  at  your  command 
by  addressing  our  nearest  representative. 


W.  J.  LEAHY,  General  Passenger  Agent,  Chicago 


GEO.  H.  LEE,  General  Passenger  Agent,  St.  Louis 


L.    M.    ALLEN,  Passenger  Traffic  Manager,  Chicago 


12B 


A     HALF     CENTURY      OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


Locations  for 

Manufacturing  Plants 

of  all   kinds 
on  the 

Ill'iiio'is  Central  Railroad 

in  Chicago  territory 

both  South  and  West  of  City 

The  Calumet  District 

is  particularly  attractixe  for 

IRON   AND   STEEL   PLANTS 


For  full  particulars,  address    J.  C.  CLAIR,    Industrial   Commissioner, 
J.  C.  R.  R.  Co.,  Chicairo 


i3i; 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


ran 


This  titanic  gash  in  the  earth's 
crust  is  a  mile  deep,  many  miles  wide, 
217  miles  long,  and  painted  like  a  sunset. 

See  the  Grand  Canyon  this  season,  en 
route  to  or  from  winterless  California, 
on  the 

CaliforniaLimited 

Carries  a  Pullman  for  the  Canyon. 

Two  to  five  days'  time,  $6.50  railroad 
fare,  a  reasonable  hotel  bill  at  ElTovar 
(management  of  Fred  Harvey)  and 
a  few  dollars  for  rim  and  trail  trips 
— that's  all  the  extra  expense. 


Write  me  for  illustrated  booklets — 
"Titan  of  Chasms,"  "ElTovar" 
and  "CaliforniaLimited." 

W.J.  BLACK,  Pass.  Traffic  Mgr. 

A.  T.  *.S.  F.  Ky.  S.VBielii, 

1071  Railway  ]■  xcbauge, 

Cbioago 


r-  STARTING  MdOWH  TRAIL  AT  GRAl^D  CANYOl^.  n 


14B 


A      HALF     CENTURY      OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


BEST  TRAINS 


BE'IWKKN 


Chicago  and  St.  Louis 


VIA 


C.  &  E.  I. 


DAY    AND    NIGHT 

LEAVE 
After  Breakfast 
After  Supper 
After  Theatre 

FROM  CHICAGO          ARRIVE  ST.   I.OUIS 
11  .^5  a.m.        .       .       .        7  .<5  p.m 
9  10  p.m.                .        .        7  07  a  m. 
1 1  .<.>  p.m.                .        .        7  48  a.m. 

FROM  ST.   LOUIS          ARRIVE  CHICAGO 
9  01   a.m.                                5  01   p.m. 
9  0.^   p.m.                .                6  58  a.m. 
11  _'!0  p.m.        .                        7.45  a.m. 

All  trains  leave  from  and  arrive  at  the  La  Salle  Street  Station, 
Chicago,  the  handiest  depot  in  Chicago  —  the  onlj'  station  on  the 
Loop  of  the  Elevated  Railroad — in  the  very  heart  of  the  business, 
hotel    and    theatre    district. 

At  St.  Louis  all  trains  arri\e  at  and  depart  from  rlie  Union 
Depot. 

Chicago  &  Eastern  Illinois  Railroad 


FRISCO 

LINES 


A.   B.  SCfLMlDT,  g.  a.  p  d. 

91   Adams  Street,   Chicago 


'I'honc  Cent.  4446 


TICKET   OFFICES 

l>a  Salle  Street  Station 

M'honc  Harrison  1408 


i3i; 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


Baltimore  &  Ohio 

CHICAGO 


1874 


1910 


SPLENDID  VESTIBULED  TRAIN  SERVICE 

BETWEEN 

CHICAGO  and  PITTSBURGH  — 3  Daily  Trains  Each  Way. 

CHICAGO  and  WASHINGTON,  BALTIMORE,  PHILADELPHIA  and  NEW  YORK  — 2  Daily  Trains 

—  Via  Pittsburg  and  Via  Newark. 
CHICAGO  and  CLEVELAND  — Through  Sleeping  Cars  Daily. 
C:HICAG0  and  WHEELING  — 2  Daily  Trains  Each  Way. 

PULLMAN  DRAWING  ROOM  SLEEPING  CARS  — A  LA  CARTE  DINING  CAR  SERVICE 


esse 


QUICK  DISPATCH  FREIGHT  SERVICE 

"OD"  No.  94,  East  Bound  "QD"  No.  97,  West  Bound 


From  CHICAGO 
To  NEW  YORK.  60  Hours  To  PHILADELPHIA,  52  Ho 

To  BALTIMORE,  48  Hours 


To  CHICAGO 
From  NEW  YORK,  60  Hours         From  PHILADELPHIA,  56  Hours 


From  BALTIMORE,  52  Hours 


C.  S.  WIGHT 
General    TraflSc    Manager 


B.  N.  AUSTIN 

Gen.  Pass.  Agent,  Chicago 

C.  W.  BASSETT 

Gen.  Pass.  Agent,  Baltimore 
C.  H.  HARKINS 

Gen.  West.  Frt.  Agt.,  Chicago 
O.  A.  CONSTANS 

Gen.  Freight  Agt..  Pittsburg 
T.  W.  GALLF.HER 

Gen.  Freight  Agt.,  Baltimore 


BALTIMORE  &  OHIO  PASSENGER  STATION 
Fifth  Avenue  and  Harrison  St.,  Chicago 


BALTIMORE  &  OHIO  FREIGHT  STATION 


16B 


A     HALF     CENTURY      OF    CHICAGO      BUILDING 


Chicago  Railways  Company 

Carries  1,200,000  passencrers  daily  over  a  network  of 
316  miles  of  track,  reachino;  every  part  of  the  north, 
northwest,  west  and  southwest  districts  of  Chicao^o 
— three-fourths    of    the    city's    area  and  population. 


lY  the  expenditure  of  over  $22,000,000  the  CHICAGO  RAILWAYS  CO. 
has  practically  rebuilt  its  system.  It  has  constructed  177  miles  of  new 
<^-  track  costinjj:  approximately  $50,000  a  mile.  It  has  equipped  its  lines  with 
650  new  Pay-as-^'ou-l^nter  cars  of  the  most  modern  type,  costinjj  S6,000  a  car.  It 
expects,  in  the  near  future,  to  receive  ?>50  additional  cars  of  this  type,  which  now 
are  under  construction.  It  has  erected  a  do/.cn  or  more  new  car  stations,  shops, 
electrical  sub-stations  and  other  ^reat  buildin^js.  It  will  expend  several  millions 
of  d(jllars  more  this  year,  completing  its  rehabilitation  requirements.  Under  its 
partnership  arrangement  with  the  city,  the  CHICAGO  RAILWAYS  CO.  has 
jxiitl  C^-hicajjo  in  two  years,  $1,75,>,205  or  ^^'^  of  its  net  receipts  and  w  ill  pay  the 
city  $840,000  this  year,  it  is  estimated. 


i;r. 


A     HAI.F     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


PEOPLES  GAS  BUILDING 

Chicago's    latest    and     best     type     of     office     building 


18B 


A     HALF     CENTURY      OF    CHICAGO      BUILDING 

H.  M.  BYLLESBY  &  COMPANY 

Engineers  —  Managers 

Design      Construct      Operate 

Artificial  Gas  Systems 
Street  Railways 
Water  Works 
Electric  Light  Plants 
Irrigation  Systems 
Natural  Gas  Systems 
Interurban  Railways 
Water  Power  Plants 
Transmission  Systems 
Drainage  Systems 

EXAMINATIONS- REPORTS 

218  LA  SALLE  STREET 
CHICAGO 


i')i; 


A     HALF     CENTURY      OF    CHICAGO      BUILDING 


Burlington  Route 


99 


"The  'On  Time'  Road 


Runs    Limited,    Electric-Lighted 
Through  Trains 


To 

Kansas  City 

St.  Paul 

Minneapolis 

Omaha 

St.  Joseph 

Denver 

Butte 

Helena 

Spokane 

Tacoma 

Seattle 

Portland 

and 

Hundreds  of 

Intermediate 

Points 


C  For  many  years  the  trains  of  the 
Burhngton  Route  have  arrived  at  their 
destination  "on  time"  with  such  great 
regularity  that  the  road  has  become 
famiharly  known  among  its  regular 
patrons  as  the  '^)n  time"  road. 

(L  Physically  there  is  no  better  railroad 
than  the  Burlington.  100  per  cent — 
the  entire  line — is  equipped  with  safety 
block  signals;  the  cars,  the  motive 
power  and  the  road  bed  are  the  best. 

C  Its  through  trains  are  brilliantly 
electric-lighted  throughout  and  have 
every  travel  comfort  and  convenience. 


Use  the  Burlington,  "The  'On  Time'  Road"  next  time 
you  go  West,  if  you  want  a  safe,  easy,  comfortable  ride 
and  almost  certain  assurance  of  arrival  at  destination 
"right  on  time." 

For  time  tables  and  information  address  City  Ticket  Office,  Burlington  Route, 
211  Clark  Street,   Chicago.       Phone  Randolph  3117. 

P.  S.  EUSTIS,  Passenger  Traffic  Manager 
209  Adams  Street,  Chicago 


Burlindton 


'The  'On  Time'  Road" 


20B 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


On  yciiir  trips  from  Chicaj^o  to  the  North,  Northwest,  West  or  Southwest,  you  will  secure 
an  elegance  in  service  and  equipment  unsurpassed  in  America  if  you  travel  via  the  lines  of  the 

Chicago, 
Milwaukee  &  St.  Paul 

Railway 

The  Pioneer  Limited  to  St.  Paul  and  Minneapolis  — the  natural  selection  to  the 
Northwest — leaves  Chicago  6.30  p.m.  daily.      Five  other  daily  trains  to  the  Twin  Cities. 

San  Francisco  "Overland  Limited"  to  California  via  Omaha  in  less  than  three  days, 
leaves  Chicago  7.00  p.  m.  daily.     Has  through  standard  sleepers  Chicago  to  San  Francisco. 

The    China   and   Japan    Fast    Mail  to  California,  leaves  Chicago  lO.lO  p.m.  daily. 
Has  standard  and  tourist  sleepers. 

The  Southwest  Limited  to  Kansas  City,  ranks  first  among  the  Chicago  -  Kansas 
City  trains,  leaves  Chicago  6  p.m.  daily. 

The  Colorado  Special  to  Denver  via  Omaha,  offering  a  one -night- on -the -road 
trip,  leaves  Chicago  10.30  a.m.  daily,  arrives  Denver  1.30  p.m.  the  next  day.  Another 
train  to  Colorado  at    10.10  p.m.   daily. 

The  Copper  Country  Limited  to  the  copper  country  of  Upper  Michigan  will  prove 
a  good  selection  when  your  trip  is  in  that  direction.  Leaves  Chicago  10  p.m.  daily. 
Standard  sleepers  Chicago  to  Calumet,  Mich.,  and  Milwaukee  to  Marquette,  Mich., 
via  Champion  and  D.  S.  S.  6c  A.  Ry. ,  and  Chicago  to  Calumet,  Mich.,  via  Mc- 
Keever  and  Copper  Range  R.  R. 

All  trains  of  this  Railway  in  Chicago  leave  from  and  arrive  at 
Union  Passenger  Station,  Canal  Street. 

J.   H.   Hir^ANI)  F.   A.   MILLKR 

Vice  President  General   Passenijer  Ajrent 

Chicago  Chicago 


21B 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


Chicago  &  Western  IndianaR.R. 


AND 


The  Belt  Railway  Co.of  Chicago 


H.  G.  Hetzler,  President  Frank  A.  Spink,  Traffic  Manager 

J  M.  Warner,  General  Manager  Edward  H.  Lee,  Chief  Engineer 

R.  W.  Stevens,  Superintendent  E.  F.  Jones,  Master  Mechanic 

M.  J.  Clark,  Secretary  and  Auditor  John  J.  Carroll,  Gen'l  Baggage  Agent 

M.  J.  Murphy,  Asst.  Secretary  and  Asst.  Auditor  C.  C.  Nash,  Purchasing  Agent 
John  E.  Murphy,  Treasurer 

The  Chicago  &  Western  Indiana  Railroad,  organized  in  1879, 
furnishes  terminal  facilities  for  the  following  roads: 

AtchisoHy  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  Railway  System 

Chicago,  hidianapolis  &  Louisville  Railway 

Chicago  &  Erie  Railroad 

Chicago  ^  Easte?^n  Illinois  Raihoad 

Grand  Trunk  Railway  System 

Wabash  Raihoad 

Dearborn  Station,  the  first  modern  passenger 
depot  in  Chicago,  was  built  in  1882 

The  Belt  Railway  Company  of  Chicago  affords  a  connecting  line  between 
all  the  Trunk  Lines  entering  Chicago,  for  the  transfer  of  freight.  With  abun- 
dant power,  double  track,  and  superior  equipment,  the  Belt  Railway  offers 
service  for  the  quick  transfer  of  shipments  unobtainable  elsewhere.  Industries 
will  find  location  on  the  Belt  Railway  gives  them  all  the  advantages,  and  none 
of  the  disadvantages  of  being  situated  on  a  Trunk  Line. 

For  rates,  locations  for  industries,  or  other  information,  address  the 
Traffic  Manager. 


22B 


A     HALF     CENTURY      OF    CHICAGO      BUILDING 


American  Express  Company 


Established     1841 


FROM  THE 

ATLANTIC 
COAST 


TO  THE 

PACIFIC 
COAST 


Largest  Express  Company  in  the  World 

Operates  the  Express  Business  on  Over  53,000  Miles  of  Railway  Lines  in  the 
United  States  and  Canada  and  Many  Thousand  Miles  of  Steamship  Lines 

Special  Through  Fast  Express  Trains 


Between 


j  New  York,  Chicago,  Omaha,  Denver,  Salt  Lake,  Portland  and  Seattle 

!  Boston,  Buffalo,  Cleveland,  Cincinnati,  Louisville  and  New  Orleans 

I  New  York,  St.  Louis,  Kansas  City,  Dallas,  San  Antonio,  Houston  and  Galveston 

I  Chicago,  Milwaukee,  St.  Paul,  Minneapolis  and  Northwest 

On  Lines  of 

New  York  Central  &  Hudson  River  Ry.      Big  Four  (C.  C.  C.  &  St.  L.)  Ry.  Union  Pacific  Ry. 

Boston  &  Albany  Ry.  Illinois  Central  Ry.  Oregon  Short  Line 

Lake  Shore  &  Michigan  Southern  Ry.  Chicago  &  North  Western  Ry.  Oregon  Ry.  and  Navigation  Co. 

Michigan  Central  Ry.  Chicago  &  Alton  Ry.  Oregon  and  Washington  Ry. 

also  San  Pedro,  Los  Angeles  &  Salt  Lake  R.  R. 

Connecting  with  Other  Leading  Lines 


The  Financial  Department  Issues 


f    TRAVELERS   CHEQUES  1 

I    LETTERS  OF  CREDIT  j 

!    ^2!^SS^^?5?^P  '■  Available  in  All  Parts  of  the  World 

MONEY  ORDERS  I 

Cable  and  Telegraphic  | 

TRANSFERS  OF  MONEY  J 


GENERAL      OFFICES 


NEW  YORK 

65  Broadway 


BOSTON 

43  Franklin  Street 


CHICAGO 

72   Monroe  Street 


ST.  LOUIS 
4 1  7  North  Fourth  Street 


EXCLUSIVE    OFFICES    IN    PRINCIPAL    FOREIGN    CITIES 


23U 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


'**».  N 


F»UGH   XERIVIIIMAL  W/ 


a^VMES    A^.    F>UGH,    Prefsidenl 
S.    H.    IVIA.RXIN,    Secrelarv 


A    CREOITr 


Largest  Modern  Merchandising  Bui 

Free  Switching  Service  Perfect  Ligtiterage  Service  Perfect 

Lowest    Insurance 

36S-S6S  Kast  Illinois   Street 


24B 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


^ 


REHOUSE   C01VIPA.IMV 

O     CHICAGO 

Telephone:     Randolph     2021 

Iding  and  Warehouse  in  the  World 

inncl  Service,  Two  Shafts  Perfect  Police  and  Watcliman  Service 

R.3tes    in    Ct^ieaQO 

CHICAGO 


25B 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


New  York 
91)  West  St. 

Pittsburgh 
Monon  Bank  Bldg. 

St.  Louis 
Syndicate  Trust  BIdg. 

San  Francisco 
4^5  Washington  St. 

Montreal 
Canadian  Express  Bldg, 


London  Office,  Norfolk  House,  Cannon  St.,  E.  C. 
Cable  Address  "ROBHUNT" 

Robert  W.  Hunt  and  Co.  Engineers 


BUREAU  OF  INSPECTION,  TESTS  and  CONSULTATION 


General  Offices  "THE  ROOKERY"  Chicago 
Telephone  Ha 


Robert  W.  Hunt 
Jno.  J.  Cone 
Jas.  C.  Hallsted 
D.  W.  McNaugher 


ROBERT  W.  HUNT  &  CO.,  Engineers  and  Bureau  of  Inspection, 
Tests  and  Consultation,  have  general  offices  and  laboratories  at  1121  The 
Rookery,  Chicago,  and  subordinate  offices  and  laboratories  in  New  York, 
Pittsburgh,  St.  Louis,  San  Francisco,  Cincinnati,  Montreal,  and  London, 
England. 

The  firm  was  established  March  1  st,  1 888,  by  Robert  W.  Hunt,  and  at 
present  he  has  associated  with  him  Messrs.  John  J.  Cone,  James  C.  Hallsted, 
and  D.  W.  McNaugher,  all  of  whom  are  engineers  with  technical  education 
and  years  of  experience.  The  firm  employs  a  large  corps  of  assistants,  whose 
services  are  distributed,  not  only  at  the  various  offices  and  chemical  and  phys- 
ical laboratories,  but  also  constantly  at  practically  all  of  the  principal  rail  and 
structural  mills  of  the  whole  world,  as  well  as  at  the  shops  where  the  bridge 
and  building  materials  are  fabricated. 

The  firm  also  maintains  a  staff  of  engineers  who  are  experts  on  the  various 
branches  of  electrical,  mechanical,  and  chemical  engineering. 

The  increased  use  of  cement  in  building  and  other  construction  has  neces- 
sitated its  careful  inspection,  and  such  work  forms  a  large  factor  in  Robert  W. 
Hunt  &  Co.'s  business.  In  fact,  a  majority  of  Chicago's  greater  buildings 
have  had  both  the  structural  steel  and  cement  used  in  them  passed  upon  by 
Hunt  &  Co. 


26B 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO      BUILDING 


The  Metropolitan  West  Side  Elevated  Railway  Company 

1001   Royal  Insurance  Building 
Chicago,  Illinois 

THE  ONLY   FOUR-TRACK   LINE   REACHING   THE   LOOP 

The  main  line  of  the  Metropohtan  "L"  extends  with  four  tracks  due  west 
from  the  loop  to  Marshfield  Avenue,  and  then  spreads  fan-like  in  four  double 
track  branches,  reaching  every  part  of  the  great  West  Side.  The  Garfield 
Park  Branch  parallels  Van  Buren  Street  to  52nd  Avenue,  thence  on  the 
surface  to  Forest  Park.  The  Douglas  Park  Branch  parallels  Paulina  Street 
south  to  2 1  st  Street,  thence  west  to  Douglas  Park  and  48th  Avenue.  The 
Logan  Square  Branch  runs  northwesterly  from  the  main  line  at  Marshfield 
Avenue  to  Robey  Street  and  Milwaukee  Avenue,  thence  parallel  with  Mil- 
waukee Avenue  to  Logan  Square  Boulevard.  The  Humboldt  Park  Branch 
leaves  the  Logan  Square  Branch  at  Robey  Street,  and  runs  west,  paralleling 
North  Avenue  to  Lawndale  Avenue.  The  Metropolitan  "L"  serves  a  territory 
of  approximately  70  square  miles,  inhabited  by  1,500,000  people.  By  reason 
of  its  four  trunk  lines  extending  to  the  loop,  the  Metropolitan  "L"  service  may 
be  relied  on  to  reach  its  destination  at  a  given  time. 


Cliicago  and  Oak  F^ark 

Elevated  Railroad 

The  Shortest  Line  to  the  West  Side 
and  to  Austin  and  Oak  Park 

Quick  Time  to  the  Loop— No  Delays  from  Street  Blockades 

Tracks  Relaid  with  Heavy  Rails 

Takes  You  Direct  to  the  Large  Retail  Stores 

Elevated  Passageway  into  the  La  Salle  Station 

Takes  You  Close  to  All  the  Hotels,  Railroad  Stations,  Theatres,  in  the 

Business  Center 


27V, 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


THE  FITZ  SIMONS  &  CONNELL  CO. 

ENGINEERS  AND  CONTRACTORS  FOR  PUBLIC  WORKS 

TACOMA  BUILDING,  CHICAGO,  ILL. 


We  furnish  estimates  for  and  undertake  the  following: 


Dredging, 
Foundations, 
Docking, 
Pile  Driving, 


Canals, 
Bridges, 
Breakwaters, 
Tunnels,  etc. 


With  thirty-seven  years'  experience  in  connection  with  some  of  the  most  important  Public  Works  constructed  in 
Chicago,  and  with  a  large  and  complete  plant  for   every   department   of   our   work,  we   can   offer   exceptional 

facilities  to  those  proposing  work  in  our  line. 


McGuire  Cutnmings  Mfg.   Co. 


Chicago 


Illinois 


=i^ 


Chicago  Railways  Co.  Sprinkler     Opeiaied  by  Compressed  Air  Chicago  City  Railway  Co.  Snow  Sweeper 


iiiiiitaiiaiaii^si 


Aurora-Elgin-Chicago  Interurban  Ca 


^JiCanufadurers  of 

Cars,  Trucks,  Snow  Sweepers,  Snow  Plows,  Sprinklers 

General  Offices,  Sangamon  and  Kinzie  Streets,   Chicago 


28B 


A     HALF     CENTURY      OF    CHICAGO 


U  I  LDING 


(aJs*,^ii!ll:^if^^^^^iii^!^^t;^rf^^ 


History  of  the  Graham  &  Morton  Line 


THE  Graham  &  Morton  Liiii-  was  started  l)y  J.  S.   Morton  witli 
a  chartered  steamer  in   1874,  the  co-partnership  of  Graham  & 
Morton  being  formed  by  J.  H.  Graham,  Andrew  Crawford  and 
J.  S.  Morton  during  the  winter  of  1875. 

They  bought  their  first  steamer,  the  Messenger,  244  tons  net. 
with  22  first  class  passenger  rooms,  of  the  Englcman  Transportation 
Co.  in  February,  1875.  This  company  continued  the  operation  of 
this  single  steamer  until  the  spring  of  1880.  at  wliicli  time  Mr.  H.  W. 
Williams,  owner  of  the  propellor  Skylark,  166  net  tons,  with  18 
staterooms,  then  operating  an  independent  opposition  line  between 
lUnton  Harbor  and  Chicago,  was  taken  in  and  the  stock  company 
under  the  name  of  The  Graham  &  Morton  Transportation  Company 
was  organized.  The  stockholders  were  11,  VV.  Williams,  J.  H. 
Graham,  .\ndre\v  Crawford  and  J.  S.  Morton,  with  a  capitalization 
of  $50,CX)0.00. 

This  company  remained  in  full  force  up  to  and  including  the 
present  time,  Mr.  H.  W.  Williams  withdrawing  from  the  company 
by  mutual  agreement  and  taking  out  tlie  steamer  St.  Josepli  as  his 
proportion  of  the  stock,  which  he  afterward  ran  from  South 
Haven. 

Mr.  .Andrew  Crawford  remained  a  stockholder  of  the  company 
until  his  death  in  1901,  when  his  stock  was  bought  up  by  the  re- 
maining stockholders.  Mr.  J.  H.  Graham  remained  a  stockholder 
and  president  of  the  company  until  his  death,  in  1907.  His  holdings 
in  the  company  were  then  turned  over  to  an  administrator,  Mr.  J.  S. 
Morton,  to  be  divided  equally  between  his  mother  and  his  wife. 

Mr.  J.  S.  Morton  was  elected  president  and  treasurer  of  the 
Graham  &  Morton  Transportation  Company  at  this  time,  continuing 
as  manager  of  the  company  up  to  ancl  including  this  date. 

The  steamers  Messenger  and  Skylark  w-erc  run  together  for  two 
years.  At  the  end  of  1881  the  Skylark's  upper  works  were  taken 
off  and  she  was  changed  into  a  steam  barge,  and  the  steamer  Lora, 
with  a  capacity  of  about  700  tons  net.  was  Imilt  during  the  winter 
of  '81  and  '82;  running  on  the  route  with  the  Messenger  in  1882. 
In  the  fall  of  1882  the  Messenger  was  sold  to  Smith  &  Adatns  of 
.Mackinac  City,  and  the  steamer  St.  Joseph.  500  tons  net.  was 
built  and  run  in  connection  with  the  Lora  during  1883,  1884,  1885 
and  1886. 

The  following  winter  the  first  steamer  Puritan  was  built,  com- 
ing out  in  the  spring  of  1887,  running  with  the  steamer  Lora,  the 
two  being  the  only  steamers  on  the  route  for  the  years  up  to  and 
including  1889  excepting  that  the  Detroit  and  Cleveland  Steamboat 
Co.  sent  their  steamer  City  of  Detroit  here  to  run  during  the  season 
of  1889  in  opposition  to  this  company. 

In  the  fall  of  1889  the  steamer  Lora  was  sold  and  the  side  wheel 
steamer  City  of  Chicago  contracted  with  F.  W.  Wheeler  &  Co..  of 
West  Bay  City ;  this  latter  steamer  coming  out  in  the  spring  of  1890 


and   running   in  connection   with   the   steamer    Puritan   during   that 
year  and  the  ne.\t. 

.•\t  the  end  of  1891  the  steamer  Puritan  was  sold  and  the 
steamer  Chicora  contracted  with  the  Detroit  Shipbuilding  Co.  to 
be  delivered  before  the  1st  of  June,  1892.  Owing  to  miscalculations 
the  Chicora  did  not  come  out  until  the  last  of  August,  and  during 
the  fore  part  of  the  year  the  steamer  .Arundel  was  chartered  and 
r,in  in  connection  with  the  steamer  City  of  Chicago.  The  steamers 
Cliicora  and  City  of  Chicago  formed  the  line  (running  together) 
between  St.  Joseph  and  Chicago,  making  a  round  trip  and  a  half 
apiece,  three  trips  a  day,  through  July  and  .August,  during  the 
years  189,^  and  1894.  In  January,  1895.  the  Chicora  was  lost.  Dur- 
ing tliat  winter  the  steamer  City  of  Milwaukee  was  bought  from  the 
Grand  Trunk  Ry.  Co.,  and,  with  the  steamer  City  of  Chicago, 
formed  the  line  between  St.  Joseph  and  Chicago  up  to  1904. 

In  1901  this  company  acquired  by  purchase  the  interests  of  the 
Holland  &  Chicago  line,  running  steamers  from  Holland  to  Chi- 
cago, which  included  the  new  steamer  Puritan  and  steamer  Soo  City. 
The  two  latter  steamers  running  on  that  line  until  1904  when  the 
Soo  City  was  traded  to  the  Booth  Line  for  the  steamer  Argo.  In 
1905  the  steamers  Holland  and  Puritan  ran  together  on  the  Holland 
line  and  have  continued  up  to  this  time. 

During  the  spring  of  1903  the  side  wheel  steamer  City  of  Benton 
Harbor  was  built  by  the  Craig  Shipbuilding  Co.,  of  Toledo,  Ohio, 
and  has  been  run  on  the  Benton  Harbor  route  in  connection 
with  the  steamer  City  of  Chicago  ffoiu  that  time  to  the  present, 
the  two  steamers  making  three  round  trips  a  day. 

The  steamer  .Argo  was  operated  between  the  two  divisions  as  an 
independent  steamer  until  the  spring  of  1905.  That  year  the  .Argo 
and  the  steamer  W.  H.  Gratwick  were  run  from  Chicago  to  Duluth, 
Lake  Superior,  in  the  heavy  freight  trade,  until  late  in  N'ovember 
the  .Argo.  making  a  trip  to  Holland  during  a  very  severe  gale  of 
wind,  struck  the  bar  in  entering  the  harbor  at  Holland  and  was 
thrown  around  onto  the  beach  where  she  l.iy  the  greater  part  of  the 
winter  and  was  finally  taken  off  by  the  insurance  companies. 

In  1906  the  steamer  P.  M.  No.  5  and  the  steamer  W.  H.  Gratwick 
were  run  on  the  Lake  Superior  division,  this  division  being  aban- 
doned at  the  end  of  that  season.  In  1907  the  freight  steamer  City 
of  Traverse  was  purchased  and  run  through  that  year  and  1908  as 
occasion  required. 

Following  is  a  list  of  the  steamers  belonging  to  this  company : 

Steel  side  wheel  steamer  City  of  Benton  Harbor. 

Steel  side  wheel  steamer  City  of  Chicago. 

Steel  side  wheel  steamer  Holland. 

Steel  steamship  Puritan. 

Wooden  freight  vessel.  City  of  Traverse. 

Steel  harbor  tug  Bonita. 


Bent. 


Il.irbnr.  Midi.  Juiu'  14. 


291! 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


Goodrich  Transit   Company 

Operates  a  fleet  of  nine  steamers,  carrying  passengers  and  freight,  from  Chicago 
to  principal  ports  on  Lake  Michigan  and  Green  Bay,  viz. :  Racine,  Milwaukee, 
Sheboygan,  Manitowoc,  Kewaunee,  Algoma,  Sturgeon  Bay,  Wis.,  all  Green 
Bay  ports,  Mackinac  Island,  Grand  Haven,  Muskegon  and  White  Lake, 
Mich.  Service  between  Chicago,  Racine,  Milwaukee,  Grand  Haven  and 
Muskegon  operated  every  day  in  the  year. 

Steamers  of  fleet  are:  Christopher  Columbus,  Alabama,  Virginia,  Caro- 
lina, Indiana,  City  of  Racine,  Iowa,  Georgia,  Sheboygan  and  Chicago.  These 
steamers  are  among  the  finest  on  fresh  water,  and  are  perfectly  equipped  with 
every  appliance  for  safety  and  comfort. 

Passenger  rates  average  about  one  and  a  quarter  cents  per  mile,  while 
freight  rates  are  somewhat  lower  than  those  of  rail  lines  and  equal  to  express 
service  in  delivery. 

A.  W.  Goodrich,  H.  W.  Thorp, 

President.  General  Manager. 

C.  B.  Hopper,  R.  C.  Davis, 

General  Freight  Agent.  General  Passenger  Agent. 

General  Offices  and  Docks,  foot  of  Michigan  Avenue,  Chicago. 


South  Haven=The  Atlantic  City  of  the  West 

The  Ideal  Summer  Resort 


B^^^^^i,™--* 


In  the  Heart  of  the  Michigan  Fruit  Belt 

A  veritable  paradise  of  fruit  and  flowers.  An 
ideal  spot  for  a  day's  outing  and  an  unrivaled 
resort  for  the  vacationist.  Only  four  hours  from 
Chicago. 

REACHED  BY  THE  FAMOUS  STEAMSHIP 

City  of  South  Haven 

The  safest,  finest,  fastest  steamship  on  fresh 
water.  Built  of  steel.  Speed~2  I  miles  per  hour. 

9:30  A.  M.  and  9:00  P.  M.  Daily  except  Sunday 
Special  Saturday,  2:00  P.   M.  Sunday,   10:00  A.  M. 

Season  Opens  May  1,  1910 


Docks  North  End  Clark  Street  Bridge.     Reached  by  All  Surface  and  Elevated  Roads.     Phone  Franklin  841 


30B 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 

Northern  Michigan  Transportation  Company 

Steamships    Manitou,  Missouri   and   Illinois 


~'"  iiilii»*i, , ,  ,j 


HIGH-CLASS    PASSENGER    SERVICE    TO    THE    NORTHERN    MICHIGAN    RESORTS 

LUDINGTON,  MANISTEE,  FRANKFORT,  TRAVERSE   CITY.  CHARLEVOIX.  PETOSKEY,  HARBOR  SPRINGS.  MACKINAC  ISLAND 

Docks  and  Offices:     Rush  St.  Bridge.  City  Ticket  Office:    202  South  Clark  St. 


MANUEAGTURERS 

OF 

FROGS 
GUARDRAILS 
CROSSINGS 
SPLIT  SWrrGHES 
SWITGH  STANDS 
TAPER  RAILS 
RAIL  BRACES 


MftNUFAfiTUBJERS'3 
OF 

STAR  STANDS 
BANNER  STANDS 
CHANNEL  SWITCHES 
TRANSIT  SWITGHES 
SreOMGlAMPFROGS 
JENNE  TRACK  JACKS 
ROLLERML  BENDERS 


BONE  MULIalKENBtCo. 

725  Marquette  Building 

Chicago 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


F.SARGENT  A.  D.  LUNDY 

SARGENT  &  LUNDY 

Mechanical  and  Electrical  Engineers 

RAILWAY  EXCHANGE 

Cor.  Jackson  and  Michigan   Boulevards 

Telephone  Hanison  586  CHICAGO 


PROBABLY  no  one  thing  has  contributed  more  in  their  particular  sphere 
to  the  upbuilding  of  Chicago  and  the  development  of  electric  energy  than 
the  Fisk  Street  and  Quarry  Street  plants  of  the  Commonwealth  Edison 
Company,  for  whom  Sargent  &  Lundy  are  the  engineers.  These  plants  are 
considered  by  expert  engineers,  who  have  come  from  many  different  countries  to 
visit  them,  to  be  marvels  of  beauty,  efficiency  and  economy.  They  are  so  well 
known  throughout  the  world  that  foreign  governments  have  sent  representatives 
to  inspect  them. 

Sargent  &  Lundy  are  also  consulting  engineers  for  a  number  of  large  corpora- 
tions throughout  the  country,  as  well  as  in  Chicago.  The  electrification  of  the 
South  Side  Elevated  Railroad  was  done  from  their  plans  and  under  their  supervision. 


ISHAM   RANDOLPH 


Member  American  Society  of  Civil  Engineers 
Consulting  Engineer  Sanitary  District  of  Chicago 
CONSULTING     ENGINEER  Member  Western  Society  of  Civil  Engineers 


Chairman   Internal   Improvement  Commission  of 
Illinois 

Member  Chicago  Harbor  Commission 


Suite  748  First  National  Bank  BIdg. 
Cable  Address.  "Iran"  CHICAGO,  ILL.,  U.  S.  N.  A. 

SO  M  ET 1 M  E 

President  Western  Society  of  Civil  Engineers  Consulting  Engineer  Baltimore  and  Oiiio  Railroad 

Member  Board  of  Consulting  Engineers  Panama  Canal  Consulting  Engineer  City  of  Baltimore  Railroad  Terminals 

Chief  Engineer  Chicago  Sanitary  and  Ship  Canal  during  Consulting  Engineer  City  of  Toronto  Railroad  Terminals 

entire  period  of  construction  Member  Advisory  Board  of  Panama  Canal 

Chief  Engineer  Chicago,  Madison  and  Northern  Railroad  Designer  of  the  Obelisk  Dam  at  Niagara  Falls 

Chief  Engineer  Chicago  and  Western  Indiana  Railroad  Designer  Lake  and  Rail  Terminals  for  Milwaukee,  Wis. 


Investigations  Reports  Expert  Testimony 


Hydro-Electric  Developments  River  and  Harbor  Works 

\Vater  Supply  and  Draineige  Railroads,  Bridges  and  Buildings 

Special  attention  given  to  Investigation  of  City  Terminals 


32B 


A     HALF     CENTURY      OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


MAC ARTHUR 

BROTHERS 

COMPANY 

ESTABLISHED    1826 

CONTRACTORS 

BUILDERS  OF 

RAILWAYS 
TUNNELS 
CANALS 
LOCKS 
DAMS 

RESERVOIRS 

WATER  WORKS 

POWER  PLANTS 
BUILDINGS,  ETC. 


CHICAGO  NEW  YORK 

Fisher  Building  Hanover  Bank  Building 


33  B 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


J 


The  Bridge  and  Steel  Department 

Of  this  organization  has  in  a  remarkably  short  time  grown  to  be  the  most  completely  equipped  and  largest 
of  its  kind  in  the  United  States,  having  an  annual  capacity  of  50,000  ions. 

Being  located  at  2023-2059  Elston  Ave.,  on  the  Northwest  Side  of  the  City,  within  ten  minutes  of  the  heart 
of  Chicago,  with  direct  railroad  connections  and  600  feet  of  Chicago  River  frontage,  it  is  in  excellent  position 
for  shipment  of  materials  by  any  method. 

Eleven  sections,  or  buildings,  make  up  the  plant,  and,  along  with  the  storage  yard  directly  adjoining  the  plant 
and  shown  in  the  foreground,  the  total  area  covered  is  316,000  square  feet,  or  7  J/4  acres. 

The  strictly  modern,  concrete  dry  dock  shown  on  this  property  is  300  feet  long,  77  feet  wide  and  19  feet 
belcw  datum  and  has  been  installed,  first  for  the  construction  of  steel,  self-propelled,  850-yard-capacity  dump 
scows  to  be  operated  from  our  Disposal  Station  at  Madison  Street  and  the  Chicago  River,  and,  secondly,  for  the 
construction  and  repairing  of  steel  craft  of  all  kinds. 

Equipped  with  modern  machinery  as  is  this  plant  and  running  with  a  full  force  of  competent  men  at  all  times, 
we  are  enabled  to  avoid  the  delays  frequently  incident  to  fabricating  structural  steel  of  all  descriptions,  and  to 
fulfill  our  contracts  with  the  maximum  of  speed  and  efficiency. 

It  can  be  readily  seen  that  a  Department  like  this  is  of  inestimable  value  to  us  as  general  contractors,  for  in 
the  pursuit  of  various  operations  in  other  directions,  such  as  the  building  of  subways,  tunnels,  heavy  foundations, 
basements,   sub-basements,   retaining  walls,   track  elevation,  etc.,  there  is  always  a  large  quantity  of  steel  work  used. 

Positively  controlling  all  branches  of  operation. 


34B 


A     HALF     CENTURY      OF    CHICAGO      BUILDING 


TWENTY-SECOND  STREET  BRIDGE 
2434  Tons  of  Steel 


HARRISON  STREET  BRIDGE 
2276  Tons  of  Steel 


Two   of   Five   Bascule   Type    Bridges   Constructed   by  us   for 
the    Sanitary    District    of    Chicago,   over    the    Chicago    River 


Booklets   describing 

Our  General   Work 

upon  request 


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Book    describing    the 

'Bridge  and  Steel  Plant 

upon  request 


Seven  steel  foundry  buildings  of  the  above  illustrated  type  were  designed  and   erected   by  this  Company 

for  the  Bettendorf  Axle  Co.,  of  Davenport,  la.,  including  the  furnishing  of  the  steel  for  four 

25-ton,  open-hearth,  steel  furnaces  with  charging  floors,  sand  bins,  etc. 

2500  TONS  OF  STRUCTURAL  STEEL. 


^cc^/oe  7y  .  '4<u:^Zd4yyi,  J^n<^. 


General  Offices 

754-756  Jackson  Boulevard 
Chicago 


Eastern  Offices 

46  Wall  Street 
New  York 


331! 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


^ 


REINFORCED   CONCRETE 


Designed  for  the  Studebaker  Automobile  Building,  Chicago 

This  constnictioD  of  PANELED  SLABS,  supported  by  columns  24  feet  apart,  is  both  elegant  and  e 
The  absence  of  deep  girders  enhances  the  architectural  efiect,  improves  the  lighting  and  saves  over  109c  in  the 
I      I       I      I  height  of  the  building. 

CONDRON    &    SINKS 

Members  Amer.  Society  of  Civil  Engineers 

Designers  of 

Structural  Steel  and  Reinforced  Concrete 

CONSULTING  ENGINEERS  FOR  ARCHITECTS  ON  BUILDING  CONSTRUCTION 

1214  THE  MONADNOCK  CHICAGO 


Telephone   Harrison    69 
Information  will  be  furnished  upon  request  to  those  contemplating  building  for  business  or  manufacturing  purposes. 


STRUCTURAL  STEEL 


Steel  Shop  Buildings  designed  for  the  Chicago  &  Eastern  Illinois  Railroad 


36E 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


Jenney  Electric  Mfg.  Co 

DYNAMOS   ^   MOTORS 

Chicago  Office,  1406  Fisher  Building 

Telephone  Harrison  2315 


Use 

Jenney 

Universal 

Type 

Motors 


MAIN    OFFICE    AND    WORKS 


JENNEY   DYNAMOS   AND   MOTORS 

are  acceptable  to  the  best  known  architects  and 
engineers  and  used  by  the  best  known  contractors 


Jenney 

Engine 

Type 

and 

Belted 

Generators 


Ventilating  System 
Sewage  Ejectors 
Bilge  Pumps 

^          OVER  500  HORSE  POWER 

of  Jenney  Motors 
Operating  Mechanical  Part 

CHICAGO    CITY    HALL 

Emergency  Pumps 

Air  Washers 

Compressors 

Jenney  Electric  Mfg.  Co 

FISHER   BUILDING 


.^7\; 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


United  States  Cast  Iron  Pipe  &  Foundry  Co. 

Manufacturers  of 

CAST  IRON  PIPE 

All    Regular    Sizes,    3-in.    to    84-in.       For    Water,    Gas, 

Sewage    Drains,   Culverts,   etc.       Flange    Pipe — Flexible 

Joint   Pipe  —  Specials  —  Heavy    Castings 


WORKS 


Addyston,  Ohio 
Anniston,  Ala. 
Bessemer,  Ala. 


Buffalo,   N.  Y. 

So.   Pittsburgh,  Tenn. 

Burlington,   N.  J. 


Bridgeport,  Ala. 
Chattanooga,  Tenn. 
Cleveland,   Ohio 


Columbus,  Ohio 
Louisville,   Ky. 
Newport,  Ky. 


Scottdale,   Pa.  Superior,  Wis 


General  Offices      -       -       -     71  Broadway,  New  York 

Western  Sales  Offices,  632  to  640  Rookery,  Chicago 


PLANS  SUPERVISION  PROCESSES 

SPECIFICATIONS  CONSULTATION 


DAVID  I.  DAVIS  &  CO. 

Packing  House  Architects 

315  Dearborn  Street 

Telephone  Harrison  524 


Experts  in  Construction 

packing  house  industry  artificial  ice  plants 

cold  storage  markets  and  warehouses 


38H 


A     HALF     CENTURY      OF    CHICAGO      BUILDING 


American  Development  Co. 

Chicago,  Illinois 


Contractors  for 

GASOLINE  STREET  LIGHTING 


H.  S.  WALSH 

M    C.  MASTERSON 


TELEPHONE 
CENTRAL  127 


WALSH    CS,    cTVlASTERSON 

ENGINEERS  and  CONTRACTORS 
PILE  DRIVING,  DOCKS,  PIERS  and  FOUNDATIONS 

REAPERo    BLOCK,    CHICAGO 
Estimates  and  Reports  Gladly  Furnished 


We  are  fully  equipped  for  handling  all  work  in  our  lines  promptly.  ( )ur  plant  includes  lour  driv- 
ers for  foundation  work,  capable  of  handling  60-foot  piles,  two  for  shorter  ]>ilcs,  two  complete  floating 
drivers,  scows,  derricks,  pumps,  concrete  mixers,  etc.;  all  drivers  c(|uip])ed  with  Xo.  1  steam  ham- 
mers, besides  drop  hammers.     Some  of  our  recent  contracts  are : 

Foundations.  No.  Piles.  Bridge  and  Trestle. 

Montgomery  Ward   13.000  Chi.  Jet.  Center  Ave. — swing  bridge. 

\\'orld's  Fair,  St.  Louis 9,000  Chi.  jet.  Iron  St. — swing  bridge. 

St.  Fe  R.  R.  Elevators 8,000  Illinois  Xor.  R.  R.— bridge. 

Commonwealth-Electric    4,400  Southern  Ind.—  l  mile  trestle. 

B.  Kuppenheimer  &  Co 4.000                                                  Docks. 

Borland     3.000  Calumet  Kiev.  Co.— 1,100  lin.  ft. 

Rv.  Terminal  Warehouse 2,200  Western  I'aek'g  Co. — 750  lin.  ft. 

Sprague.  Warner   2.000  Ry.  Terminal— 200  lin.  ft. 

Others  amounting  to  about 300.000  And  others  am"t"g  tn  about  10,000  lin.  ft. 


3'^i; 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


JAMES   O.   HEYWORTH 

Engineer  and  Contractor 

Railroad  Work,  River  and  Harbor  Improvements, 
Water  Power  Plants,  Bridges,  Heavy  Masonry 
and  Excavation,  Concrete;  all  Methods;  Coffer- 
dam and  Pile  Driving.  Send  for  illustrated 
Catalog  of  HEYWORTH-NEWMAN  EXCAVATOR 


237  Michigan  Ave. 


CHICAGO 


STREET'S  WESTERN   STABLE-CAR   LINE 

MANUFACTURERS  OF 

SPECIAL  STOCK  AND  OTHER  FREIGHT  CARS 

We  lease  cars  to  shippers  for  handling  coke  and  other  special  purposes. 
Estimates  furnished  for  the  building  of  new  cars. 


Works  at  48th  and  Morgan  Sts. 
Chicago,  Illinois 


General  Offices 
77  Jackson  Blvd.,  Chicago,  Illinois 


A.  L  DRUM  &  COMPANY 

Consulting  and  Constructing  Engineers 

Electtical     ::     Civil     ::     Mectianical 

Telephone  Randolph  18      624  Amerjcaii  Tfust  Building,  Ctiicago 


Physical 

on  Steam  and 

and 

Electric  Railroads, 

Financial 

Gas  and  Electric 

Reports 

Lighting  Properties 

FARWELL    TRUST    COIVIPANY 

226  LA  SALLE  STREET,  CHICAGO 

DEALERS  IN 

MUNICIPAL,  RAILROAD 

CORPORATION  AND  IRRIGATION 

BONDS 

CORRESPONDENCE  AND  INTERVIEWS  INVITED 


40B 


A     HALF     CENTURY      OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


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41B 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


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ILfflj  S'sillie  ©il2p-©,xEtSi  <&  airsa(Elksoim.IB<ciiiali 


CAPITAL  AND  SURPLUS 

$13,400,000 


Interest  allowed  on  Deposits  in  Banking  and 
Savings  Departments. 


CORRESPONDENCE    INVITED. 


Fort  Dearborn  Building 

S.  W.  Cor.  Monroe  and  Clark 

Strictly   Fire-Proof 


BEN.  I.  GREENEBAUM 

Manager 


42  B 


A     HALF     CENTURY      OP'    CHICAGO     BUILDING 

One  of  Chicago's  Best  Buildings 


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The  National  Life  Building,  owned  by  National  Life  Insurance  Company  of  the  United  States  of  America 

A.  M.  JOHNSON,  President 
Located  on  the  East  Side  of  La  Salle  Street  between  Madison  and  Monroe  Streets 


43B 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


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The  Corn  Exchange  National  Bank 

of  Chicago 

United  States  Depositary  Foreign  Exchange 

Letters  of  Credit  Issued 


Capital,  $3,000,000.00 


Surplus,  $4,000,000.00 


Undivided  Profits,  $1,000,000.00 


OFFICERS 


DIRECTORS 


ERNEST  A.  HAMILL,  President 

CHARLES  L.  HUTCHINSON,  Vice-President 

CHAUNCEY  ].  BLAIR,  Vice-President 

D.  A.  MOULTON,  Vice-President 

B.  C.  SAMMONS,  Vice-President 

JOHN  C.  NEELY,  Secretary 

FRANK  W,  SMITH,  Cashier 

J.  EDWARD  MAASS,  Ass't  Cashier 

JAMES  G.  WAKEFIELD,  Ass't  Cashier 


Charles  H.  Wacker  Martin  A.  Ryerson 

Chauncey  J.  Blair 
Edward  B.  Butler  Charles  H.  Hulburd 

Clarence  Buckingham 

Benjamin  Carpenter 

Isaac  G.  Lombard 
V^^atson  F.  Blair  Edwin  G.  Foreman 

Charles  L.  Hutchinson 

Edward  A.  Shedd  Frederick  W.  Crosby 

Ernest  A.  Hamill 


CABLE    TRANSFERS 


44B 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


Insure  today  with 


The  Consolidated  Casualty  Company 


Executive  Offices,  Chicago,  U.  S.  A. 


Accident 
Health 
Liability 
Boiler 
Fly  Wheel 
Plate  Glass 

Insurance 


CDNSDUDATED 

CASUALTY 

COMPANY 

L       IN  THE  HEART       j 

OF 

AMERICA 


Fidelity 

Surety 

Court 

Contract 

Deposit 

Credit 

Bonds 


More  Insurance  in  force  for  the  length  of  time  in  the  field 
than  any  other  Company  m  America. 


The  only  Casualty  or  Surety  Company  in  Chicago  owning 
its  own  office  property. 

No  Company  better  equipped    for  prompt   and   efficient 
service.  

Immediate  Settlement  of  Claims  upon  proof  of  loss. 


Come  to  this  Company  for  Casualty  and  Surety  Business. 


THE  CONSOLIDATED  CASUALTY  COMPANY 

ROBERT  B.  ARMSTRONG,  President 


451; 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


United  Surety  Company 

sT  Baltimore,  Maryland 

HENRY  G.  PENNIMAN,  President 

cylssets:     OVER   A    MILLION   DOLLARS 

Home  Office: 
United  Security  Building,  South  Street,  Baltimore 


pj^.     SURETY      ..^^^ 
G0^^^  BONDS  ^^Kg? 

Furnishes  Bonds  in  All  Courts,  Contractors'  Bonds, 

Fidelity  Bonds  and  every  character  of  legitimate 

Surety  Bonds  with  Energy  and  Despatch 

Insures  Against  Loss  by  Burglary  and  Theft 

JOHN  McGILLEN,   General  Agent 

Borland  Building,  181  La  Salle  Street 

Phone  Central  4287  ChicagO,  111. 


46B 


A     HALF     CENTURY      OF    CHICAGO      BUILDING 


Etablished   1886 

MERCHANTS  EXCHANGE  BANK 

W.  E.  COLBURN  CSi  CO. 

GENERAL  BANKING 

LOANS  AND   INSURANCE 


ESPECIAL    ATTENTION   GIVEN   TO 

REAL    ESTATE    LOANS 


SAFE   DEPOSIT   VAULT 

BOXES,    $3.00   TO    $20.00    PER    YEAR 


9129    COMMERCIAL   AVENUE 


LOEWENTHAL    CS,    COMPANY 

CHAMBER  OF  COMMERCE 

CITY  OF  CHICAGO  SPECIAL  ASSESSMENT 


^0 

IMPROVEMENT  BONDS 

LOEWENTHAL    CS,    COMPANY 

CHAMBER  OF  COMMERCE 


47B 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


r-',-^„,^  O  T    .     -    -w-,^         r>  /~'y  ^  PHONE  CENTRAL  3354 

Fred.  S.  James  &  Co. 

INSURANCE 

171  LA  SALLE  ST.  CHICAGO 

The  modern  development  of  business  has  multiplied  the  number  of  details 
that  must  be  considered  m  applymg  insurance  to  varymg  conditions. 

It  necessarily  follows  that  insurance  protection  involves  great  responsibil- 
ities, and  that  the  person  havmg  these  matters  m  charge,  should  invoke  the 
counsel  and  advice  of  the  best  insurance  talent,  to  handle  the  entire  line  of  fire, 
tornado,  steam  boiler,  plate  glass,  liability,  casualty,  burglary  and  automobile 
insurance,  which  can  supply  the  services  of  the  best  experts  in  inspections,  in 
recommendations  for  improvements,  in  passing  upon  the  standing  and  record 
of  the  companies,  in  preparation  of  forms  of  policies,  in  adjustment  of  rates, 
in  adjustment  of  losses,  and  especially  in  the  broad  field  covered  today  by  fire 
protection  engineering;  and  which  m  many  other  ways  can  render  valuable 
service,  without  expense  to  the  assured. 

Our  long  experience  in  these  several  lines  enables  us  to  perform  these  offices 
with  satisfaction  and  profit  to  our  clients. 

We  solicit  your  patronage.  pp^^j)  5.  JAMES  &  CO. 


Geo.  W.  Montgomery  M.  L.  C.  Funkhouser 

Montgomery  CS,  Funkhouser 
INSURANCE 

Fire,  Tornado,  Automobile,  Plate  Glass,  Accident  and 
Health,  Burglary  and  Theft,  Rent,  Leasehold  and 
Liability  (all  kinds) ;  Court,  Contract,  and  Fidelity  Bonds 

159  La  Salle  Street,  National  Life  Building,  Chicago  Telephones:   Randolph  393,  Automatic  2288 


GREENEBAMtl  Bankers 

SEE    US    FIRST    FOR    SAFE    INVESTMENTS 


NS 


Clark  and  Randolph  Streets 


First  Mortgages  in  large  or  small  amounts  on  IiTiproved  Chlcago  Real  Estate 

5^»  to  6^» 

MUNICIPAL  AND   OTHER   FIRST-CLASS   BONDS 


48B 


A     HALF     CENTURY      OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


AT     YOUR     COMMAND 

WHY     NOT      KNOW     THE     VALUE 

OF    YOUR    PROPERTY? 

I     CAN     TELU    YOU      ASK     ME 


TELEPHONE  Randolph  637 


EXPERT  TESTIMONY  GIVEN 

IN     PROCEEDINGS     IN     ANY 
COURT  OF  RECORD    PERTAIN- 
ING   TO    REAL    ESTATE 


J.  MADISON  PACE 

EXPERT  APPRAISER 

of  Real  Estate  and  Personal  Property 


BANK     FLOOR 
97    WASHINGTON    STREET  :   CHICAGO,    ILL. 


PROMPT    SERVICES    AND 

ACCURATE    REPORTS 

GUARANTEEO 

YOUR  BUSINESS  SOLICITED 


MEMBER     OF 

CHICAGO  ASSN  OF  COMMERCE 
COOK  COUNTY  REAL  ESTATE  BOARD 
CHICAGO    BOARD    OF    UNDERWRITERS 


VALUATIONS  MADE  ON  CENTRAL 

FEES,  BUILDINGS,  MFG.  SWITCH 

TRACK,    DOCK,    BUSINESS    AND 

RESIDENCE  PROPERTY 


ALSO     REPORTS     ON     ESTATES     FOR     TRUSTEES.     RECEIVERS.     ASSIGNEES. 
ADMINISTRATORS.     EXECUTORS     AND     GUARDIANS 


JOHN  C.  FETZER 


EDWARD  H.  PETERS 


Fetzer,  Peters  &  Co 


REAL  ESTATE 


AND 


INVESTMENTS 

8th    Floor    :    215    Dearborn    Street 
Bedford    Building 


4'JV, 


A     HALF     CENTURY      OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


EUGENE  H.  FISHBURN  EDWIN  B.  SHELDON  WILLIAM  O.  GREEN 


Ogden,  Sheldon  &  Co. 

Founded  1S36 

34  Clark  Street,  Chicago 

REAL   ESTATE,  BUILDING,  LAND   AND   ESTATE 

AGENTS 

INVESTMENTS   MADE    FOR    RESIDENTS   AND    NON-RESIDENTS 

Assume  the  management  of  estates,   collection  of  rents,   payment  of  taxes,  loaning  of   money   on    first 
mortgage  real  estate  security,  and  advise  on  the  development  and  improvement  of  property. 


EDGAR  M.  SNOW  Established  1873 

ROBERT  C.  BUTZOW 

Edgar  M.  Snow  &  Co. 


Phone  Central  509 

VrivaU  Exchanc—Alt  Dcparm 


GENERAL    REAL    ESTATE         .„„.,„„„,„„, 

and  MORTGAGE  BROKERS    "'"^-'^^S^ ,.„....„ „.„ 


Automatic  S509 


APPRAISERS    OF   REAL    ESTATE 

Money  to  hoan  in  any  amount  at  very  lowest  rates  on  Chicago  Real  Estate  Security 

Mortgages  for  Sale 

REAL  ESTATE  BOUGHT,  SOLD,  LEASED  AND  MANAGED  ON  COMMISSION 

THE  CHICAGO  REAL  ESTATE  BOARD  ^^^    WasningtOn   OtreCt 

THE  CHICAGO  ASSOCIATION  OF  COMMERCE  nT-lTn  J  n  D 

CHICAGO  BOARD  OF  UNDERWRITERS  LitilLiJlKjU 


SOB 


A     HALF     CENTURY      OF    CHICAGO      BUILDING 


H.  J.  FARNHAM 

E.  M.  WILLOUGHBY 


J.  E.  SWANSON 


BENTON. CLEMENT 
J."A.  AINSWORTH 


AGENTS   FOR 


Farnham,Willoughby  &  Co. 

REAL  ESTATE 

Central  Business  Property  Bought  and  Sold 
Long  Term  Leases  Negotiated 

72  Madison  Street 
CHICAGO 

TELEPHONE  CENTRAL  418 


MASONIC  TEMPLE 
HARRIS  TRUST  BUILDING 
NATIONAL  LIFE  BUILDING 
SCHILLER  BUILDING 
CHICAGO  SAVINGS  BANK  BLDG. 
MORTON  BUILDING 
STEGER  BUILDING 
WILLOUGHBY  BUILDING 
ATWOOD  BUILDING 
CABLE  BUILDING 
ATHENAEUM  BUILDING 
FIRMENICH  BUILDING 
DOGGETT  BUILDING 
WOLFF  BUILDING 
JOSEPH  E.  OTIS  ESTATE 

and  Other  Properties 


3 1 1; 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


EDMUND  A.  CUMMINGS  ,,•    .       j       ocr,  EDWARD  S.  ]UDD 

CHARLES  o.  Goss  Established  1869  Robert  c.  givins 

E.  A.  CUMMINGS  (^  CO. 

General  Real  Estate  and  Loan  Agents 
Appraisers  and  Auctioneers 


BUY,    SELL    AND    MANAGE    PROPERTY    ON    COMMISSION 

Collect  Rents  and  Pay  Taxes,  Negotiate  Loans 
S.  W.  Cor.  Dearborn  and  Washington  Streets 

Chicago 


Telephones  Central  24  and  25 


WM.  D.  KERFOOT  GEO.  BIRKHOFF,  JR. 

Wm.  D.  Kerfoot  CSi,  Co. 

85  Washington  St.,  N.  W.  Corner  Washington  and  Dearborn  Streets 

CHICAGO 


Real  Estate,  Loan  and 
Financial  Agents 


SPECIAL   ATTENTION    GIVEN    TO    THE   INTERESTS    OF    NON-RESIDENTS 


TELEPHONE  CENTRAL  2773 


52B 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


List  Your  Property  with  Us  for  QuicJ^  Results 


TELEPHONE     RANDOLPH     637 

PACE  &  CO. 

97    WASHINGTON    STREET 


SELLING: 

We  offer  some  attractive  investments  m 
Fees,  Central  Busmess  and  Manufacturing 
Properties  netting  from  5%  to  9%  on 
Investment. 


LEASING: 

We  have  ample  facilities  for  the 
negotiation  of  long  time  leases  for 
either  the  Lessor  or  Lessee. 


We  Also  Have  an  Efficient  Department  for  Selling  Flat  Buildings  and  Business  Property 


J.  H.  VAN  VLISSINGEN  &  CO. 


ESTABLISHED  1879 


Business  Property 

Switch  Tracl^  Property 

Docf^  Property 

Manufacturing  Property 


309  FIRST  NATIONAL  BANK  BUILDING  ::  CHICAGO 


PHONE  CENTRAL  162 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


Wyllys  W.    Baird 


Geo.   L.    Warner 


BAIRD  &  WARNER 

Succeeding  Baird  &  Bradley.  Established  1857 

Real    Estate,  Loan   and    Renting  Agents 

Telephone  Main  4470.         90  La  Salle  Street 


Frank  G.  Hoyne  CBi,  Co. 

Valuators 

88  La  Salle  Street, 

Chicago 

Real^Estate,  Loans  and  Renting 


THE 

Central 

Nanufacturing 


comprises  some  300  acres  of  splendid  industrial  property  at  35th  Street,  between  Morgan  and  Ashland; 
and  on  43rd  Street  near  Robey.  A  few  years  ago  this  was  a  prairie — the  "cabbage  patch"  of  Chicago; 
today,  nearly  a  hundred  large  industries  are  enjoying  the  splendid  rail  and  water  shipping  facilities,  getting 
free  switching  and  eliminating  teaming  expense,  thereby  increasing  profits  and  prospering. 

The  DISTRICT  has  parkways  of  grass,  paved  streets,  water  and  sewer  lines.  Within  six  months  a 
dozen  new  buildings  have  been  erected  or  contracted.  Perhaps  the  most  remarkable,  is  the  new  wool  ware- 
house, five  stories  and  basement  100x250 — erected  a  story  per  week  of  concrete  and  steel.  Few  people 
realize  that  this  is  the  geographical  center  of  Chicago.  Business  is  trending  south  and  the  growth  of  this 
DISTRICT  will  be  more  marvelous  in  the  future  than  even  the  past. 

J.  A.  Spoor  and  Arthur  G.  Leonard  are  the  Trustees  and  H.  E.  Poronto  the  Industrial  Agent,  with 
office  in  First  National  Bank  Building. 


S4B 


A     HALF     CENTURY      OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


CHICAGO    HEIGHTS    LAND    ASSOCIATION 

This  Association  was  orgaiiizcil  18  years  as^o  for  tlie  purpose  of  tlic  industrial  development  of  a  tract  of  land  of 
approximately  4.000  acres  situate  in   ISlooni  Township.  Cook  County.  27  miles  south  of  Chicago. 

lughteen  years  ago  this  tract  of  land  sustained  a  farming  |)opulation  of  around  150  people.  Today  there  is  a 
thriving  manufacturing  city  of  some  16.000  peojile.  with  6.^  factories.  large  and  small,  representing  the  most  diversi- 
fied industries. 

The  city  of  Chicago  Heights  has  a  well  organized  nnniicipal  government.  14  churches  of  various  denominations, 
two  newsjjapers.  a  free  Carnegie  library,  three  hanks,  two  hotels,  two  telegraph  offices,  telephone  exchange,  four 
railroad  depots,  three  express  companies,  public  warehouse,  nine  jniblic  schools,  two  cemeteries,  gas  works  and  elec- 
tric light  and  power  plant. 

Tlie  main  attraction,  however,  for  manufacturers  to  locate  at  Chicago  Heights,  is  its  unrivaled  railroad  facilities. 
Five  railroads  enter  the  city,  two  great  trunk  lines,  the  I-'risco  System  and  the  Michigan  Central ;  there  are  two  belt 
lines,  the  Elgin,  Joliet  &  Eastern  R.  R.  and  the  Chicago  Terminal  Transfer  Railroad,  affording  direct  connection  with 
every  railroad  entering  the  city  of  Chicago.  In  addition  hereto,  there  is  a  local  switch  line,  constructed  by  the  Land 
Association,  connecting  every  factory  by  its  own  switch  track  with  the  various  railroads  and  keeping  five  modern, 
powerful  switch  engines  in  constant  service  for  the  sole  ])uri)ose  of  giving  the  manufacturers  prompt  service  to  and 
from  the  connecting  lines. 

In  addition  hereto,  low  water  taxes,  ])roximity  to  and  direct  connection  with  the  coal  fields  of  Illinois  and  Indiana, 
together  with  excellent  transjjortation  facilities  oftered  by  a  local  street  car  line  and  two  important  interurban  lines, 
serve  to  make  Chicago  Heights  one  t)f  the  best,  most  economical  and  convenient  manufacturing  centers  in  this  coun- 
try. In  addition  to  the  factories  already  operating  at  Chicago  Heights,  there  have  been  five  new  ones  located  last 
year,  the  principal  one  being  the  Inter-Ocean  Steel  Company,  whicli  is  erecting  a  large  plant  at  an  ex])ense  of  nearly 
two  million  dollars. 

Since  its  inception,  Mr.  Charles  H.  Wacker  has  served  as  President  and  Treasurer  of  the  Association  and,  during 
most  of  the  time,  Messrs.  Rudolf  Brand  and  Francis  Lackner  as  its  \'ice-President  and  Secretary  respectively.  Its 
Board  of  Directors,  in  addition  to  the  above  mentioned  gentlemen,  consists  of  Messrs.  Leo  Fox  and  Edward  d. 
L'ihlcin.     Since  1892.  Mr.  Martin  II.  Kilgallen  has  been  its  General  Manager. 


HENRY  H.  WALKER  THOS.  H.  WILLIS 

Henry  H.  Walker  &  Company 

REAL  ESTATE 

Mortgage  Loans 

Manufacturing  Sites 

Dock  Property 

Main  286  201  Tacoma  Bldg.,  Madison  and  LaSalle  Sts. 


v=;b 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


GEORGE   F.  KOESTER 


HENRY  G.  ZANDER 


OVER    23    YEARS    IN    PRESEXT    LOCATION 


KDESTER&  Zander 

69  DEARBORN  STR^°£rsi 


REAL    ESTATE 

LOAIVS   AND    IXSTJRAIVCE 
SUBDIATDERS  AND  HOME  BUILDERS 

NORTH    AND    NORTH-^V'EST    SIDE    PROPERTY    A    SPECIALTY 

LOANS    ON    REAL    ESTATE  FIRST    MORTGAGE    INVESTMENTS 

INTERESTS    OF    NON-RESIDENTS    CAREFULLY    CONSERVED  Z         CORRESPONDENCE    SOLICITED 


Owen  F.  Aldis  ;4       "I        "1    *  /^  ^ — N 

E}~     Aldis  &  Company 

Francis  W.  Taylor 

CENTRAL  REAL  ESTATE  AND   LOANS 

Telephones  Harrison  .263^^^  247    MOHadnOCk    Block,    ChicagO,  111. 

Can  offer  every  class  of  desirable  space  in  the  Central  District.   We  make  every 
effort  to  please  our  tenants  and  afford  them  any  convenience  at  our  command. 


JVe  act  as  Trustees 
Agents 
Brokers 
and  Appraisers 


25  years'  experience  in  making  investments  and  managing  prop- 
erties, giving  the  advantages  of  organized  methods  to  our  clients. 


Agents  for 

Monadnock 

Marquette 

Venetian 

Pontiac 

Illinois  Bank 

Mohawk 

Equitable 

Counselman 

Gaff 

Sydenham 

Powers 

McClurg 

Yukon 

Hamilton 

Kohn 

Walker 

Windham 

Hovey 

Brooks 

New  Hart,  Schaffner  &  Marx 

and  other 

properties 

56B 


A     HALF     CENTURY      OF    CHICAGO      BUILDING 


McCormick  Building,  Corner  Michigan  Avenue  and  Van  Buren  Street 

S7B 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


THE  MENTOR  BUILDING 

This  fire-proof  building,  of  seventeen  stories  and  two 
basements,  has  every  sterhng  improvement  which 
experience,  skill  and  outlay  can  devise  for  comfort, 
safety  and  convenience. 

It  is  equipped  with  safety  plunger  elevators,  heat 
regulation,  vacuum  cleaning,  compressed  air,  and 
special  lavatory  and  sanitary  appliances. 

Its  location,  on  the  northeast  corner  of  State  and 
Monroe  Streets — the  center  of  the  shopping  district 
— is  generally  considered  the  most  desirable  in  the 
city  for  high  grade  mercantile  and  office  purposes. 

In  management,  service,  class  of  business  and  occu- 
pants. Mentor  Building  maintains  the  highest  stand- 
ard of  excellence. 

The  office  is  located  in  Suite  92,  where  full  particu- 
lars of  plans,  terms,  etc.,  will  be  given;  or,  if  you 
will  telephone  Central  2028,  a  representative  will 
call. 


TO  PROPERTY  OWNERS, 
TRUSTEES,  EXECUTORS  AND  GUARDIANS 

We  solicit  from  you  the  agency  of  any  buildings  you  may  own  or  control.  We  do  the  largest  renting  business  and  have  the  best 
organized  working  force  in  Chicago  to  successfully  manage  all  kinds  of  buildings.     We  have  three  extensive  rentmg  departments,  de- 

RENTING  AND  MANAGING  REAL  ESTATE 

One  of  these  departments  is  devoted  exclusively  to   handling  apartment  buildings  and  other  resident  property. 

Another  department  is  devoted  exclusively  to  handling  central  business  property  and  office  buildings. 

Another  department  is  devoted  exclusively  to  handling  wholesale  business  property,  including  warehouses  and  factories. 

Each  one  of  these  departments  is  managed  by  an  expert,  and  each  manager  is  ably  assisted  by  experienced  renting  men. 

Our  Collection  department  looks  closely  after  the  collection  of  all  rents.  We  have  in  our  office  a  skilled  attorney  who  devotes 
his  entire  time  to  the  supervision  of  this  work. 

We  also  have  in  our  office  a  Superintendent  of  Buildings  and  a  Chief  Engineer,  whose  duties  are  to  look  after  the  mechanical 
and  repair  work,  oversee  janitors,  engineers,  elevator  men  and  other  employes  of  the  various  buildings  we  manage.  Everything  is 
systematized,  and  we  constantly  endeavor  to  improve  the  service.  I 

FIRST  MORTGAGES  SECURED  BY  CHICAGO  CITY  REAL  ESTATE 

We  offer  choice  mortgages  in  amounts  from  $1,000  to  $100,000  and  over  to  net  the  investor  45^%  to  6%,  depending  upon  amounts, 
grade  of  security  and  location  of  property.  Equally  as  great  care  is  exercised  in  making  a  small  loan  as  one  of  large  denomination. 
Write  for  list,  stating  amounts  wanted  and  when  your  funds  will  be  available. 

Long  experience  as  managers  of  real  estate  and  knowledge  we  gain  through  our  extensive  sales  and  renting  departments,  as  to 
cash  values  and  amount  of  net  rental  property  will  produce,  enable  us  to  select  the  highest  grade  of  Real  Estate  Mortgages. 

HJI.STONE&G0. 


TELEPHONE  RANDOLPH  300 
PRIVATE  EXCHANGE  ALL  DEPARTMENTS 


AMERICAN  TRUST  BUILDING 


58B 


A     HALF     CENTURY      OF    CHICAGO      BUILDING 


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TELEPHONE  RANDOLPH   1878 


EUGEIME    A.     BOURIMIQUE    &    CO. 

701  FIRST  NATIONAL  BANK  BUILDING 

Home  F»poperty  Only=Imppovecl  and  Vacant 

Choice  Houses  and  Apartments  to  Rent,  City  and  Suburban 


59B 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


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60B 


A     HALF     CENTURY      OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


T. 

Tw< 

E.  HARVEY  WILCE        -        -        -        -       President 
GEO.  C.   WILCE        -        -        Vice-Pres.  and  Treas. 
THOS.  E.  WILCE Secretary 

WILCE  CO. 

Established    1872                                            Incorporated    1897 

HARDWOOD 
F  LOOKING 

2nty-Second  and  Throop  Streets 
Chicagfo,  Illinois 

THE    PIONEERS    IN    THE    MANUFAC- 
TURE   OF    HARDWOOD    FLOORING 

01  i; 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


Solvay  Coke 

COKE  is  the  solid  product  of  the  carbonization  of  coal,  and  bears  the  same  relation  to  that 
substance  that  charcoal  does  to  wood. 

Most  of  the  coke  manufactured  in  the  United  States  is  produced  in  old-style,  bee-hive 
ovens,  but  of  late  years  many  plants  have  been  built  for  the  manufacture  of  coke  in  retort  ovens, 
and  the  consequent  recovery  of  all  of  the  by-products  has  been  made  possible.  Foremost  in  this 
branch  is  the  Solvay  Process  Company,  and  the  Solvay  ovens  at  South  Chicago,  operated  by 
the  By-Products  Coke  Corporation,  is  one  of  Chicago's  largest  industries.  The  product  of  this 
plant  supplies  practically  all  of  the  foundry  coke  used  here,  as  well  as  a  large  proportion  of  the 
crushed  coke  used  in  brass  foundries,  forges  and  for  other  manufacturing  purposes. 

Considerable  tonnage  of  Solvay  Coke  finds  its  way  into  households  for  use  in  furnaces, 
ranges,  grates  and  stoves  of  all  kinds.  It  is  a  particularly  efficient  domestic  fuel,  and,  being  prac- 
tically pure  carbon,  it  contains  more  heat  units  than  ether  fuels,  makes  no  soot,  smoke  or  clinkers, 
and  leaves  no  ashes  to  sift. 

The  extensive  Chicago  plant  will  give  an  idea  of  the  magnitude  of  the  industry.  It  consists 
of  200  ovens  arranged  in  5  batteries  of  40  ovens  each.  Each  oven  is  charged  with  approximately 
10  tons  of  coal,  and  250  ovens  are  charged  each  24  hours.  The  plant  is  located  on  a  tract  of 
354  acres  along  Torrence  Avenue  and  1 08th  Street.  Most  of  the  coal  is  received  via  the  Great 
Lakes  and  unloaded  by  fast  machinery  capable  of  lightering  a  10,000-ton  boat  in  25  to  30  hours, 
and  storage  capacity  is  provided  for  half  a  million  tons  of  coal,  eliminating  the  possibility  of 
shutdowns  due  to  coal  strikes  or  other  causes. 

Solvay  Coke  is  made  in  convenient  sizes  for  all  kinds  of  industrial  and  domestic  consumption 
and  inquiries  from  coke  consumers  are  respectfully  solicited  by  the  Sales  Agents, 

Pickands,  Bro^vn  ^  Company 

115  Adams  Street,  CHICAGO 


62B 


A     HALF     CENTURY      OF    CHICAGO      BUILDING 


MIAMI  COAL  COMPANY 


JOHN   T.  CONNERY.   Pre.idenI 

McCormick   Building,   193    Michigan   Avenue 

Corner  V«n   Burcn   Slrfet 


CHICAGO 


Mining  Coal— Indiana  Bituminous 

Three  Mines  at  Ehrmanndale  and  Cloverland,  Indiana  Two  Mines  at  Clinton,  Indiana 

Capacity  4500  Tons  Per  Day 

Located  on  C.  &  E.  I.  R.  R.  Employ   1600  Miners 


(..^li 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


C.  A.  BICKETT,  President 
BRYAN  G.  TIGHE,  Vice-Prest. 


CHAS.  NEWTON,  Treasurer 
G.  D.   ROSENGRANT,  Secretary 


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Telephone  Harrison  5187 


Bickett  Coal 

and  Coke  Co. 

Wholesale  Shippers  of 

COAL  and  COKE 


McCormick  Building 
CHICAGO 

ST.  LOUIS  BRANCH 
Syndicate  Trust  Bldg. 


p.  F.  REYNOLDS,  President 


Reynolds  Coal  Compan)/" 

Anthracite  and  Steam 

COAL 


Yards: 

1245  State  Street 

Tel.  195-3634  Calumet 


cTWain  Office: 
1010  Hartford  Building 


Tel.  4624  Central 


64B 


A     HALF     CENTURY      OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


CHAS.  1.  PIERCE.  President  THOS.  C.  HUGHES.  Sec'y  and  Tr 

Big  Creek  Colliery  Company 

Peoples  Gas  Bin  I  ding 
CHICAGO 

DISTRICT  SALES  OFFICES: 

MINNEAPOLIS  PRODUCERS  AND  SHIPPERS  OF  THE 

ROCK    ISLAND  FOLLOWING 

GALESBURG  ILLINOIS    COALS 

"PREMIUM"  Harrisburg 

"BIG  CREEK"  Fulton  County 

"BIRCHWOOD"  Wilmington 

"CARDIFF  BIG  VEIN" 

A  large  tonnage  produced  with  modern  equipment  insures  good  service  and  the  best  preparation 


JNO.  A.   McBRIDE  TELEPHONES 

CALUMET   125^  and   U53 

CARTERVILLE  WASHED  FUEL  CO. 
POCAHONTAS  COAL  CO. 

I  Not  Incorporated 

WHOLESALE                        HIGH   GRADE    WASHED   STEAM    COAL                            ^^^  p^\  l 
POCAHONTAS   AND   COKE  

OFFICE  AND  STORAGE;     433-447   E.  25th  STREET,   I.  C.  R.  R. 

ALL  ORDERS  AND  CONTRACTS  SUBJECT  TO  STRIKES.  OUR   WASHED  COAL  IS  PERFECT  IN  PREPARATION 

ACCIDENTS  AND  CAUSES  BEYOND  OUR  CONTROL  AND  QUALITY 


S.  H.  FULLERTON  ROBERT  FULLERTON  R.  W.  FULLERTON  FRANK  GOEl'F.L 

Pres.  and  Gcn'I  Mifr.  Vice-President  Secretary  Treasurer 

Chicago  Lumber  &  Coal  Co. 

Established  1866  In,  ,,ri    niti  ,1  isj  ,  Paid  up  CapiUl.  $6,500,000 

MANUFACTURERS     AND     DEALERS 

SUndard  Codes  Used  General    Offices,    FULLERTON    BUILDING,    ST.  LOUIS,   MO.  Cable  Address  "Pitch  Pine" 

All  afrreementii  are  contingent  upon  strikes,  accident.^,  delays  of  carriers,  and  other  We  own  and  operate  mills  in  Arkansas,  Mississippi.  Louisiana,  Wisconsin,  Minnc- 
delays  unavoidable  or  beyond  our  control.   All  proposals  are  subject  to  prompt  accept-  sola.  Idaho,  WashinRton. 

ance.    All  prices  are  subject  to  chanjre  without  notice.   All  contracts  are  subject  to  Branch  and  Sales  Offices ;  Chicaifo,  Minneapolis.  Louisville,  Indianapolis,  Des  Moines, 

the  approval  of  the  General  Office  at  St.  Louis.  HattiesburK,  Seattle.  Mobile.  Detroit,  Cincinnati.  WinnipcK.  Shreveport,  Beaumont. 

Chicago  Office:  1103  Ciiamber  of  Commerce,  Ctiicago,  III. 

C.  M.  SMALLEY,  Manager  Telephone  Franklin  559 


65B 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


Sterling  Lumber  &  Supply  Co. 


wholesale  and  Retail 

Building  Material 


OUR  LINE 


Lumber— Lath 
Shingles — Posts 
In  terior—  Finish 
Cement—  Lime 
Sand—  Gravel  etc. 
Coal  and  Coke 


OUR  YARDS 

JVest  Pullman 

J4^ashington 

Heights 

Chicago 

Lima^  Ohio 

Tiffin^  Ohio 


Address  Main  Office  and  Factory,  119th  and  Halsted  Streets,  Chicago 


Established  1887 


Fretd'k  Di£ Ft SSEN. President 
SiVALD   W-  DlEFtS  SEN  .   SeCY  StTREAS. 


1^^ 


\CTURING  CO, )  H 

nxcJ 


SASH.DOOR  &  BLIND  MANUFACTURING  CO 


OFFICE  AND   FACTORY 
1249-1265  W.  North  Avenue,  Cor.  Fleetwood  Street 

CHICAGO 


Interior  Finish — County  Bldg. 

Frames   and   Sash — La   Salle   Hotel,   Blackstone   Hotel,    People's 

Gas  Light  &  Coke  Co.,  C.  &  N.  W.  Ry.  Station. 
Frames,    Sash    and    Interior    Finish — County    Poor    Farm,    Oak 

Forest,  111. 
Johnson  Chair  Co. 
Goetz  &  Flodin. 

Nonnast  Factory — Nonnast,  Louis  F. 
Crane  Co.  building,  new  factory,  14th  and  Canal. 
Hardin  building,  residence. 
Warner  building,  Hubbards  Wood. 
McBirney  residence,  Lake  Forest. 


Finley  Barrell  residence,  Lake  Forest. 
School  Houses — Farragut  School,  John  Marshall  School. 
House  of  Good  Shepherd. 
Old  People's  Norwegian  Home. 
Passionist  Monks,  Norwood  Park. 
Y.  M.  C.  A.  building,  Wilson  and  Hermitage  Ave. 
Factory — Sprague  Warner  Co.,  Erie  and  Kingsbury. 
Chicago  Terminal  R.  R.  Co. 
W.  K.  Cowan. 

Spauling  &  Merrick,  43rd  and  Colorado. 

Boston  Store  addition,  and  some  of  the  finest  houses  along  the 
north  shore. 


66B 


HALF     CENTURY      OF    CHICAGO      BUILDING 


<;     H     HOULTON.    Pr 


J.   C.    DF.  WITT.  Si- 


F.   A,   LF.WIS.  Tr 


LAKE   SUPERIOR   PILING   CO. 

ilncorpdratiil   IH-I") 

Manufacturers  and    Dealers   in   Piling   of   all   kinds 

Chicago  Office  and  Yards,  West  22nd  and  Morgan  Streets.        Phone  Canal  861 

Branches:    Duluth.  Minn.:    New  Orleans,  La.:    Houltonville.  La. 

We  deal  in  piling  only,  and  claim  the  distinction  of  being  the  largest  exclusive  piling  dealers  in  the  L'nitcd  States. 
We  operate  our  own  timber  and  are  fully  equipped  with  logging  railroad,  steam  skidders,  etc..   to  deliver  piles   from   slum|i 
cars  on  short  notice.     There  are  no  orders  too  large  for  us  to  lill  and  "prompt  service  and  a  pleased  customer"  is  our  motto. 
We  are  headquarters  for  railroad,  dock  and  foundation  piles. 
.\s  a  factor  in  the  recent  growth  of  Chicago,  we  note  below  a  few  of  the  buildings  for  which  we  have  furnished  foundation  pile 


University  Club.  Michigan  .\ve. 
Harvester,  Michigan  .\ve. 
Orchestra   Hall,   Michigan  .\ve. 
Congress    Hotel.   Michigan   .Vve. 
Coca-Cola.  Wabash  .\ve. 
I'airbanks  .Mor.se.  Wabash  .\ve. 
Manufacturers  Furniture  Ex.,  Wabash  Ave. 
The  Cable  Co..  Wabash  .Ave. 
Rothschild  &  Co.,  Warehouse,  Wabash  Ave. 
.Marshall  Field  &  Co.,  Warehouse,  Polk  St. 
Sprague-Warner,  Warehouse,  Erie  St. 
Sicgel,  Cooper  &  Co.,  Warehouse,  State  St. 
The  Fair,  Warehouse,  State  St. 
Hibbard,  Spencer  &  Kartlett,  State  St. 
Majestic  Theatre.  Monroe  St. 
Princess  Theatre.  Clark  St. 
Webber,  Clark  St. 


N'ew  Xorthwestern  Depot. 
Rock  Island  Depot. 
Michigan   Central   Freight   House. 
Wisconsin  Central  F'reight  House. 
Chicago  Cireat  Western  Freight  House. 
Hart,  Schaffner  &  Marx,  Van  Buren  St. 
.\lontgomery  W^ard,  Chicago  Ave. 
Devoe  &  Reynolds,  Chicago  Ave. 
Trumbull   School. 

National    Riscuit   Co.,   Washington   Blvd. 
Cliapman  &  Smith  Co.,  Washington  Blvd. 
Xortli  .\m.  Cold  Storage,  Canal  St. 
Heath  &   .Milligan.  Factory,  Canal   St. 
HoUis  &  Duncan    Lake  St. 
Kelly-Maus,  Randolph  St. 
Butler  Bros.,  Randolph  St. 
Mills.  Jackson  Blvd. 


Connnonwcalth  Electric  Co.,  Fisk  St. 

.Morrison.  Plunnner  &  Co.,  Washington  St. 

Occidental   .\iniex.   Washington    St. 

Gray   Building,   Plymouth   Place. 

Western  Bank  .Vote  &  Ijig.  Co.,  20th  St. 

Patten.  Harrison  St. 

AlcCorkle,   Harrison  St. 

Vogue,   Fifth    .Ave. 

Carter  &  Holmes,  Fifth  Ave. 

Kling  Bros.  &  Co.,  Fifth  Ave. 

Wilson  Bros.,  Fifth  Ave. 

Swigart.   F'ifth   .Ave. 

Hirsli  Wickwire.   Franklin   St. 

Lescher,  FVanklin  St. 

Roseinvald  &  Weil.  Franklin  St. 

Brooks,  Franklin  St. 

CuppenheiiTicr,   Franklin   St. 

Clow,  F'ranklin  St. 


1 

i^ 

\ 

if  you  want  the  Best  'Possible 
Office  Furniture  for  your  money 
Write  toda\)  for  our  complete 
Illustrated  Catalog  and  we  will 
quote  you  lowest  net  prices — 
direct  from  the  factory  prices — 
on 


s 

1 

» 

Andrews  Quality  Office  Furniture 

Better  cabinet  work  has  never  been  produced — never  will  be. 
Do  you  want  the  best?  Remember  we  have  no  dealers  to 
"protect"  on  prices — no  retailer  can  sell  you  Andrews  Quality 
Furniture — nor  its  equal.  It  is  so  good  the  retail  price  would 
be  prohibitive.  But  our  direct  from  the  factory  to  you  prices 
are  moderate,  and  give  you  the  best  possible  value  for  your  money. 
Andrews  Quality  is  unsurpassed — Andrews  Value  is  unequalled. 


Manufacturers  ol  Bank, 
Office,  Church.  School 
and  Theatre  Furniture 


The  A.  H.  Andrews  Co. 


174-176  Wabash  Ave. 
CHICAGO 


t)7B 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


CEDAR  POSTS 


M.,1        f  Falcon,  Miss, 
ills  at  <  Di  ■       »  «• 

[  blame,  Miss. 


Established  1881 


PAVING  BLOCKS 


Specialty:  Oak  Timber  and  Plank 

W.  B.  Crane  and  Company 

Manufactuieis  of 

LUMBER,  TIMBER  AND  TIES 


General  Office,  Yards  and  Planing  Mills: 
22nd,  Sangamon  and  Morgan  Streets,  CHICAGO 


Long  Distance  Phones  Canal  3190-3191 


J.  V.  CROWE 


E.  H.  CROWE 


A.  J.  CRO^VE 


Established       18  5  9 


CROWE    BROS. 

House  Raisers,  Movers  and  Shoring  Engineers 

Special  attention  given  to  shoring  up  Fronts,  Walls  and  Floors. 

Brick,  Frame  and  Stone  Buildings  raised  and  moved. 

Contracts  taken  anywhere  in  the  United  States. 


Office :  513  Chamber  of  Commerce  Building  CHICAGO 

Cor.LaSalle  and  'Washington  Sts.     Phone  Main  3158 


Yards:  433-435  Grand  Avenue 

Phone  Haymarket  3337 


ALL  ORDERS  PROMPTLY  ATTENDED  TO 


Telephone  Humboldt  3340 


Res.  Tel.  Irving  Park  1738 


A.  D.  Lindquist  &  Co. 


MANUFACTURERS  OF 


STAIRS 

Newel  Posts,  Balusters,  Rails  and  Panel  Wainscoating 


2420-22  Bloomingdale  Avenue 


Chicago 


FRANK   FASCHEN 


HENRY  FASCHEN 


PASCHEN  BROS. 

Masons   and   General   Contractors 

Suite  703,   115  Dearborn  Street 
Chicago 


Telephone  Central  6995 


68B 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OP'    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


The  NoUau  &  Wolff  Mfg.  Co. 


Manufacturers  of 


Millworky  Interior  Finish  and  Stairwork 


Sash,  Doors,  Blinds,  Frames,  Mouldings 


Telephone     Lincoln    480 


Factory:       1705-1719     Fullerton    Avenue 

Adjoining  C.  &   N.  W.  Ry.  Trick 


Chicago 


We    Dismantled    the    Famous    Louisiana    Purchase    Exposition    at    St.   Louis 


A  synopsis  of  our 
stock  embraces  a 
complete  display 
of  the  following 
merchandise: 

Building 

Material 

Structural 

Iron 

Complete 
Steel 
Buildings 

Lumber 

Builders' 
Hardware 

Pipe 

Roofing 

Steel  Rail 

No  matter  what 
your  wants  are, 
write  us;  we  can 
save    you    money. 


Pmaceof^&ried  Industries. 


Ooe  of  the  rnKny  beautiful  rtpoiition  buildinxi  which  piu«<]  into  oor  poucflstOD  at  the  close  of  the  fi: 


We  undersell  the 
retail  market  from 
30  to  75',.  We  can 
save  you  a  great 
deal  of  money  on 
merchandise  of  all 
kinds.  We  have 
thousands  of  spe- 
cial bargains  in 

Machinery 

Office 
Furniture 

House 
Furnishings 

Oriental  and 
Domestic  Rugs 

Street  Cars 

Cable       Rope 

Heating 

Apparatus 

Plumbing 

Material 

Fencing 

Wire     Belting 


CHICAGO  HOUSE  WRECKING  CO.,  35th  and  iron  sts.,  Chicago 


<yjB 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


THE     CHICAGO     SCREW     CO]VIF»AI\IY 

Manufacturers  ot 

SET  SCREWS,  CAP  SCREWS,  STUDS,  COUPLING  BOLTS,  NUTS,  Etc. 

All  Kinds  of  Special  Pieces  in  Brass,  Iron  or  Steel  Turned  From  the  Bar. 


City  Olftce  and  Salesroom: 
30  AND  32  N.  CLINTON  STREET 


Chicago 


Office  and  Works: 
FILLMORE  STREET  AND  HOMAN  AVENUE 


NEW  YORK  OFFICE: 

108  Chambers  Street 


FACTORIES  AND  MAIN  OFFICE: 

732  to  764  Mather  St.,  Chicago,  111. 


American  Cutlery  Company 


ESTABLISHED  1865 


MANUFACTURERS  OF 
Butcher  Knives 
Bakers'   Knives 
Bread   Knives 
Butter   Knives 
Carving    Knives 
Ctieese   Knives 
Putty  Knives 
Scraping    Knives 
Shoe   Knives 
Skinning  Knives 
Sticking    Knives 
Tobacco  Knives 


S  m   H!  **!  "  -     -:i  a  IK  ■■'  -  '  .i  «•  "■  '        .  li » ■*  •"     *»«■ 

■  1    !9S    "1  --■   -j  iji  iM  <*■■  -----  _    --  ,«  •-'  "^  I    ^ 


MANUFACTURERS  OF 

Cigar  Makers'  Knives 

Cooks'    Knives 

Cotton   Sampling    Knives 

Fruit  Knives 

Hunting    Knives 

Kitchen   Knives 

Lemon   Knives 

Orange    Knives 

Paper   Hangers'   Knives 

Hotel  Slicers 

Ham  Slicers 

Spatulas 

Butcher  Steels 


TABLE  KNIVES  AND  FORKS  WITH  PEARL,  IVORY,  CELLULOID,  RUBBER,  BONE,  STAG, 

STEEL  AND  WOOD  HANDLES 

SPRING  BALANCE  AND  PLATFORM  SCALES 


"OB 


A     HALF     CENTURY      OF    CHICAGO      BUILDING 


Established  1872 

Builders'  and  General  Hardware 

Cutlery 

Electrical  Supplies  of  All  Kinds 

Tools 

Manual  Training  Supplies  and  Equipments 


Orr  &  LocKETT  Hardware  Co. 

71-73  RANDOLPH  STREET 


Grocery  and  Meat  Market  Fixtures 

Butchers'  Supplies 

Refrigerators  and  Cooling  Rooms 

For  Hotels,  Clubs,  Restaurants,  Markets,  Residences,  Etc. 

House  Furnishings 
Domestic  Science  Equipments  and  Supplies 

Telephone  Central  551 


\ 


THE  PAYSON  MFG.  CO.  have  been  established 
since  1875,  and  during  all  the  succeeding  years, 
have  made  a  specialty  of  window  operating  and 
locking  devices  of  aU  kinds.     Our  success  in  these  lines 
is  a  matter  of  history  amongst  builders  and  architects,  and 
the  PaysonTransom  Lifters  and  Harris  Geared  Operators 
are  recognized   as  standards  of  ^ 

merit   which    have    never   been 
equaled. 

Harris   Geared   Operators  are  the  most 

means  of  ventilation  for  factories,  depots  and 

warehouses,  and  are  the  results  of  years  of  study  and  experiment,  by  expert  mechanics 

who  have  made  a  specialty  of  this  line.     Their  simplicity  of  construction,  ease  of  operation,  durability,  and 

the   graceful  lines  upon  which  they  are  built,  have  placed  them  in  a  class  beyond  competition. 

The  "Simplex"  Transom  Lifter  is  a  wonder.  It  has  none  of  the  objectionable  features  of  the  old  style 
lifters.  It  operates  with  one  hand,  a  straight  push  or  pull  opens  or  closes  the  transom,  and  it  locks  automatically  and 
securely  at  any  point.     One  style  operates  top  or  bottom  hung,  or  pivoted  transom.     It  is  neat  in  appearance,  strong, 

and  easy  to  put  up. 

The  "Signal"  Sash  Lock  is  an  old  reliable  that  does  its  work 
perfectly  and  securely.  It  "signals"  at  a  glance  if  your  windows  are 
locked.  It  cannot  be  "jimmied"  and  it  is  impossible  to  throw  the  lever 
without  locking  the  window.  It  can  be  operated  by  a  window  pole 
and  is  especially  adapted  for  school  house  work.  The  only  Sash  Lock 
perfectly  adapted  for  all  public  and  office  buildings. 

Archilects  who  specify  our  products  will  receive  the  benefit  o(  our  years  of  experi- 
ence, and  will  be  assured  of  satisfied  clients  who  appreciate  quality. 
We  manufacture  a  great  many  other  specialties  of  merit,  which  are  of  interest  to 
architects,  and  we  will  be  pleased   to  furnish  Catalog  of  our  line  upon  request. 


The  Payson  Mfg.  Co.,  2920  Jackson  Boulevard,  Chicago 


711 ; 


A     HALF     CENTURY      OF    CHICAGO      BUILDING 


Weary  and  Alford  Company 

Destgnef^s  Artisans  Contractors 

BANK   INTERIORS  OF  THE   HIGHER  CLASS 

1907    Michigan    Boulevard,   Chicago 

Mosaic       and       Tile       Department       operated       by       Weary       and       Beck 


W.  p.  NELSON  COMPANY 

HIGH  CLASS   PAINTING  AND   DECORATING 


l^\-l^l  Michigan  Ave.,  Chicago 


812  Greenwich  St.,  New  York 


rpiFTY  YEARS  OF  PROGRESSION  along  one  line  of  work  has  perfected  an 
-^  organization  that  stands  foremost  in  every  detail  of  Decorative  and  Painting 
Contract  work.  Our  work  may  be  seen  in  every  large  city  of  the  United  States 
and  Canada.     Send  for  Booklet.     Specialists  in: 

Bank,  Church,   Hotel,  Theatre,   Public   Building,    and 
Interior  Decorations  of  all   Kinds 


OUR  DESIGNING  DEPARTMENT  IS  EQUIPPED  TO  MEET  EVERY  DEMAND 
OUR  DECORATORS  ARE  OF  UNUSUAL  ABILITY  AND  WIDE  EXPERIENCE 
AND    OUR    EQUIPMENT  AND    ORGANIZATION    PERFECT    IN    ITS    LINE 


72B 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO      BUILDING 


Ornamental  Patterns 
for  Metal  Castinj^s 


Desi^ninjj^ 
Modeling 


Stone  and  Wood  Carving 
Ornamental  Plaster  and  Cement 


Joseph  Dux 


ARCHITECTURAL  SCULPTOR 


Tc I ep/io  ne.    Mo  n  roe  I S54 


West  Jackson  Boulevard 

S.  E.  Cor.  Desplaines.      New  Number  b.U 


CHICAGO,  ILL. 


CHICAGO  JACKET 

Out  hnl  and  hrivint  double  iacLcl  hoie. 
M>d<-  with  an  <!zlia  quality  Irnint.  and  ol 
■«ltcted  cotton  yatn. 


NATIONAL  JACKET 

Madi:  ol  ihc  bnl  "  Long  ilaplc"  cotton, 
with  a  hish  srade  rubber  lining.  Has  unsur- 
patted  wcating  quatitiei  and  great  strength. 


MONARCH 

A  heavy  tingle  or  solid  woven  hose, 
nade  from  selected  yarn,  and  with  an 
xtra  quality  of  lining.  Hat  heavy 
vearing  surface  and  is  used  with  much 
uccess  in  some  of  the  larger  cities. 


SUPERIOR 

A  medium  weight  single  hose  designed 
to  meet  the  requirements  of  cities  o(  the 
tmallerclati.  It  it  tubtlanlially  made  from 
"Long  itaple"  cottoa,  with  a  vrry  good 
quality  o(  lining.  Light,  strong  and  durable. 


CHICAGO    FIRE    HOSE    CO. 

54   LA  SALLE  STREET,  CHICAGO,  ILL. 

Excluaice     Agents     for 

B.  F.  Goodrich  Company's   FIRE     HOSE      Unequalled  for  Quality 

FIRE    DEPARTMENT  SUPPLIES.     Write  for  samples  and  prices. 


7^1:, 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


THE  IMPERIAL  BRASS 

MFG.  CO. 


CHARLES  McNELLlS,  President 
FRANK  McNELLIS,  -  Vice-Pres. 
W.  S.  NOYES,    -     -   Secretary 


40  YEARS 
Making  Good 
Brass  Work 


440-452  South  Jefferson  Street,  Cliicago 

Telephone    Haymarket     741 


1^^ 


Beardslee  Chandelier  Manufacturing  Company 

LIGHTING   FIXTURES 


Local  ami  i.ons:  Distance  Pile 
FRANKLIN  1621 


PRODUCTS 


OUR  WORK 
SERVICE 


FACILITIES 
ESTIMATES 


225-227-229    South    Clinton    Street 

Main  Office  and  Factory 

CHICAGO,    ILL. 


Cable  Address 

"BEARDSLEE" 
Western  Union  Code 


Combination,  Gas  and  Electric  Fixtures,  Electroliers,  Portables,    Ceiling    Lights,    Brackets,    Art    Glass    Domes, 

Shades,  etc. 

First  class  material  only.     Designs  up-to-date. 

We  are  prepared  to  furnish  through  your  local  dealer,  anything  in  the  way  of  lighting  fixtures   for  either  gas 

or  electricity. 

This  Company  has  a  complete  and  modern  plant  located  at  the  above  address,  and  are  in  position  to  turn  out 

the  most  elaborate  as  well  as  medium  and   inexpensive  fixtures  in  any  quantity. 

This   Company  will  gladly   furnish   through  your   dealer  estimates  on  any  of  your  requirements  in  their  lines. 


74  B 


A     HALF     CENTURY      OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


Chicago  Fuse  Wire  and  Mnfg.  Co. 


>. 


215-223  So.  Clinton  St. 
CHICAGO,  ILL. 


1    Hudson  St.,  tt 

NEW  YORK,  N.  Y. 


TRDDLCTS  .Maiuifactiircrs  of   Kncloscil   l-'uscs  and   Ciil.>ul>,  Switch   l{<j.\i.s,  Outlet  Udxcs  and  Covers,  Open  I'ubc  Links,  etc. 

DESCRIPTION"  All  X.  E.  Code  Material.  2.S0  and  600  Volt;  also  Old  Code  Fuses,  any  type,  amperage  or  voltage.     Our  Switcli 

Boxes  fake  any  make  of  switch  or  receptacle.  Conduit  Hoxcs  anil  Covers  furnished,  Black  Enamel  or  Sher- 
ardized. 

SERVICE  We  arc  prepared  and  our  facilities  arc  such  as  to  enable  us  to  make  shipment  same  day  as  order  may  be  re- 

ceived.   Carry  large  stocks  of  all  standard  material. 

ADV.AN'TAGES  The  special  advantage  of  the  Sectional  feature  of  "Union"  Switch  Boxes  appeals  to  all  users,  as  by  the  aid  of 

Spacers  the  Box  can  be  built  up  into  any  number  of  Gangs  desired. 

CATALOGS  Writ,    f..,    l-u^r   Maieri.d  Cat.iloo    X,,    J4.     \>...x  Catalo),'  Xo.  23.     Get  our  new  Wall  Hanger. 


Telephone  Monroe  3684 


Anderson  Oros. 

ALUIVfllMUIVI    ANfD    BRA.SS    FOUNDERS 


FIREPROOF  VAULTS 
For  Patterns 


Brass 

Bronze 

Phosplior-Bronze 


Aluminum 
German  Silver 
Special  Metals 


1390    Fulton    Street,  Corner  Sheldon  Street 

CHICAGO 


HEAT    REGULAXIOIM 

The  eJohnson  System 

THE    RECOGNIZED    STANDARD 


COIMXROLS    THE    XEIVIPERAXURE    of 

Office  Buildings 
Schools 
Hotels 


Hospitals 

Residences 

All  Eipst-Class  Buildings 


Branch   Offices 
In    All    Large    Cities 


ftJolinson  Service  Company 

MILWAUKEE,     WIS. 


Weber's  Department  Store 

Van   Buren    and   Clark   Streets 

A  credit  business,  catering  to  the  masses,  which  from  a  small  beginning 
has  grown  to  the   greatest   credit    institution    of  its    kind    in    America. 

A  fully  equipped  department  store,  embracing  54  complete  departments. 

in  which  can  be  purchased  anything  to  furnish  the  home  or  clothe  the 

family  on  the  very  easiest  terms  of  payment. 


"51; 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


BLUE   PRINTS 

Years  ago  we  coated  Blue  Print  paper  by  hand  and  printed  only  with  the  sun, 
and  it  required  about  ten  minutes.  Today  we  coat  entirely  by  machinery  and 
the  paper  prints  in  less  than  one  minute,  and  Blue  Prints  are  made  while  you 
wait,  as  the  prints  are  made  by  electric  light  and  dried  by  steam  in  a  few  minutes. 

Capacity,  100,000  Square  Feet  Per  Day 
AMERICAN    BLUE   PRINT   PAPER  CO. 


Main  Office,  294  Dearborn  St. 


CHICAGO 


Branch  Office,  Railway  Exchange  BIdg. 


"Independence  No.  1776" 

The  best  in  the  World 
"Cyan"  and 

"  Triumph  " 
BLUE  PRINT  PAPERS 
"  Uncle  Sam  " 

PHOTO  BLUE  PRINT  PAPER 
"  Nigra  "  Solar  Papers 
FOR  NEGATIVE  AND 
BROWN  LINE  PRINTS 

BLUE  PRINTS 
BLUE  LINE  PRINTS 
BLACK  LINE  PRINTS 
MULTI  COLOR  PRINTS 


|J)BMiRG'MAMiil 


"NIGRA"  DRAWING 

PENCIL 

Formerly  called  "Triumph' 


Telephones,  HARRISON  3427 


263-265  LA  SALLE  STREET,  CHICAGO 


WILLIAM  P.  WILLIAMS,  Prti't.  &  TrMs. 
W.  C.  BOWMAN,  Secretary 


SAMUEL  W.  ALLERTON,  Vice-Pre.t, 
H.  C.  LEICHSENRING,  Gen'I  Mgr. 


Art  Marble  Company 

MANUFACTURERS  OF 

MOSAIC    ::     TILE    ::    FLOORS 

Office  and  Factory,  Flournoy  and  Rockwell  Sts. 

CHICAGO 


Telephone  West  306 


A  Few  Buildings  IVAere  Our  Materials  Have  Been  Used. 

Union  Station,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 
Wabash  Terminal,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 
Rock  Island  Terminal,  Chicago,  111. 
Northwestern  Terminal,  Chicago,  111. 
New  State  House,  Jackson,  Miss. 
New  Court  House,  Chicago,  111. 
New  City  Hall,  Chicago,  111 
Auditorium  Hotel,  Chicago,  111. 
Great  Northern  Hotel,  Chicago,  111. 
University  Club,  Chicago,  111. 
First  National  Bank,  Chicago,  111. 
Alexian  Bros.  Hospital,  Chicago,  111. 
Cook  County  Institutions,  Chicago,  III 


F.  D.  CROFOOT 


Printing  by  Electric  Light 

Crofoot,  Nielsen  &  Company 

167-169  E.  Washington  St.,  Chicago.     (Phone  759  Main) 

BLUE  PRINTERS 

BLUE  PRINTING,  BLACK  PRINTING  BLUE  LINE  and  COLOR  PRINTING 


N.  NIELSEN 


Special  Service  Always.     Speed  and  RESULTS 


Big  Floor  Space  and  Equipment  for  Rush  Orders 


^6B 


A      HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO      BUILDING 


ESTABLISHIO    1BT0 


Cameron,  Amberg  &  Co. 


STATIONERS.     PRINTERS.     BINDERS 
BLANK    BOOK    MAKERS 


71    AND    73    LAKE    STREET 

CHICAGO 


HARRY   R.  GIBBONS 

MANUFACTURER  OF  AND  DEALER  IN 

NEW  AND   SECOND    HAND    PACKING   BOXES 

600  to  608  S.  Canal  St.          1220  West  Lake  St. 
1315  West  Madison  St. 

CHICAGO 

One  Phone  for  All  Telephone  Wabash  2528 

WILLSON  S   """^Ep^^I^^T,rAL   BUILDING    DIRECTORIES 

The    Only    Standard  Recommended    by  A.11    the    Leading   Arcl-iitccts 


The  best  argument  that  we  can  offer     We  have  over  2,000  satisfied  patrons.     Full  particulars  on  application. 

Adj,,^ s,ar,., otr,.,        THE    TABLET    &    TICKET    CO.  E.,M„hrJi^7o 

833  Market  SI..  San  Francisco,  Calll.  381-383  Broadway.  New  York,  .\.  V.  54I-5S3  W.  Jackson  Blvd.,  Chlcano,  III. 


rjl! 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


THE  A.  B.  DICK  COMPANY  of  CHICAGO 

Recognizing  over  twenty  years  ago  the  great  need  of  a  superior  duplicat- 
ing machine  for  office  and  professional  use,  marketed  a  stencil-process  machine 
of  unsurpassed  merit,  that  with  constant  improvements  to  take  care  of  constantly 
increasing  requirements  through  the  rapid  growth  of  general  business,  finds 
itself  today  the  undisputed  leaders  and  recognized  largest  manufacturers  in  the 
world.  This  is  Chicago  "I  will"  enterprise.  During  this  period  the  Company 
has  not  only  kept  up  with  the  times  but  has  originated  new  ideas  in  advertising, 
has  greatly  assisted  general  advertising,  and  hence  has  taken  no  small  part  in 
the  up-lift  and  sales-getting  of  general  business. 

THE  PLANOTYPE  tOn  Stand) 

The  manufacturers  make  and  sell  two  distinct  styles  of  duplicating 
machines— r//£  MIMEOGRAPH  and  THE  PLANOTYPE. 
The  Mimeograph  is  a  stencil-process.  It  is  made  in  different  sizes 
and  styles.  Anything  that  can  be  written  by  pencil,  pen  or  type- 
writer can  be  reduplicated  in  unlimited  quantities — all  alike  and  all 
like  the  original.     Color  work  can  be  done. 

The  Planotype  is  a  more  recent  product  for  the  printing  of  specially 
large  quantities  at  one  time  and  where  a  typewriter  ribbon  effect  is 
desired.  It  prints  through  a  ribbon  like  a  typewriter,  printing  from 
type — hence  is  multiple  typewriting,  and  the  work  is  an  exact  repro- 
duction of  original  typewriting.     It  is  not  an  imitation. 

For  full  particulars  of  each,  or  both,  address 

A.  B.  DICK   COMPANY,  Chicago  -  New  York 


THE  No.  76  ROTARY  MIMEOGRAPH 


PRODUCT — The   Mills 
ATED    MACHINES 


elty   Company    are    the    largest 
rid. 


the 


of    COIN    OPER- 


DESCRIPTION — Th 

chines  and   trade 


isist  of  more  than  300  styles  of  vending  and  amusem 
lators.  They  are  the  only  concern  in  the  Arcade  Machi 
ness  prepared  to  supply  Complete  Arcade  Outfits  of  their  own  manufacture, 
these  are  the  following  types:  Gum,  Match,  Peanut,  Candy,  Post  Card,  Perfum 
Button  and  Emblem  Embossing  Machines;  Weighing,  Punching  Bag,  Grip 
Fortune  Telling.  Post  Office,  Electric  Shock  and  Dumb  Bell  Machines;  Auto-Steri 
Phonographs,     Music     Bo.xes,     Illustrated     Song    Machines,     and     Electric     Piano 


Also,    the    famoi; 

one  of  the  ten  most  wonderful  inventions 
exhibit  at  the  Alaska-Yukon-Paciftc  Bxposit 
Chicago    and    at    the   Corn    Exposition    at   Omaha. 


i.  Collar 
Testing, 
■oscopes, 
Players. 


VIOL.ANO.    which    the   United    States    Patent    Office    pronounced    to    I 

lost    wonderful    inventions    of    the    past    decade    and    placed    in    the 

held  at   Seattle,   at   the   Land   Exhibit  i 

e    the    close    of   these    Expositioi 


the  Mills  Novelty  Company  have  been  notified  by  the  Comn 
VIOLANO   has   been   recommended   to   the  Jury  of  Awards 


Patents   that   the 


deser 

This  instrument  is  a  self-playing  violin  with   piano  accompaniment,    rendering  the   most 
difficult  works  of  the  masters  with  the  perfect  expression  of  an  accomplished  artist. 
The  violins  used   in  this  instrument   are  made   in   the   Mills   factory.      They  are   the   best 
that    skill    can    prot 


expert    of    long 


EQUIPMENT — A  handsome  and  commodious  building  (shown  in 
floor  space  of  over  160,000  square  feet;  the  latest  improved 
facture  of  their  goods;  and  a  force  of  600  skilled  workmen. 

FACILITIES — A  large  stock  of  thoroughly  tested  machines  and  a 


lit),   ha 


ng  a  total 


SERVICE — Prompt 
of  the   world. 


this  firm   to  handle  any  class 
.reful  att 


.-hinery    for    the    manu- 
ipletely  equipped  plant 


give 


ae   of   business. 

all  orders,  and  shipment  made  to  any 


ESTIMATES— Will    be   fur 
any   number. 

INFORM.^TION — Further 


any  class  or  kinds 
on  will  be  gladly  gi' 


>f  Coin  Operated  Machii 


78B 


HALF     CENTURY      OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


"LIBERTY"  MFG.  ASSOCIATION 

Manufacturers  of  the  famous  Liberty  Fire  Conquering  Fire  Apparatus,  approved  by  the  National  Board 
of  Fire  Prevention  Association,  under  the  authority  of  the  National  Board  of  Underwriters. 

Also  approved  by  all  first-class  fire  departments.  Especially  are  our  fire  department  hand  pumps  ap- 
proved, recommended  and  used  by  the  Chicago  Fire  Department  for  more  than  twenty  years.  By  these  hand 
pumps  the  Chicago  Fire  Department  has  extinguished  more  than  38  per  cent  of  all  fires  to  which  they  have 
been  called. 

Our  "Liberty"  Dry  Chemical  Three  pound  extinguishers  are  the  original,  standard  and  unequaled  extin- 
guishers for  homes,  hotels,  hospitals,  stores,  factories,  railroads,  farms  and  other  uses,  and  are  highly  indorsed 
by  all  Fire  Underwriters,  and  in  1 4  years'  use  have  never  met  with  one  failure. 

Over   15,000  fires  have  been  quickly  extinguished  by  their  use. 

We  refill  all  extinguishers  used  on  the  first  fire,  free  of  cost  and  guaranteed  good  forever. 

5,000  precious  lives  burned  up  during  the  year  1909.  $203,000,000.00  of  property  burned  in  Amer- 
ica in  1909.     You  and  others  pay  these  losses  and  not  the  Insurance  Company. 

One  human  life  burned  every  ninety  minutes. 

Price  $3.00  each  for  Dry  Chemical  Extinguishers 

Address  us 
•  LIBERTY  "    MFG.    ASSN.,    N.  E.  Cor.  Franklin  and   Huron  Sts.,    CHICAGO,    ILL.,   U.  S.  A. 

Long  Distance  Phone,  Central  4485 


Telephone  North  145 


Established  1872 


Chas.  Johnson  &  Son 


MANUFACTURERS    OF 


KIRE      ESCAPES 

Stand   Pipes  and   Stairways,  Railings,  Windov\r  Gueirds,  Crestings, 
and  all  Kinds  of  Building  Work 


We  are  the  largest  manufacturers 
in  the  West  and  make  a  specialty 
of  this  class  of  work,  and  are 
equipped  for  this  work. 


320-324   W.  INDIANA  STREET, 


C.  E.  JOHNSON. 
G.  H.  JOHNSON. 
BERNARD  JOHNSON. 

Props. 


Chicago,  HI. 


79B 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


American  Air  Cleaning  Company 

Manufacturers  and  Distributors  of 

"AERO"  Vacuum  Cleaning  Systems 

MILWAUKEE,  WIS. 


BRANCH    OFFICES    IN    ALL     THE    PRINCIPAL     CITIES 


PRODUCTS 


DESCRIPTION 


SERVICE 


ADVANTAGES 


lO-SWEEPER  AERO  VACUUM  PLANT 
COOK  COUNTY  COURT  HOUSE,  CHICAGO 


Scientific  Vacuum  Cleaning  Systems, 
both  Stationary  and  Portable,  of  im- 
proved and  simplified  construction,  in- 
cluding Steam,  Electric  and  Gasoline 
operated  types;  also,  improved  cleaning 
tools  and  Smooth  Bore  pipe  fittings  used 
in  connection  therewith.  We  build  none 
but  high-grade,  scientifically  correct  ma- 
chines, tools  and  equipment. 

Our  line  is  the  most  extensive  and 
complete  in  the  world.  We  build  Vacuum 
Cleaning  Systems  for  every  size  and  style 
of  building  from  the  cottage  to  the  sky- 
scraper, and  plants  mounted  on  wagons 
for  use  as  house-to-house  commercial 
cleaners.  Send  for  literature,  stating 
what  power  available  ( high  pressure 
steam — 60  pounds  and  up,  or  electricity; 
also  state  what  building  is  used  for,  size  on  ground  and  number  of  stories). 

^^'e  furnish,  free  of  charge,  specifications  for  architects'  files ;  from  their  plans,  if  sent 
to  us,  we  will  make  piping  layouts  in  blue  prints ;  make  up  proposals  for  complete  vacuum 
cleaning  equipment,  including  installation  by  our  own  engineers,  thus  insuring  most  satis- 
factory results. 

AERO  Vacuum  Cleaning  Systems  ("AERO"  is  our  famous  trade  mark)  are  built  by 
this  Company,  from  intake  to  discharge,  and  so  can  be  depended  on  to  render  perfectly  the 
service  for  which  they  are  designed.  Our  "Smooth  Bore"  hose-couplings  and  pipe  fittings 
(the  only  fittings  in  the  world  made  expressly  for  Vacuum  Cleaning  conduits)  insure  full- 
openings  and  "gun  barrel  smoothness"  from  end  to  end  of  dust  conduit.  Our  automatic  con- 
trol, closely  proportioning  power  consumed  to  work  performed  and  enabling  the  system  to 
supply  Vacuum  "on  tap,"  like  gas,  water,  electricity,  steam  heat,  etc.,  are  "on  tap" ;  our 
positive  suction  devices,  our  dry,  centrifugal-vertical  dust  separators;  our  scientifically  con- 
structed tools  for  all  cleaning  purposes;  our  broad  basic  patents  (we  were  the  pioneers  in 
scientific  construction  in  this  business)  ;  our  wide  variety  of  types,  all  considered,  make  our 
line  the  largest  and  absolutely  the  best  in  the  world. 


SOB 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


THE    STEGER    BUILDING 
Northwest  Corner  Wabash  Avenue  and  Jackson  Boulevard 


WELLS    BROS.    CO. 


General  Contractors 


Telephone    Harri>on    500 


1014  Monadnock  Building,  Chicago 


811J 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


Lanquist  &  lUsley  Co. 

GENERAL  CONTRACTORS 

393  N.  Clark  Street 
New  Number  1100 

CHICAGO 

Telephone  North  207 

84B 


A     HALF     CENTURY      OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


L.  P.  FRIESTEDT  CO. 

Building  Raisers 
and  Movers 


SHORING  OF  FRONTS,  WALLS  AND  FLOORS 
Brick  and  Stone  Buildings  Moved  and  Raised 


DEEF»    TRENCH     ANfD     CAISSON     SHORING 


Contracts  in  this  line  taken  anywhere  In  the  United  States. 
Work  Guaranteed. 


STORAGE  YARDS: 

344-6-8-50   North    Claremont  Avenue 
345-7-9-51    North    Western  Avenue 


GENERAL  OFFICES: 

1526-1528    Tribune   Building 

Telephones : 
Randolph  296-297         Automatic  4S19 


Branch  Office:     345  North  Western  Avenue 

Telephone    West  228 


s?i; 


A     HALF    CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


Loggia  of  Apartment  Building,  Northwest  Corner  Forty-sixth  Street  and  Greenwood  Avenue 


BUIILBER. 

I   Dearlborii  Street 


88B 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDIN^ 


Phone  Monroe  928 


Phone  Monroe  929 


Wm.  J.  Newman 

CONTRACTOR 

Wrecking,  Excavating  and  Caisson  Work 


General  Offices:    Old  50  S.  Curtis  St.    New  19  N,  Curtis  St. 


Material  and  Storage  Yards 
Van  Buren  and  Desplalnes  Sts. 

Phone  Monroe  3812 


46lh  and  Chicago  Aves. 

Phone  Austin  116 

Down  Town  Disposal  Station  : 
Fulton  Street  and  the  River.    Phone  Main  3393 


THE  RECORD  BREAKER  -  Old  City  Hall.  The  wrecking  of  this  building  and  the 
sinking  of  the  caissons  for  the  new  structure  was  performed  by  W.  J.  NEWMAN  in  record 
time,  230  days  being  required  for  the  entire  work,  while  contract  allowed  260  days. 


FIRST    PUBLIC    WORK    ACCOMPLISHED    AHEAD    OF    TIME 


H'Jii 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


E.  M.  BENT.  Pres.  and  Treas.  JOHN  F.  MULDOON,  Sec.  LOUIS  E.  HART,  Vice-Pres. 


E.  M.  Bent  Co. 

Contractors    and   Builders 


Established  1892 

Incorporated         1901 
Reincorporated   1909 


Telephone  Main  4938  506  SECURITY  BUILDING 

188  Madison  Street 


Masonry  Reinforced  Concrete 

Concrete  Carpentry 

Facilities  and  eqviipment  for  General  Contracting,  Remodeling 
or  Subdivisions  —  Factories  or  Residences 


Some    of   Our    Work: 

General  Contractors 

Adams  C&  Westlake  Co.      .      Cor.  Market  and  Ohio  Sts.  Interior  Finish  and  Subdivisions 

Chicago  Glucose  Co Taylor  Street 

"           '■                ...         Davenport,  la.  Simmons  Mfg.  Co.         .         .         .        1347  Michigan  Ave. 

■••'....  Peoria,  111.  Trude  Bldg Randolph  and  Wabash 

A.  T.  CS,  S.  F.  Ry.,  (Machine  Shop)    .  Newton.  Kas. 

Detroit  Electric  Co.,  (Garage)  .         .     2416  Michigan 


FRED  D.  LYON,  ARTHUR  T.  DOWNING,  Secretary 

President  and  Manager  jqhn  M.  CAMERON,  Treasurer 

LOUIS  F.  GRAVER,  jAMES  L.  AVIS,  Engineer 

Vice-President 

City  Erection  Company 


1  INCORPORATED i 


CONTRACTORS  AND  BUILDERS 


FOUNDATIONS,  MASONRY,  CARPENTRY,  STEEL  AND  CONCRETE  CONSTRUCTION 


OFFICES:    SUITE  827-112  CLARK  ST.  r>\ijr>  Kr^r\ 

PHONE  MAIN  3847  CHlLACaU 


92B 


A     HALF     CENTURY      OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


Branch    Office 
Birmingham    Ala 


H.  A.  Bishop 

COMMERCIAL       NATIONAL       BANK       BUILDING 

CONTRACTOR 


Specialists  in  Boiler  Construction  and 
Installation 


Nine  per  cent  of  the  hi^h  class  boiler  construction  work 
in  the  middle  west  is  done  by  H.  A.  Bishop.  Present  con- 
tractors for  the  installation  of  all  the  boilers  for  the  Common- 
wealth Kdison  Company,  Cosmopolitan  l^lectric  Company, 
and  Chicago  &  Northwestern  Depot.  Other  large  contracts 
throughout  the  country,  and  in  Cuba. 


Harrison  3398 


S^acob  1Ro6at3 

General  Contractor 

THE   ROOKERY  CHICAGO 


93  U 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


Telephone  Main  2940 


E.  W.  Spioul,  President 
L.  Green,  Vice-President 
C.  J.  Spioul,      Secretary 


E.  W.  SPROUL   CO. 


Masons  and  General 
Contractors 


172  East  Washington  Street 


507  Teutonic  Building 


iy[ARQUETTE   CONSTRUCTION  CO, 

Contractors  for  Granite  and  Creosote  Block 

Brick  and  Tar  Macadam  Pavements 

Reinforced  and  Plain  Concrete 


805.     171      WASHINGTON      STREET 

Tel.  Main   1145 


C.  A.  MOSES,  Pres.  &  Treas. 


W.  O.  AUSTIN,  Secretary 


C.  A.  Moses  Construction  Company 


Some  of  the  Buildings  Constructed 

Ogle  County    (111.)    Court   Houso 

Kane  Count.v   (111.  1    Court  House 

Macon  County   (111.)   Court  House 

Cook  County   (111.)   Criminal  Court  House 

Warren  County  Court  House,   Monmouth,   111. 

Cabell  County  (W.  Va.)  Court  House.  Huntington 

DuPage  County   (111.)   Court  House,   Wheaton. 

Clinton  County  (la.)   Court  House,  Clinton,  la. 

New  York   Biscuit  Factory.   Chicago.   111. 

Bay  City   (Mich.)   Court  House  and  Post  Office 

ClarksvIUe  (Tenn.)   Post  Office. 

Monon  Freight  House,   Chicago,   III. 

Montgomery   (Ala.)   Union  Passenger  Station 

C.  B.  &  Q.  Freight  House,  Chicago,  III. 

Nashville  Union  Depot,   Nashville,  Tenn, 


Successor  to  Chas.  A.  Moses,  Incorporated  1907 

1004  Chamber  of  Commerce 
CHICAGO 


Tel.  Main  3316 

are  well   equipped   with   the   latest   machinery  to  erect  large  buildings 
of  all  kinds  and  will  gladly  furnish  estimates  of  cost,  and  we  solicit 
opportunity  to  compete  for  such  construction. 


Some  of  the  BulldlnES  Constructed 

I'uuiliirlau.l  Tcli'phraie   Buililiug.    .Memphis.   Tenn. 

.M.inlK.iniciy  I'uuiity  Ct.  House,  Clarksville,  Tenn. 

Tnp,-k;i.    K;ins;is,    Cnurt  Housc  and   Post  Office 

I'.ilk    .\|.;irHm-iils,    Nashville,    Tenn. 

Wiuwick  .\psutnieiits.   Philadelphia,   Pa. 

Buncombe  Co.   (N.  C. )  Court  House,  Asheville 

Kalamazoo  Paper  Mill,  Kalamazoo,  Mich. 

Mingo  County    (W.   Va.)    Court  House 

Hospital  for  Contagious  Diseases.  Cook  Co,,   111. 

T.fo   PiipiT  Mill,   Vicksburg.   Mich. 

M.if  Sini-r.iir   Paper  Mill.    Otsego,    Mich. 

Uniik    .M.ilHi-   Factory.    Flint.    Mich. 

W.sti.u.Motl   Factory,   Flint,   Mich. 

American   Paper  Bo.\   Factory.   C.d.   Rapids,   Mich. 

Terminal    Station.    Meridian.    .Miss. 


96B 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


(  AUTOMATIC  4872 


Wm.  J.  Scown  Building  Company 

GENERAL  CONTRACTORS 


115  Dearborn  Street,  CHICAGO 


TELEPHONE  HARRISON  2314 


>Iark  Salomon  Co. 

GENERAL  CONTRACTORS 


98  Jackson  Boulevard,  CHICAGO 


F.   P.  NELSON,  W.   P.   NELSON,  F.  H,   NELSON. 

President  and  Treasurer  Vice-President  Secretary 

F.  P.  Nelson  CS?  Sons  Co. 

GENERAL  CONTRACTORS 

306  Chamber  of  Commerce 
Building 


Telephone   MAIN   3162 


CHICAGO 


Main  1735 


Heavv   Construction   and   Coai   Vard 


Telephones:  Automatic  3242  Plants  a  Specialty 

I     Residence,  Austin  1014 

Kraimk:  E.   Doherxy 

CARPEINIXER    AMD     GEIMERAL    COINITRACXOR 

315    Chamber  of   Commerce   Building 

Chicago 

Mr.  Frank  E.  Doherty  succeeds  the  old  established  tirni  of  M.  Doherty  &  .Son.  and  has  been  makinK  a  specialty  of  Heavy  Construction  such  as  is  used  in  building 
Warehou.ses  and  Factory  Buildinirs.  He  also  has  built  a  irrcat  many  of  the  larKC  Coal  Yai-d  Plants  along  the  river  and  railroads.  He  also  appraises  fire  losses  to  buildinits 
and  repairs  the  same,  representing  the  insurance  companies  or  owners,  as  the  case  may  be. 

'  '7 1 ; 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


Telephone  Main  4926 


National  Contracting  Co. 

ENGINEERS  AND   CONTRACTORS 

Bridges,  Structural  Iron,  Concrete  Piers,  Excavations 


504  Security  Building 


rrrt 

i  1 

.    ■'""nTv 

TnTrii,„„^, 

1 

BL^E^I^Jfl^^^t^Mt' ^  *  r  - 

Olsen  Brothers  &  Co. 

ENGINEERS  and  CONTRACTORS 


Grain  Elevators,  Flour  Mills,  and  Com- 
plete Plants  for  handling  Coal,  Sand,  Gravel, 
Ores,  Ashes,  and  all  kinds  of  Merchandise. 

POWER  TRANSMISSION 


Phone,  Humboldt  2373 


The  New  6,000-Yd.  Slone  Crushing  Plant  of  (he  Dolese  4  Shepard  Company.    Machinery  thronghoul  installed  hy  u 


2418-22   Bloomingdale  Ave.,  CHICAGO,  ILL. 


M.  D.  FLAVIN.  President 


ESTABLISHED  1877 


Telephone  Calumet  697 


Sherman -Flavin  >1arble  Co. 


Incorporated  ' 


INTERIOR  FINISHERS  IN 

MARBLE    :    ONYX    :    MOSAICS 

CERAMIC.  ENCAUSTIC  and  MARBLE  TILE 


Take  South  Side  Elevated  to  26th  Street 
or  State  Street  Car  to  Door 


2505-2519  STATE  STREET 

CHICAGO 


Telephones  Franklin  1702-1703 


EARLE  A.   RUSSELL,  Proprietor 


The  Builder's  Mill  Company 

I  Not  Incorporated  > 

Main  Offices:  SUITE  65-70  LA  SALLE  ST. 

FLAT  BUILDING  SPECIALISTS  ALL  CLASSES  AND  SIZES 

The  Mills  of  this  Company  are  equipped  with  the  most  modern  machinery 
obtainable.  Our  capacity  is  large.  We  have  striven  to  handle  all  orders  to  the 
COMPLETE  satisfaction  of  our  customers,  and  our  ever-increasing  business 
proves  our  success. 


We  will  gladly  furnish  any  estimates 


We  will  gladly  furnish  references 


98B 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


Wli 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


LEHIGH   PORTLAND 
CEMENT 


Guaranteed  for 

Uniformity,   Strength   and 

Durability 


MILLS 


Recommended  for 
High  Class  Engineering  "Work 


Capacity 


Ormrod,       Lehigh  Co.,         Penna.,  1,  2  &  3        ] 
West  Coplay,       "                       "  t 

Fogelsville  "  "  I 

N.  Castle,    Lawerence  Co.,       "  1&2        '.,,^^^/^r^rxT-.  ,^t 

Mitchell,  "  ind.  1&2      I     1 1,000,000  Barrels  Yearly 

Wellston,  Jackson  Co.,  Ohio  J 


Manufactured  by 


Lehigh  Portland  Cement  Co. 


Offices 

YOUNG   BUILDING       -------       ALLENTOWN,   PA. 

ROCKEFELLOW   BUILDING  -----  CLEVELAND,  O. 

TRACTIONAL  TERMINAL   BUILDING  -  -  -  INDIANAPOLIS,    IND. 


Meacham  CS,  Wright  Company,  Chicago,  Distributers 


lOOlJ 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


I).  I).  DKIMMONI). 

Vi,-,-  IV  ~l,i.  Ill  .,ii,i  M.,n.,uc 


CHICAGO   PORTLAND   CEMENT   CO. 


M  wri  \(  rrivi 


Main    Office 


**  Chicago  A  A''   Portland  Cement 

108    LA    SALLE    STREET.    CHICAGO.    ILL. 


Factory  ;it  ()«l.>ln.  N.-.ir  I.a  Sail.-,  III. 

I'K'  'IHT'I"  -illK'ACC  )  A  A"  is  a   i'l-n'.-m:!  (  ciiu'iii  nf  ihc   II  Kill  I'.Sr  (  )r  M.IIA'. 

••rill-:  iM-.sT  'i-iiA'|-  (.'AX  I'.i-:  madI'..- 

Always  reliable  tor  liiiencss.  sUL-iv^th,  pr^impt  hanlenin^  anil  nnilnrni  color. 

(."oiur — A  most  desirable  an  I  j.k'asing  litjht  bluish  iirny  is  one  of  the  attractive  features 
of  tliis  cement. 

in  souiidness.  sli-i.'nL;lh,  setting;.  liJir.leninL;,  rnuiiess  and  all  otlier  (|ualities  required  liy 
the  Standard  Specitu-.aiiims  aduiitcd  1:\  llu-  Anurican  Socictv  tor  testins,''  materials  this 
cinient  more  than  meets  the  dLman(K. 

THIS  CK.MMXT  IS  .\1.\1)1-:   l-Ro.M   ROCK  .\X1)  CI..\Y. 

The  immense  deposits  of  lime  rock  and  clay  on  the  Company's  extensive  land  holdinj^s 
at  ()t;lesby.  III.,  e.xcel  in  all  of  the  essentials  that  produce  the  best  Portland  cement  that  can 
be  made. 
I'ACTLlllES  'I'lie  (|uarry  is  largely  oi)erated  by  electric  ]io\ver  which  drives  rock  drills,  crushers  and 

tramway.     Steam  shovels  dit;-  up  the  blasted  rock   and    load    the   cars    which    are   hauled    by 
locomotives  to  the  crushers. 

h'ireiiroot  buildintjs  house  the  most  ijerfecl  and  modern   ecpiipment   for  manufacturing. 

Tiubine  steam  en<;;ines  and  comjiound  condensing-  engines  fin-nish  jiower  which  is  elec- 
trically transmitted,  liall  mills,  Komminuters  and  tube  mills  grind  the  raw  materials  and 
rotary  kilns  burn  it.    Kent  mills  and  tidie  mills  grind  the  clinker  to  finished  cement. 

Fireproof  stockhoiises  of  reinfirced  concrete  hold  the  finished  cement,  and  are  equi])ped 
with   une.xcelled  aiJjiaratus  for  con\eying.  sacking  and  loacling. 

Railroads  having  independent  tracks  upon  the  ])remises  are:    Illinois  Central:  Chicago. 
Iliirlington  &  Oiiincy.  and  the  Chicago.  Milwaukee  i!v  St.  I'aid.     The  Chicago.  Rock  Island 
i\;   I'acilic  Railroad  is  reached  b\-  switching  three  miles  to  La  Salle. 
C.\r.\ClTV  The  output  is  now  1.2.^0.000  barrels  ])er  annum. 

Commenced  the  ])resent  ])lant  in  IS'iS  and  ha\e  had  eleven  years  of  constantly  increas- 
ing business  and  ex])ansion. 

"ClllCMU)  .A.A"  i'OR  ri,.\XI)  L'i:.Mi:Xr  has  been  used  exclusively  in  many  important 
Concrete  constructions  such  as 

Thebes  liridge,  over  Mississipi)i   River.    Thebes.  111.  i  .^.i.oOO  bbls. ). 

New  City  Hall.  Chicago.  (2.^000  bbls.). 

Reinforced  concrete  bridges  at  Kankakee.  111.:  Kenosha.  Wis.:  Cedar  Rapids.  Iowa,  and 
many  smaller  ones:  (iovernment  postoffices  at  Sreator.  111.:  I'.lgin.  111.:  Clinton.  Iowa; 
Janesville.  Wis.:  Monmouth.  111. 

(Iovernment   Locks  on    llennei)in  Canal  and  at  Moline.  111. 

(Iovernment  .\rsenal   llnildings  at   Rock   Island. 

Public  Libraries  at    l-'reeport  and  Kankakee. 

Over  100.000  barrels  by  various   Railroads. 

.And   the   princi|)al   dealers,   contractors,   block  and  tile  manufacturers  are  customers. 


Kill: 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


CHICAGO'S  LARGEST  BUILDERS'  SUPPLY 
HOUSE  IS  THE 


wisconsin  lime  and  cement 
Company 

DEALERS  IN  AND  MANUFACTURERS  OF 

EVERYTHING  IN  THE 
BUILDING  LINE 

Masons'  and  Plasterers'  Materials.    Common,  Pressed, 
and  Paving  Bricl^s.    Specialties 


GENERAL  OFFICE  AND  EXHIBIT  ROOMS : 

605-6-7-8  CHAMBER  OF  COMMERCE  BUILDING 

TELEPHONE  FRANKLIN  1317 


102B 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


Universal  Portland  Cement  Co. 

CHICAGO         PITTSBURG 

Daily  Output  23,000  Barrels 

PLANTS     AT     CHICAGO     AND     PITTSBURG 


Universal  Portland  Cement  Co.       Plants  Nos.   3   and  4,  Buffington,  Indiana 


L'liivcrsal  is  a  strictly  true  Portland  cement  of  the  highest  quality  possible  to  manufacture. 
1 1  i^  made  from  granulated  blast  furnace  slag  and  limestone  burned  to  a  hard  clinker  in  rotary 
kilns  and  is  absolutely  free  from  sulphides.  The  limestone  used  is  practically  pure  calcite.  The 
slag  is  a  siliceous  material,  clean,  free  from  impurities  and  always  uniform  and  identical  in  com- 
position and  character. 

Universal  Portland  Cement  is  the  only  F'ortlaiid  cement  manufactured  from  a  slag  lime- 
stone mixture  in  this  country,  and  its  present  annual  production  consider.ilily  exceeds  ten  per  cent 
"f  the  total  yearly  output  of  PortUnul  ^ement  in  the  United  States. 

Universal  was  first  placed  on  the  market  in  1900;  since  that  time  the  demand  has  been  so 
great  as  to  necessitate  continual  enlargements  of  capacity.  The  shipments  in  1908  exceeded  four 
million  five  hundred  thousand  barrels  an  output  nearly  dou))le  that  of  the  entire  production  of  the 
United  States  in  1896.  The  total  output  of  the  Company  is  now  twenty-three  thousand  barrels 
per  day.  Plant  \'o.  6  at  Buffington,  Ind.,  is  now  under  construction,  and  when  completed,  the  Com- 
|i:my   will   have   an   annual   output   of    10,000,000  barrels. 

I'liiversal  is  .suitable  for  every  class  of  concrete  work  in  which  a  high  grade  Portlauil  cement 
is  used.  Millions  of  barrels  have  been  used  with  eminent  success  in  sidewalks,  floors,  piers,  dams, 
general  engineering  work.  United  States  Government,  Slate,  Municipal  and  Railroad  work  and 
building  cnnstrnclicni  under  all  pri~sil)le  conditions.  Universal  will  meet  all  usual  and  proper  tests  and  conforms  generously  to  the  Stand- 
ard specifications  for  Portland  cement  as  adopted  by  the  .American  Society  for  Testing  Materials  and  to  the  specifications  of  the  Engi- 
neer Corps  of  the  United  States  Army.  Universal  is  exceptionally  uniform  in  color  and  strength,  thoroughly  sound,  absolutely  regular 
in  setting  qualities  and  always  reliable. 

Thousands  of  barrels  of  Univers.d  are  used  annually  in  the  Cily  of  (.bicign.  The  two  principal  tractimi  >ystems  of  Chicago  alone 
use  several  hundred  thousand  barrels  annually.  During  the  past  year  the  C.  &  X.  W.  R.  R.  used  over  four  hundred  thou.sand  barrels  in 
their  concrete  work  in  this  city.  One  hundred  thousand  barrels  were  used  in  the  Montgomery  Ward  liuilding,  the  largest  rein- 
forced concrete  structure  in  the  worhl.  Universal  Portland  Cement  was  used  in  the  Railway  Exchange  Building,  the  new  University  Club 
Building,  the  new  Klaekstone  Hnlel.  llie  new  McCunnick  Huilding.  the  I'.drn  I'.nilding,  and  in  munercius  other  structures  of  prominence  in 
and  about  Chicago. 

The  location  uf  the  plants  with  reference  to  transportation  facilities,  the  immense  output  and  the  large  storage  capacity,  permit  of 
the  most  satisfactory  service  in  making  prompt  shipments  of  orders.  The  western  plants  are  reachetl  by  all  railroad  lines  running  out  of 
Chicago,  and  the  plant  at  Universal,  Pa.,  is  located  on  the  Union  Railroad  through  which  connection  is  made  with  all  lines  entering  Pitts- 
burg.    In  addition  to  these  connections  all  points  upon  the  Great  Lakes  are  accessible  by  water. 


ia5i; 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


Uses  of  Terra  Cotta  Hollow  Tile 

in  Standard  Fire  Proof  Construction 


THE  steel  frame  construction  of  buildings  could  never  have  reached  its  present  tremendous  popularity,  without 
the  use  of  Terra  Cotta  Hollow  Tile  as  a  protection  against  fire,  and  as  a  means  of  constructing  fire  proof 
floor  spans  of  sufficiently  light  weight  to  permit  of  the  floors  being  earned  to  any  desired  height  on  a  steel 
frame  composed  of  members  so  light,  and  dimensions  so  small,  as  to  make  the  entire  investment  commercially  eco- 
nomical. 

The  first  function  of  fire  proofing  in  a  steel  frame  building  is  to  protect  the  steel  from  fire.  As  an  incidental 
fact,  in  performing  this  duty,  it  also  protects  the  steel  from  corrosion  and  rust. 

In  connection  with  this  duty  it  spans  the  spaces  between  the  steel  floor  beams,  thus  forming  fire  proof  floor 
arches  which  carry  the  loads  placed  on  the  floors  of  the  building  in  use,  and  at  the  same  time  effectually  prevent 
the  spread  of  fire  from  one  floor  to  another. 

In  roof  construction.  Terra  Cotta  Hollow  Tile  answers  the  same  purposes  as  in  floor  construction,  but  as 
roof  loads  are  naturally  much  lighter,  usually,  than  floor  loads,  the  steel  construction,  and  consequently  the  fire 
proof  construction,  are  much  lighter  than  in  floor  arches,  and  the  methods  of  application  are  frequently  different. 

The  next  extremely  important  use  of  Terra  Cotta  Hollow  Tile  is  for  the  construction  of  fire  proof  partitions 
for  subdividing  floor  area  as  may  be  desired  in  the  occupancy  of  the  building,  or  as  may  be  required  for  the  divi- 
sion of  large  floor  areas  to  prevent  the  spread  of  fire  on  a  single  floor.  Under  the  classification  of  partitions  are, 
of  course,  included  closet  and  vault  walls,  enclosures  for  elevator  shafts,  etcetera. 

The  exterior  walls  of  steel  frame  buildings  are  usually  of  brick  or  stone,  through  which  moisture  easily  pene- 
trates. To  prevent  this  moisture  from  reaching  and  destroying  the  plaster  on  the  interior.  Terra  Cotta  Hollow 
Tile  Furring  Blocks  are  used.  These  blocks  provide  a  dead  air  space  through  which  the  dampness  cannot  go,  and 
the  plastering  is  applied  direct  to  the  inner  side  of  these  blocks  without  necessity  for  any  additional  furring. 

The  above  catalogs  the  uses  of  Terra  Cotta  Hollcw  Tile  Blocks  for  steel  frame  buildings,  known  as  Stand- 
ard Construction.  This  material  is,  however,  used  in  many  ways  for  structural  purposes  and  in  reinforced  "Long 
Span"  floor  construction,  and  for  these  purposes  the  methods  of  application  are  fully  shown  in  our  catalog  of  "Long 
Span  Fire  Proof  Construction,"  which  will  be  furnished  en  request. 


PITTSBURGH Fulton  Building 

NEW  YORK Flat  Iron  Building 

CHICAGO       .      Commercial  National  Bank  Building 
BOSTON     .......     John  Hancock  Building 

PHILADELPHIA Land  Title  Building 

WASHINGTON Colorado  Building 


National  Fire 


Capital,  Twelve  and  One -Half  Million  Dollars 


TERRA  COT 


The  largest  company  in  the  world  devoted  solely  to  the  busi; 


10411 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


Some  of  the  Advantages  of  Standard  Fire  Proof  Construction 

of  TERRA    COTTA    HOLLOW    TILE 

from  the  Standpoint  of  Practical  and  Economical  Construction 


I'loiir  Arches  nf 


1X1)  I'-.  I '  !•: X  I )  !•. X C  !•;  (  > !•  W  E.VV  1 1  K R. 
i\v  'rile  ma\'  l>c  laid  at  an\-  lime  nf  \cai"  rcijard 


it    wcatliiT  tciiiperatiire.  ram   i  ir 
snnw . 

si'i;i':i)  IX  iM..\s'rF-:RixG. 

Arches  may  he  ])lastere(l  the  day  after  they  are  laid,  if  iiecessar\-  to  rush  work. 

r.RAldXC   ['OR  .STKL'CTL'Rl'.. 

Tile  Arches  assist  the  wind  bracing  of  the  structure  because  they  till  the  total  depth  of  the  steel  beams, 
ami  act  as  iiorizontal  braciiii;  for  the  entire  structure.  In  com])arison  with  this,  concrete  floor  slal)s  rest  onh' 
ni)on  the  upper  third  of  the  l)eams.  are  usually  one-third  as  deep  as  Tile  Arches,  can  not  efficiently  transmit  the 
iiorizontal  stresses  caused  by  wind  ])ressure  in  hin;h  buildings,  and.  l)y  reducin,^-  tiie  efticienc\-  of  the  floors  as 
braces,  increase  the  amount   of  steel   necessary   to  ])rovide  a^^ainst   horizontal  stresses. 

.Ml  XI  MUM    Wl'IlCllT. 

Tile  Arches  weigh  less  per  square  foot  than  any  other  form  of  tire  jiroof  floor  construction  of  eipial  strength, 
and.  consequently,  greatly   reduce  the  dead   load   on   the  structural  steel  and  foundations. 

SOUND  I'ROOl'. 

Ilollow  Tile  .\rches  ha\e  usually  froni  two  to  four  cells  and  arc  therefore  e.xcellent  non-conductors  of 
sound.  .\n  extremely  imixirtaut  consideration  in  hotels.  hos])itals.  ofiice  buildings  and  structures  of  similar' 
oecu])ancv. 

RAPID  COXSTRL'LTIOX. 

The  false  work,  or  centering,  required  in  setting  Tile  Arches  may  be  removed  within  twenty-four  hours 
after  arches  are  laid.  Centering  for  concrete  floors  must,  under  the  most  fa\oral)le  conditions,  remain  in  place 
at  least  ninety-six  hours,  and.  in  e\ent  of  constant  rain  or  low  temperature  weather,  must  frequently  i>e  ke])t 
standing  two  weeks  or  more,  necessitating  great  delay  in  completing  l)uilding.  as  contractors  for  other  work  can 
not  jiroceed  while  centering  remains  in  iilace. 

I'.I.IMIXATIOX  Ol'  MOISTURI-:. 

The  cement  nmrtar  joints  iu  Tile  .\i-ches  dry  out  rapidly,  jjermitting  of  the  immediate  laying  of  finish  floor- 
ing and  wood  trim  without  risk  of  damage  by  moisture.  Concrete  floors  are  set  in  a  wet.  plastic  condition,  dry 
slowly,  and  the  moisture  reuiainiug  in  them  frequently  causes  the  war])ing  and  buckling  of  floor  finish  and  trim. 

How  can  you  be  sure  of  tlu'  l>e>t  and  most  economical  tirc-iiroofing — or  either — unless  you  figure  with  the 
largest  compan\-  in  the  world  (k\oled  c\clusi\ely  to  the  manufacture  and  erection  of  fire-proofing  for  buildings? 


ofing  Company 


OLLOW  TILE 


26  Factories  Throughout  the  United  States 


CANTON City   National   Bank   Building 

CINCINNATI Union  Trust  Building 

MINNEAPOLIS Lumber  Exchange 

LOS  ANGELES Central  Building 

TORONTO,  CAN.      .     .     .      Traders  Bank  Building 


Bof  construction  in  both  Hollow  Tile  and  Reinforced  Concrete 


iibi; 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


The  Atlas  Portland  Cement  Company 


30  Broad  St.,  NEW  YORK,  N.  Y. 


WORKS: 

Coplay,  Pa. 
Northampton.  Pa 
Hannibal.  Mo. 
Hudson,  N.  Y. 


,^  'PORTLAND^., 

ATLAS. 

W  CEMENT. 


Trade  Mark 


PRODUCT 
OUTPUT 


RAW 
MATERIAL 

LABORA- 
TORY TESTS 


PACKAGES 


PUBLICA- 
TIONS 


PANAMA 
CANAL 
CONSTRUC- 
TION 


"Atlas"  Portland  Cement. 

The  Atlas  Portland  Cement  Company's  works  are  located  at  Northampton.  Pa..  Coplay.  Pa- 
Hannibal.  M(i.,  and  Hudson,  N.  Y.,  and  produce  over  18.000,000  barrels  of  "Atlas"  Portland  Cement 
per  year. 

The  Company's  quarries  of  cement  stone  have  been  selected  after  careful  examination,  and  fur- 
nish in  perfect  form  the  chemical  ingredients  necessary  in  the  production  of  a  true  Portland  cement. 

Throughout  the  entire  works  the  greatest  care  is  exercised  to  keep  the  product  at  its  high  stand- 
ard, and  as  a  final  check  all  cement  is  submitted  to  the  laboratory  for  chemical  and  physical  examina- 
tion before  shipment.  The  care  exercised  in  this  regard  has  created  a  reputation  for  reliability  among 
the  users  of  cement  who  do  not  have  the  time  or  opportunity  to  test  each  shipment,  and  who  conse- 
quently rely  largely  upon  the  manufacturer. 

"Atlas"  Portland  Cement  is  of  uniform  strength  and  quality,  and  made  from  genuine  Portland 
cement  materials  only.    It  contains  no  furnace  slag. 

"Atlas"  Cement  is  shipped  in  barrels,  and  in  duck  and  paper  bags.  The  barrels  weigh  400  pounds 
gross  or  380  pounds  net.  When  shipped  in  bags  the  weight  is  95  pounds  per  bag,  four  bags  to  the 
barrel. 

The  Cooperage  Department  is  thoroughly  equipped  to  produce  a  barrel  which  experience  has 
proved  to  be  the  most  suitable  for  cement.  Each  barrel  is  lined  with  a  specially  prepared  paper  as  an 
extra  guard  against  the  possible  absorption  of  moisture. 

For  the  iDenefit  of  those  who  desire  to  make  lasting  improvements  about  the  factory,  farm  or 
home,  and  as  a  guide  to  those  who  contemplate  new  construction,  we  have  published  the  books  noted 
below : 

"Concrete  Houses  and  Cottages."  Vols.  I  and  II.  These  books  contain  many  half-tone  cuts  (in  tint)  of  photographs, 
together  with  floor  plans  of  concrete  houses  ranging  in  price  from  $1,000.00  to  $450,000.00. 

The  houses  not  only  show  a  large  variety  of  design,  but  are  of  several  different  metliods  of  concrete  construction. 
They  are  not  imaginary  sketches,  but  have  been  built  and  designed  by  the  best  architects  in  the  country.  It  is  the  purpose 
of  these  books  to  show  what  has  been  and  can  be  done  in  the  way  of  large  and  small  concrete  houses,  cottages  and  bungla- 
lows,  and  that  the  illustrations  and  plans  may  be  of  material  assistance,  not  only  in  planning  a  future  home,  but  in  deciding 
upon  the  material  to  be  used  in  its  construction.  Vol.  1,  Large  Houses;  Vol.  II,  Small  Houses.  Size  10  by  12  inches. 
Copies  will  be  sent,  e.xpress  prepaid,  upon  receipt  of  $1.00  per  volume. 

"Concrete  Country  Residences"   (out  of  print).     Price  $2.00. 

"Concrete  Cottages."  A  sixteen-page  pamphlet  showing  photographs,  floor  plans  and  specitications  for  small  concrete 
houses  ranging  in  cost  from  $1,500.00  to  $4,000.00.     Copies  sent  free  upon  request. 

"Concrete  Construction  about  the  Home  and  on  the  Farm."  The  1909  edition  of  this  book  contains  many  half-tone 
cuts  from  photographs  showing  several  new  and  practical  uses  of  Portland  cement  about  the  home  and  on  the  farm, 
besides  full  directions  for  making  and  handling  concrete ;  also  many  specifications,  sectional  drawings,  and  photograplis  of 
the  smaller  constructions  that  can  be  built  by  the  layman.  Copies  sent  free  upon  request.  Cldth  bound  copies,  25  cents 
each.  i 

"Reinforced  Concrete  in  Factory  Construction."  A  book  containing — besides  several  geiieral  chapters  on  concrete, 
concrete  aggregate,  methods  and  materials  for  reinforcement — ten  chaMers,  giving  detailed  descriftions  of  ten  concrete 
factories  and  warehouses  erected  in  various  parts  of  the  country  by  different  systems.  Photographs,  sectional  drawings  and 
specifications  were  furnished  by  the  engineers  in  charge  of  the  work.  This  book,  profusely  illustrated  (two  hundred  and 
fifty  pages,  size  six  and  one-half  by  nine  inches),  pamphlet  bound,  sent  free  upon  request  to  architects,  engineers,  and 
manufacturers  who  contemplate  building.     Paper  cover  copies,  delivery  charges  10  cents.   Cloth  bound  copies.  50  cents  each. 

"(Concrete  in  Highway  Construction."  A  text-book  for  highway  engineers  and  supervisors.  It  contains  complete 
descriptions,  drawings  and  photographs  of  every  phase  of  highway  construction  in  which  concrete  plays  a  part.  It  is  the 
most  valuable  book  ever  published  on  this  subject.     Sent  free  only  to  highway  officials  and  highway  engineers.     Price  $1.00. 

"Concrete  in  Railroad  Construction."  A  text-book  for  railroad  engineers,  containing  detailed  description,  drawings 
and  many  photographs  of  railroad  constructions  in  which  concrete  is  used.  Tliis  book  will  be  sent  free  only  to  railroad 
officials  and  railroad  engineers.     Price  $1.0(J. 

"Concrete  Garages."  A  valuable  book  for  any  one  contemplating  the  construction  of  a  garage.  It  contains  photo- 
graphs of  many  fireproof  concrete  garages,  together  with  drawings  and  detailed  descriptions  as  to  how  they  may  be  con- 
structed.    Sent  free  upon  reauest. 

The  United  States  Government  has  bought  4,500,000  barrels  of  "Atlas"  Portland  Cement  for  use 
in  the  construction  of  the  Panama  Canal,  the  largest  order  ever  placed  for  Portland  cement. 


106B 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


McNulty  Bros.  2f  Chicago 

(INCORPORATED  I 

Architectural  Sculptors  and  Plasterers 
RAILWAY    EXCHANGE,    CHICAGO 

PHILADELPHIA  PITTSBURG  CLEVELAND 


Some   of  the  Buildings  plastered  by  McNulty  Bros,  of  Chicago 

FIRST  NATIONAL  BANK  BLDG. 

COMMERCIAL  NATIONAL  BANK  BLDG. 

AMERICAN  TRUST  &  SAVINGS  BANK  BLDG. 

CORN  EXCHANGE  BANK  BLDG. 

ILLINOIS  TRUST  &  SAVINGS  BANK  BLDG. 

MARSHALL  FIELD  RETAIL  BUILDINGS. 

RAILWAY  EXCHANGE. 

BORLAND  BUILDING. 

HARVESTER  BUILDING. 

CHICAGO  MUSICAL  COLLEGE  BLDG. 

HEYWORTH  BUILDING. 

ORCHESTRA  HALL. 

PRINCESS  THEATRE. 

ILLINOIS  THEATRE. 

CORT  THEATRE. 

And  at  present  plastering: 

THE    PEOPLE'S    GAS    LIGHT    &    COKE   CO.'S    BUILDING 


Corporation  under  the   Laws  of  Illinois.        Thomas  J.   McNulty,   President 
Principal  Office        -        -        Railway   Exchange,  Chicago 


107. 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


The  La  Salle  Hotel 


Chicago 


HOLABIRD  &  ROCHE, 
Architects,  Chicago. 

GEORGE  A.  FULLER  CO., 
Builders,   Chicago 

EDWARDS  &  WARD, 
Cut    Stone    Contractors,  Chicago 

Tlie  first  three  stories  of  the 
La  Salle  Hotel  (the  acme  of 
modern  building  construction)  is 
lit  "Old  Hoosier  Stone."  from  the 
Old  Hoosier  Quarry  of  the  Bed- 
ford Quarries  Company. 

The  Old  Hoosier  Quarry  is  lo- 
cated at  Oolitic,  Indiana,  and 
owing  to  the  prestige  gained  by 
the  popularity  of  this  stone  within 
recent  years,  si.xty  acres  of  land 
are  occupied  by  quarrying  opera- 
tions alone.  In  addition  to  this, 
we  operate  three  mills,  which  are 
iquipped  with  all  modern  ma- 
chinery, such  as  saws,  planers, 
circular  planers  and  turning  lathes 
for  getting  out  this  stone.  Our 
equipment  and  shipping  facilities 
are  such  that  we  can  take  care  of 
the  largest  orders  with  promptness 
and   dispatch. 

Stone  from  the  Old  Hoosier 
Quarry  has  been  used  in  some  of 
tlie  largest  and  most  important 
buildings  in  this  country.  Among 
the  most  recent  are  The  City  In- 
vesting Building.  Xew  York  ;  State 
Capitol.  Jackson.  Mississippi;  State 
Capitol.  Frankfort.  Kentucky : 
-Main  .-\rt  Biiikling,  St.  Louis; 
Trinity  Building.  Xew  York;  Car- 
negie Institute,  Washington,  D.  C  : 
St.  Mary's  Cathedral,  Covington, 
Kentucky;  Xew  Theatre,  X'ew 
York;  Cathedral  of  Immaculate 
Conception.  Denver,  Colorado,  and 
all  the  Chicago  Lhiiversity  Build- 
ings.  Chicago. 

.Any  information  relative  to  this 
stone  for  building  purposes  will 
be  cheerfully  given  by  addressing 
the  nearest  office. 


THE  BEDFORD  QUARRIES  COMPANY 


204  Dearborn  Street 
CHICAGO 


BEDFORD,  INDIANA 


1    Madison  Avem 
NEW  YORK 


lOSB 


A      HALF     CENTURY      OF    CHICAGO      BUILDING 


Buff  and  Blue 

Bedford  Indiana 

Limestone 


Perry  Matthews -Buskirk  Stone  Co 

317-322    Monadnock   Block 
Chicago,  Illinois 


UNIVERSITY    CLUB 
CHICAGO.    ILL. 

.,1  V.inin..  A,.hit„t,      John  IMi.  Cr.i.V  , 


THE  OHIO  SANDSTONE  CO. 

Dea/ers  in  STONE  CURBING 

Also  ROUGH   AND   SAWED    BUILDING 
STONE,   FLAGGING  and  BRIDGE  STONE 

'T^XZ   Office:  448  MAROVEriE  BllLDIXG 


Artesian  Stone  &  Lime  Works  Co. 

GRAND  AND  CAMPBELL  AVENl  ES 

CHICAGO,  ILL. 

Mfrs.  oj  Lime,  Crushed  Stone  and  Pressed  Brick 
and  dealers  in  Cement,  Hair  and  Fibre 


SIONK  QIARRIKS  Al 

CHICAGO  AND  McCOOK,   ILL 


In'M; 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


Knickerbocker  Ice  Co. 

Producers  of  and  Dealers  in 

Building  Material 

Main  Office,  New  York  Life  Building,   171   La  Salle  Street 
CHICAGO,  ILL. 

Telephone  Randolph  1900 


Bank  Sand 
Filling  Sand 
Torpedo  Sand 
Crushed  Gravel 
Roofing  Gravel 


Portland  Cement 
Utica  Cement 
Louisville  Cement 
Lump  Lime 
Hydrated  Lime 


Hard  Plaster 

Hair  and  Fibre 

Stucco 

Lath 

Brick 


SERVICE. 


FACILITIES. 


ADVANTAGES. 


ESTIMATES. 


We  are  prepared  to  furnish  the  above  in  wagon  or  car  load  lots 
promptly  at  any  time  and  in  any  quantity. 

This  Company  has  sand  and  gravel  washing  plants  located  as 
follows : 

Dune  Park,  Ind.,  on  Indiana  Harbor  Belt  Ry.  and  L.  S.  & 
M.  S.  R.  R. 

South  Bend,  Ind.,  on  C.  I.  &  S.  R.  R.  and  L.  S.  &  M.  S. 

R.  R. 

Janesville,  Wis.,  on  C.  M.  &  St.  P.  R.  R. 

South  Elgm,  111.,  on  C.  &  N.  W.  R.  R. 
Also  25  yards  in  Chicago  and  suburbs  with  railroad  connections 
for  storage  of  material. 

Our  large  number  of  yards  enables  us  to  deliver  material  promptly 
and  cheaply. 

This  Company  will  be  pleased  to  furnish  estimates  on  all  kinds 
of  building  material  for  delivery  in  Chicago  and  vicinity. 


HOB 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


THE  CRAFTSMAN 
FACE  BRICK  IN 
FINE  AND  COARSE 
TEXTURES  AND 
MANY  VARYING 
SHADES  IN  RED, 
PURPLE,  OLIVE. 
GRAY.  BROWN 
AND      GOLDEN 


ESTABLISHED  IN  1855 


Thomas  Moulding  Company 

1202  CHAMBER  OF  COMMERCE 
CHICAGO 

FACE  BRICK  FIRE  BRICK 

IN  ALL  COLORS  FOR  EVERY  PURPOSE 

ENAMEL  BRICK 

GUARANTEED  NOT  TO 
CRAZE  OR  CRACK 

PAVING  BRICK  PORTLAND  CEMENT 

THAT  STAND  THE  TEST  FOR  HIGH  GRADE  CONCRETE 

GUARANTEED    ENAMEL   SRICK 

TIFFAiY 


MOULDING      —      CHICAGO 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


L.  D.  BINYON,  President 
H.  L.  MATZ,  Vice-President 


W.  H.  DYMOND,  Secretary-Treasurer 
M.  N.  KIMBELL,  Assistant  Secretary 


S.  S.  Kimbell  Brick  Co 

FACING  BRICK 

OF  ALL  KINDS 

Dry  Pressed  and  Impervious 

304-305  Chamber  of  Commerce  BIdg. 


BUILDINGS  CONTAINING  OUR  BRICK  : 


McCormiclt  Building 

Michael  Reese  Hospital 

St.  Luke's  Hospital 

Presbyterian  Hospital 

Cook  County  Hospitals 


Sears,  Roebuck  &  Co.  Buildings 
Harvester  Building 

La  Salle  Street  Station 
Hotel  La  Salle 


Home  for  the  Friendless 

University  School  for  Girls 
Hotel  Morain 

City  Railway  Power  Houses 
Washington  School 


McKinley  High  School 

Chicago  Automobile  Club 
Bryson  Apartments 


ja.ivie:s  a.  hogan, 

President 


F.  A.   IISJGALLS, 

Vice-F*pes- 


F«.  M.   HOGAM, 

Sec'y  &  Xreas. 


Illinois  Stone  Co 

IVf AINJUFACTURERS    OF 

CRUSHED    LIIVIESXOIME 

DUVfENSION  and   RUBBLE  SXOIME 


QUARRIES    AT    LEMOMX,  ILL. 

MAIM    OFFICE    22nd    and    LUIVIBER    STREETS 

Xelephone  Canol  136 


Yard   No.  1 
22nd  and  Lumber  Streets 


CHICAGO 


Yard  Mo.   2 

Elston  Avenue 

One  Block  IMortti  of  Division  Street 

Tel.  VIonroe  601 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


W.  p.  VARNEY  A.  H.  ROBINSON 

Manager  A..-,  c       •  j  t 

A*»  I  bee  y  and  Trea 


Hydraulic  -  Press 
Brick  Company 

CHICAGO  BRANCH 

WORKS  AT  PORTER  AND  BRAZIL,  INDIANA 


Rcprcicntlng  26  "Hydraulic"  Planla.     Larcett 
Distributor,  of    Facing    Brick,    in    the  World. 


MANUFACTURERS  OF 


Facing,  Paving,  and  Enameled 
Bricks  of  Every  Color 
and  Description 


No  order  too  small  for  our  attention  or  too  large  for  our  capacity.     This 
Company  operates  30  Plants  in  the  United  States. 


Thi.  Company  will  gladly  furnish 
Prices  on  any  Requirements 


Chamber  of  Commerce 

CHICAGO 


iioi; 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


Wm.  E.  Dee  Company 


MANUFACTURERS  AND  DEALERS 


Sew^ep  F»ipe,  Wall  Coping,   Flue  I_.ininQ,   Fire 
F»poofirig,  Cements,  Sew^er  Castings 


General  Line  of  Masons,  Plumbers,  and 
Sewer  Builders  Materials 


Established  1855.     Operate  three  modern  manufacturing  plants.     Forty-five  kilns 
capacity.     Five  thousand  car  loads  per  annum. 


We  operate  eight  retail  yards  in  Chicago.     Best  facilities  in  the  West  for  handling  orders 
large  or  small.    Quotations  on  application.    Write  for  our  catalogue. 


Factories :  Chicago  Office :  Factory : 

MECCA,  IND.  108  LA  SALLE  STREET  NEWPORT,  IND. 


_   ,      .  \  Main  2732 

Telephones:   ^  ^^.^  gg,! 


American  Sand  &  Gravel  Co, 

907  Chamber  of  Commerce 
CHICAGO 

Gravel  Washers  and   Sand   Pits   Located  at  St.  Charles, 

Carpentersviile,  Algonquin,  Antioch  and  Liberty- 

ville,  III.,  and  Millers,  Gary,  and  Attica,  ind. 


Prices  quoted  for  delivery  anywhere  in  any  quantity. 

Annual  output  1,000,000  yards. 

Twelve  retail  yards  within  the  city  limits. 

The  great  saving  in  the  manufacture  of  concrete  by  the  use  of  gravel 
and  torpedo  sand  over  the  use  of  crushed  stone  is  fully  explained  in  our 
booklet,  "The  Economics  of  Concrete,"  mailed  on  application. 


114B 


RUtXJLPH  S.  BLOME 
WILLIAM  J.  SINEK 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


CHICAGO     :     NKVf  'i  ORK    :     NEW  ORLEANS    :    BIRMINGHAM 


ESTABLISHED  1866 
NOT  INCORPORATED 


Rudolpli  S.  Blome  Co. 


PIONEERS    IN 


Cement    Paving    and   Concrete    Construction 

ROCK    ASPHALT    FLOORS 


BANK  FLOOR -UNITY  BUILDING 
CHICAGO 


Floor  and  Roo(  Conilnidion  o(  Monis  &  Company'.  Cold  Slorau.-  Buildinj.  Union  StocL  Ya 
:  !lori«  and  rool.     Ar<-a  of  work,  400.000  square  feet.     Capacity.  S5.000.000  pounds  of  meat. 


1 Contractors  for  Reinforced,  etc.  Concrete  Work  of    1 

Arm..ur  .\:   C  i,.  UHtiic   Building.  Chicago. 

Armour  &  Co..  Gary.    Iml..    I'lant. 

Arniour  &  Co.,   Howcr   Houses,  Chicago. 

School  of  Education,  Lniversity  of  Chicago. 

Armour  &  Co..  Lard  Rcfmcry.  Chicago. 

.Manual  Training  School,  University  of  Chicago. 

Armour  &  Co.,  Hog  Killing  Building,  Chicago. 

Home  Herald  BuiUling.  Chicago. 

.Armour  &  Co.,  Hair  Curling  Building,  Chicago. 

Ruprecht  Building,  Chicago. 

.Armour  &  Co.,  Soap  Works,  Chicago. 

Harder  Warehouse,  Chicago. 

.\rmour  &  Co.,  Glycerine  Works,  Chicago. 

Hately  Warehouse,  Chicago. 

Armour  &  Co.,  Xcw  York  Plant. 

Home  for  .\ged  Jews,  Chicago. 

.Armour  &  Co.,  Philadelphia   Plant. 

Corn  Exchange  Bank  Building.  Chicago. 

.\rniour  &  Co.,  Omaha  Plant. 

Union  Station,  Washington.  D.  C. 

.Xrm.Mir  &  Co..  Jackson.  .Mi>s.,   Plant. 

Suhways,  Washington.  D.  C. 

llrC 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


Standard  Asphalt  &  Rubber  Company 

Producers  of  High  Grade  Asphaltic  Materials 

General  Offices,  205  La  Salle  Street,  Chicago,  Illinois 


Kj.,  Clikago. 


SARCO     No.     6    W  A  T  E  R- 
PROOFIXG. 

SARCO  ROAD  COMPOUND. 

SARCO  ASPHALT  FILLER. 


SARCO   MASTIC. 
SARCO  VARNISH   GUM. 


SARCO     ELASTIC     ROOF 
COATING. 


SARCO  •WATER  AND 
WEATHERPROOF 
LIQUID   COATINGS. 

SARCO  MINERAL  RUB- 
BER PIPE  COATING. 


with    the   exception    of   the    liquid 
nd    reduced    l)y    lieat    to    a    liquid 


sphalt 


DESCRIPTION— All  SARCO  produc 
coatings,  are  shipped  in  a  solid  state, 
to  facilitate  their  application. 

Every  SARCO  product   will   analyze   99.5%    pur 
we  unqualifiedly  guarantee  them  to  be  absolutely  uniform. 

They  are  especially  adapted  tor  protecting  any  character  of  ci 
tion  from  damage  by  water.  This  protection  will  be  permanent, 
material  will  undergo  no  change  after  it  has  been  put  in  plact 
absolutely  non-absorbent,  and  unaffected  by  acids  or  alkalies. 

SARCO   Liquid   Pi-otective   Coatings   are    used   where   conditions 
severe,  and  for  protecting  metal  surfaces  exposed  to  the  weather. 

FACILITIES — We    are    prepare! 
products  in  any  quantity  desired. 


istruc- 
is  the 
being 


the    al>ov 


Our  manufacturing  facilities  are  unlii 
shipments  are  always  assured. 

SARCO  products  shipped  in  a  solid  si 
steel  drum,  the  entire  weight  of  the  pad 
a  tai-e  of  2%. 

ADVAKXAGES — SARCO  products  h 
wherever  they  have  been  employed,  a 
protective  value  is  unquestioned. 

It  frequently  occurs  that  an  Enginee 
a  complex  problem  in  waterproofing,  nee 
mining    the    best    method    to    pu 


contained  in  a  light 
as  about   450   pounds 


properly    applied. 


neer  or  Architect  is  confronted  with 
lecessitating  expert  advice  for  deter- 
to    obtain    the    desired    results.       In 


specificati! 


of  this  kind, 
ms.      This  ser 


frequently  called   upon   to   furnish    pi! 
given   without    cost. 


Some  of  the  inost  difficult  waterproofing  construction  that  has  ever  been 
attempted  has  been  referred  to  us,  and  in  each  instance  SARCO  materials 
and  SARCO  methods  have  proven  a  complete 

"We  are  willing  at  all  times  to  co-( 
neer,  and  to  furnish  any  information 
that  may  be  desired. 


with  the   Architect 


On    account    o 
MASTIC    FLOOR 

When  the   advants 


[iproved     buildi] 


to   be   obtained   by  the 
over  every  other  kind. 


SARCO  Mastic  Floors,  by 


floor.     We  hav 


othi 


of  their  unqualified 
contributed  to  the  popularity  of  this  style  of 
booklet  fully  describing  SARCO  Mastic  Floors — 
luable   information.     A  copy  will   be  sent 


upon   request. 

ESTIMATE,S — Upon  receivin 
pleased  to  furnish  estimates  bot 
plete  the  work  on  any  class  ol 
used  to  an  advantage.  We  mak 
and  Engineers  are   requested   to 


h  for  the  cost  and 


nformation,  we  will  be 
time  necessary  to  com- 
re  our  materials  can  be 
s  service,  and  Architects 
ly  information  they  may 


REFERENCES — The    c 
products    have    been    used 
will  be  pleased  to  furnish 
ner    it    will    be    possible    to 


emely  large  number  of  plac 
cessfully  prohibits  listing  tli 
upon  request, 
that   will   be 


par 


nakii 


llOl! 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


CYRUS  H.  HOWELL.  Pre.ident  WALTER  E.  SCHMIDT.  Secretary  EMIL  G.  SEIP,  Trea.urer 

We 

Illinois  Improvement  &  Ballast  Co. 


THE   LARGEST   DISTRIBUTORS   OF 


ILA 


IN   THE   UNITED   STATES 


The  Best  Fire-Proof  Material  on  the  Market 


CHICAGO  OFFICES 

Commercial  National  Bank  Building 

Rooms  643  and  645 

TELEPHONE  CENTRAL  1S84  AND  5551 


WORKS 


SOUTH  CHICAGO,  ILLINOIS  JOLIET,  ILLINOIS  SOUTH  DEERING,  ILLINOIS 

BRIDGEPORT,  ILLINOIS  CLABURN,  ILLINOIS  NORTH  CHICAGO,  ILLINOIS 

GARY.  INDIANA 


117B 


A     HALF     CENTURY      OF    CHICAGO      BUILDING 


The  American  Asphaltum  &  Rubber  Co. 

MANUFACTURERS  OF 

HIGH  GRADE  ASPHALTS 


GILSONITE  MINES,  Utah 

Ninety-nine  per  cent  pure.     Estimated  by  U.  S. 
Geo.  Dept.  '96  to  contain  over  400,000  tons. 

ASPHALTIC  LIMESTONE  MINES,  Utah 

Quantity  Unlimited 

Used  for  Mastic  Floors,  Roofs, 

Pavements,  etc. 


General  Offices: 

600  to  614  Harvester  Building. 

CHICAGO,  ILL. 

Telephone  Harrison  7956 

Works  and  Laboratory : 
Grand  Crossing,  III. 


PRODUCTS 


DESCRIP- 
TION 


RECORD 


USES 


FACILITIES 


CO-OPER- 
ATIVE 
SERVICE 


PRICES 


CATA- 
LOGUES 
SAMPLES 


We  are  manufacturers  of  staple  asphalt  products.  Among  these  are  our  "Pioneer"  Mineral  Rub- 
ber Pipe  Coating,  "Pioneer"  Waterproofing  Asphalt,  "Pioneer"  Filler  Asphalt  for  brick  and  block  pave- 
ments, "Pioneer"  Mineral  Rubber  Roofing  Cement.  "Pioneer"  Roof  Coating,  "Pioneer"  Primer  Paint, 
"Thebest"  Insulation  Paint,  "Wasatch"  Structural  I'aint.  "Amarco"  Roof  Paint.  "Wasatch"  Mastic  Floor, 
"Pariette"  Ready  Roofing,  "Pioneer"  Roofing  Asphalt.  Railroad  Bridge  Floor  Coating,  Reservoir  Water- 
proofing Asphalt.  Paving  Cement,  etc. 

The  basis  of  each  of  these  products  is  the  highest  grade  Asphalt  known — Utah  Gilsonite,  of 
which  we  own  immense  deposits,  and  which  is  99.9  per  cent  pure  bitumen ;  thus  it  is  absolutely  free 
from  all  impurities — it  is  unaffected  by  water  or  weather  conditions,  and  insures  a  permanencv  that 
can  not  be  excelled,  and  is  not  equaled  by  so-called  substitutes. 

Our  products  are  not  new  or  untried.  They  have  been  on  the  market  for  14  years,  and  have  all 
been  put  through  the  crucial  tests  of  practical  use.  In  any  true  technical  comparison  of  values, 
based  upon  quality  of  bitumen,  they  will  readily  prove  out — easily  demonstrate  the  superiority  which 
has  made  them  practically  non-competitive. 

The  range  of  utility  to  which  our  various  materials  are  adapted  is  fairlv  indicated  bv  the  trade 
name  under  which  each  is  known.  Is  it  a  question  of  the  protection  and  preser^-ation  of  bridges  and 
structural  work  generally — pipe  lines — the  waterproofing  of  reservoirs,  aqueducts,  or  concrete  bridge 
abutments — brick  or  block  paving — macadam  road  construction — asphalt  pavements — floors  or  roofs 
for  factories,  shops,  institutions  or  homes?  Then  the  engineer,  the  architect,  the  contractor  and  the 
owner  can  apply  to  us  with  the  assurance  that  the  desired  material  will  be  supplied,  and  that  it  will 
give  a  most  gratifying  measure  of  satisfaction.  We  not  only  assert  that  our  products  are  superior  to 
most  (if  not  all)  others,  but  we  can  refer  to  a  long  list  of  leading  engineers,  architects  and  customers 
who  will  substantiate  every  claim. 

Our  Gilsonite  and  Asphaltic  Limestone  Mines,  located  in  Utah,  contain  over  a  million  tons  of 
raw  materials,  while  with  our  modern  plant,  centrall}'  located  near  Chicago,  we  have  imsurpassed  facil- 
ities for  prompt  shipments  to  all  parts  of  the  United  States  regardless  of  quantitv. 

All  departments  of  our  business  are  in  charge  of  men  specially  educated  and  trained  in  their 
respective  lines,  and  we  are  therefore  in  position  to  give  reliable,  expert  opinion  on  all  questions  in- 
volving the  employment  of  Asphalt.  Estimates  will  be  furnished  upon  receipt  of  plans  and  specifica- 
tions, and  not  infrequently  we  can  make  suggestions,  based  on  long  experience,  which  will  be  of 
inestimaljle  value. 

Every  commodity — all  service — is  cheap  or  costly  in  proportion  to  its  ability  to  stand  the  test. 
Claims  have  no  market  value.  Pretension  cannot  long  remain  under  cover.  Xothing  counts  but 
results,  and  on  this  basis  we  are  prepared  to  demonstrate  that  our  prices  are  always  the  lowest. 

Correspondence  solicited.     Full  and  reliable  data  and  samples  sent  on  request. 


118B 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


United  States  Crushed  Stone  Company 

CHARLES  A.  KLOTZ,  President 

184  LA  SALLE  STREET,  CHICAGO 


QUARRIES: 

McCook,   111. 

Racine,  Wis.  Capacity,  10.000  Tons  Daily 


This  Company  has  recently  opened  one  of  the  largest  Hmestone  quarries 
in  the  west  and  has  now  completed  the  mstallation  of  an  up-to-date  crushmg 
plant,  consisting  of  Thomas  A.  Edison's  GIANT  CRUSHING  ROLLS, 
the  largest  stone  crusher  in  the  world,  and  nine  auxiliary  crushers. 

This  Company,  by  reason  of  its  immense  capacity  and  unexcelled  shipping 
facilities,  is  now  in  a  position  to  accept  orders  for  any  quantity  of  Crushed 
Stone  and  to  make  prompt  shipment  to  all  points. 

The  McCOOK  quarries  are  located  on  the  Indiana  Harbor  Belt  Railway, 
Chicago  Terminal  Transfer  Railroad,  Chicago  Junction  Railway  and  Atchi- 
son, Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  Railway. 

The  RACINE  quarries  are  located  on  the  Chicago  &  Northwestern 
Railway. 

Our  product  is  a  hard,  white  limestone  suitable  for  all  purposes  and 
screened  to  any  desired  size. 

PRICES  furnished  upon  application. 

Let  us  have  your  inquiries. 


A     HALF    CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


Raymond 
Concrete  Pile  Company 


Branch  Offices: 

BALTIMORE 
PHILADELPHIA 


General  Offices: 

135   Adams  Street,   Chicago 
140  Cedar  Street,  New  York 


Branch  Offices: 

PITTSBURGH 
ST.  LOUIS 


The  constantly  increasing  use  of  concrete  piling  is  a  substantial 
recognition  of  the  claims  made  for  it  by  its  advocates.  The  one 
advantage  over  concrete  piling  that  wood  piling  has  possessed, 
namely,  low  initial  cost,  is  rapidly  disappearing,  due  to  the  growing 
scarcity  of  the  available  lumber  supply  caused  by  constant  deforesta- 
tion. The  absolute  permanence  of  concrete  piling,  its  freedom  from 
the  dangers  that  threaten  the  integrity  of  wood  piling— rot,  over- 
driving, the  attacks  of  boring  animals,  etc.— its  low  ultimate  cost, 
the  fact  that  its  constituent  materials  may  be  obtained  almost  any- 
where, are  factors  that  in  time  will  drive  wood  piling  into  the 
background  so  far  as  most  cases  where  piling  is  necessary  are  con- 
cerned. 

The  growing  favor,  as  indicated  by  its  constantly  enlarging  scope 
and  use,  that  Raymond  concrete  piling  is  finding  in  the  eyes  of 
architects  and  engineers  is  significant  proof  of  the  wisdom  of  the 
thought  that  animated  its  inventor  and  exploiters:  that  a  system  of 
concrete  piling  that  would  be  practicable,  that  could  be  depended 
upon  for  durability  and  strength  and  whose  cost  would  be  much 
less  than  that  of  caissons,  would  have  a  wide  field  of  usefulness. 

Raymond  concrete  piles  are  made  by  driving  a  tapering  sheet  steel 
shell  to  refusal  by  means  of  a  collapsible  steel  core,  withdrawing 
the  core  and  thereupon  filling  the  shell  with  concrete.  Before  being 
filled  the  shell  is  subjected  to  carefiil  inspection.  After  inspection, 
thoroughly  mixed  concrete,  composed  of  one  part  good  Portland 
cement,  three  parts  sharp  sand,  and  five  parts  crushed  stone  or 
gravel  of  suitable  size,  is  poured  in,  being  carefully  tamped  until 
the  shell  is  filled. 

Our  wide  experience  in  placing  Raymond  concrete  piles  under 
nearly  every  conceivable  soil  condition  bears  out  our  contention  that 
for  most  foundation  work,  large,  tapering  piles  are  at  once  the  best 
and  most  economical.  Where  piling  is  necessary  the  soil  is  usually 
poor.  Often  the  best  stratum  is  that  lying  on  or  near  the  surface. 
In  most  soils,  large,  tapering  Raymond  concrete  piles,  18  or  20  inches 
in  diameter  at  the  top  and  6  or  8  inches  in  diameter  at  the  point 
are  very  much  more  effective  than  straight  piles  of  greater  length. 
This  is  particularly  the  case  where  a  comparatively  hard  stratum  is 
underlaid  by  softer  material. 

In  a  tapered  pile  the  load  is  more  uniformly  distributed  through- 
out the  entire  length  of  the  pile.  In  a  straight  pile,  however,  the 
load  is  largely  concentrated  upon  the  limited  area  of  the  point. 
Thus,  where  a  large  tapering  pile  passes  through  the  hard  stratum 
lying  near  the  surface  into  the  softer  underlying  material,  the  bear- 
ing value  of  the  upper  stratum  is  fully  developed  through  the 
wedge-like  action  of  the  pile.  On  the  other  hand,  by  employing  a 
pile  that  is  straight,  or  nearly  so,  the  bearing  value  of  the  upper 
stratum  is  almost  entirely  lost. 


The  marked  advantage,  in  point  of  economy,  of  the  tapered  pile 

over  other  piles,  whether  of  wood  or  concrete,  is  brought  out  in  a 

striking  manner  by  the  following  comparison  of  the  head  surfaces 

of  different  diameters ; 

Head  Surface. 
One  20-inch  Raymond  pile. 314. 16  sq.  in. 
One  IS-inch  Raymond  pile. 254. 47  sq.  in. 

One    10-inch    pile 78.54  sq.  in. 

Four    10-inch    piles 314.16  sq.  in. 

One    12-inch    pile 113.09  sq.  in. 

Three    12-inch    piles 339.27  sq.  in. 

One   14-inch    pile 153.93  sq.  in. 

Two    14-lnch    piles 307.86  sq.  in. 

One    16-inch    pile 201.06  sq.  in. 

Three    16-inch    piles 603.18  sq.  in. 

Two   20-inch   piles 628.32  sq.  in. 

The  Superiority  of  the  RAYMOND 
SYSTEM  of  Concrete  Piling  over  any 
other  type  of  concrete  piling  is  the  result 
of  its  six  basic  factors : 

1.  A  shell  or  form  that  remains 
permanently  in  the  ground  is 
used  for  every  Raymond  con- 
crete pile.  Perfection  is  further- 
more assured  in  each  pile  by 
the  ease  with  which  the  shell  is 
inspected  before  filling  it  with 
concrete. 

2.  Raymond  concrete  piles,  due  to 
their  large  size  and  tapering 
shape,  develop  the  greatest  pos- 
sible bearing  value. 

3.  Raymond  concrete  piles  can  be 
easily  reinforced. 

4.  Raymond  concrete  piles  can  be 
more  rapidly  placed  than  any 
other  type  of  concrete  piles. 

5.  Raymond  concrete  piles  are 
placed  without  driving  on  the 
concrete,  and  there  is  conse- 
quently no  possibility  of  frac- 
ture. 

6.  Driving  the  shell  of  every  Ray- 
mond pile  to  a  determined  re- 
sistance before  filling  it  with 
concrete  gives  the  assurance  of 
known  bearing  value  coupled 
with  thoroughly  tested  piles. 

We  design,  make  and  place  concrete  piles  and  concrete  sheet 
piles  to  meet  any  condition  where  piling  is  necessary.  We  also 
design  and  build  difficult  foundations,  docks,  piers,  bulkheads,  sea 
walls,  retaining  walls,  and  other  types  of  reinforced  concrete 
structures.  On  request,  we  will  send  a  representative  anywhere  at 
any  time,  at  our  expense,  to  figure  on  prospective  work. 


120B 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


The  Barber  Asphalt  Paving  Company 

MANUFACTURERS  OF 

Genasco  Roofing  and  Waterproofing  Materials 


Land  Title  Building,  PHILADELPHIA 
30  Church  Street.  NEW  YORK 


906-9  Addison  Head  BIdg.,  SAN  FRANCISCO 
1328  to  1348  Tribune  Building,  CHICAGO 


I  I'clt.  (icnascip  Asjjlialt 

mc  Surface  and  W'liite- 
I'nr  tivf  til  ton  years. 
Kant    Leak    Klcctz.    as 


I'RODL'CTS      Trinidad   l.akt-   .\>]ilialt    Kncitini^-  Cement.   (Icnasco  .\s|)lialt  .^^atnratci 
Tilt-  lenient,   \ulcanile  Special  Mastic. 

( lenasco  Ready  Roofinjis.  four  types:  Model,  Sinmitli  Surface,  .'^t 
stone.  They  are  the  standard  ready  roofings,  and  are  L;uaranteed 
L'oniplete  directions  for  layintf  with  nails  and  Liipiid  Cement  or 
s])ecitie(l.  are  packed  in  the  core  of  each  roll. 

( ienasco  Liquid  Roof  Coatinj;  for  l"eh   Roofs; 
( lenasco  Roof  Paint  for  Tin  and  Metal  Roofs; 
(Ienasco  Positive  Seal  I'^lt ; 
•  ienasco   Positive  Seal   Fabric  ; 

(lenasco    Positive    Seal    Solid    and    Lic|ui(i   As])halt    Cements; 
(Ienasco  Positive  Seal  Paints. 

All  of  the  above  iiroducts  are  made  from  Trinidad  Lake  As]dialt  and  other  natural 
asiihalts. 

TRINIDAD  LAKE  ASPHALT  ROOFING  CEMENT— For  the  construction  of  built- 
up  roofs  use  Trinidail  Lake  As])halt  Routine;  Cement  with  either  as]:)halt  or  coal-tar  saturated 
felts. 

A  four-])ly  Trinidad  Lake  Asphalt  roof  is  much  more  durable  and  less  expensive  than 
a  five-ply  roof  made  with  coal-tar  pitch,  the  slight  excess  cost  of  the  asphalt  being  more 
than  offset  by  the  saving  on  felt  and  sheathing  paper. 

Trinidad  Lake  Asphalt  was  economical  when   it    cost    two   or   three   times   as   much   as 
coal-tar  pitch;  at  its  present  low  price  there  is  no  excuse  for  using  inferior  materials. 
.Sentl  for  Roof  Specifications. 

(ienasco  Positive  Seal  Felt  and  b'abric  (Saturated  liurlap)  are  especiallv  adapted  for 
rendering  concrete  or  masonry  imiier\ious  to  water  for  the  protection  of  all  kinds  of  un- 
derground structural  work.  The  felt  and  the  burlap  fabric  are  made  of  the  highest  grade 
materials  obtainable,  and  are  thoroughly  saturated  and  coated  with  natiu^al  asphalt  so 
that  no  particle  of  the  fabric  is  exposed.  These  products  have  unusual  tensile  strength, 
and  in  connection  with  Genasco  Positive  Seal  Cements  will  make  the  most  effective  water- 
proofing course  ])ossible  to  construct. 

GENASCO  POSITIVE  SEAL  SOLID  CEMENTS— These  cements  are  manufactured 
from  natural  asphalts,  and  are  free  from  coal-tar  or  blown  t)il.  They  are  es])ecially  adapt- 
able for  use  with  (Ienasco  I'ositive  Seal  Felt  and  Fabric  for  all  classes  of  underground  water- 
proofing, but  where  there  is  no  water  pressure  to  be  overcome  they  may  be  ajiplicd  without 
the  use  of  felt  or  fabric  for  the  protection  of  metal,  concrete  or  brick  structures.  Such  sur- 
faces, however,  should  first  be  painted  with  (ienasco  Positive  Seal  Paint.  Genasco  Positive 
Seal  Liquid  Cement  may  be  used  cold  as  a  substitute  for  the  Solid  Cement,  wiiere  there  are 
no  facilities  for  heating  the  latter. 

GENASCO  POSITIVE  SEAL  PAINT  No.  1— This  is  the  ideal  damp-proofing  paint, 
ha\ing  \aluable  characteristics  not  ]iossessed  by  an>'  other  ])aint.  It  will  positivelj'  seal  the 
pores  of  brick,  stone  or  concrete  against  moisture,  and  may  be  used  under  any  form  of  sand 
]jlaster,  the  rough  plaster  being  laid  directly  upon  the  paint  without  lathing  or  furring. 

GENASCO  POSITIVE  SEAL  PAINT  No.  2  is  used  as  a  priming  coat  for  wood, 
masonry  or  steel,  where   l'osili\e  ."^eal   .'^olid  Cenienl  is  to  be  applied  hot. 

Our  booklet  entitled  "W'aterprooling  by  the  Positive  Seal  Method"  will  be  mailed  on 
request.  This  booklet  contains  detailed  descriptions  and  specifications  of  the  above  water- 
proofing and  roofing  materials,  and  will  be  found  of  particidar  interest  to  architects  and 
engineers. 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


AYER  &  LORD  TIE  CO 


Manufacturers  and  Dealers  in 


Ties,  Paving  Blocks,  Timbers,  etc. 

RAILWAY    EXCHANGE    BUILDING 

CHICAGO,  ILL. 


PRODUCTS  Railroad  crossties,  treated  and  untreated,  piling,  lumber,  tim- 

bers of  all  kinds,  railroad  and  commercial,  and  creosoted  wood 
paving  blocks. 

DESCRIPTION  The  Ayer  &  Lord  Tie  Co.  handles  ties  from  all  classes  of 

Southern  woods,  principally  white  oak  in  the  untreated  ties,  and 
red  oak  and  black  oak,  as  well  as  beech,  ash,  elm,  gum  and  pine, 
in  the  treated  timbers. 

FACILITIES  Treating   plants   at    Carbondale,    111.;    Grenada,    Miss.,    and 

Argenta,  Ark.,  with  a  total  of  sixteen  cylinders.  The  plants  are 
equipped  to  treat  with  both  chloride  of  zinc  and  creosote  oil.  At 
Grenada,  Miss.,  we  have  a  mill  for  the  production  of  paving 
blocks  with  a  capacity  of  4,000  square  yards  of  4  inch  blocks 
per  day,  and  cylinder  capacity  in  double  that  amount.  We  have 
storage  capacity  at  our  plants  for  2,000,000  gallons  of  creosote 
oil,  and  storage  at  New  Orleans  for  as  much  more.  The  company 
has  25  miles  of  track  in  its  yards  and  operates  its  own  fleet  of  5 
steamboats  and  80  barges  on  Southern  rivers. 


122B 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


PHONE  MAIN  4 1 42 
AUTOMATIC  4142 


D.  W.  BOYD,  Pi«.  &  M.I. 
GEO.  S.  ANGUS.  S«c.  «.  Tr. 


The  A.  B.  Fireproofing  Co. 

I  Incorporated  > 
Manufaciurrn  and  Coniractort  of 

MACKOLITE  FIREPROOF  PARTITION 
TILE  and  PLASTER  BOARDS 


1402-1403  SCHILLER  BUILDING 


MACKOLITE  PARTITION  TILE 


CHICAGO.  ILL. 


PRODUCTS 

DESCRIPTION 

SERVICE 

F.\CILITIES 

EQUIPMENT 

ADV.\XT.-\GES 

ESTIM.XFES 


GENERAL 
1XI-()R.\L\T10X 


Mainifactiircrs  ami  Contractors  of  .Mackolitc  Hollow  I'artition  Tile.  I-'iirriiiK  Tile  ami  Plasttr   HoanU. 

-Mackolitc  Tile  is  a  composition  of  Gypsum  which  is  a  superior   I-'i reproofing  material. 

We  arc  prepared   to   furnish   large  (luantities  of   material  on  short  notice,  as  our  stock  on  hand  is  always  hig 
on  standard  sizes. 

This  company  has  a  complete  and  modern  plant  with  superior  shipping  facilities. 

Is  up  to  date,  and  of  the  very  hest. 

The  ea.sy  working  and  economical  qualities,  as  well   as  its  lightness  in  weight  makes   Mackolite  Tile  a  very 
desirable  and  valuable  partition  material. 

This  company  will  gladly   furnish   prices   for   Mackolite   Tile,   delivered   F.   O.    B.   any   railroad   point,   or   on 
buildings   requiring   large  quantities   will    furnish   estimates  on  same  erected  in  place. 

During  the  past  twenty  years  Mackolite  Tile  has  been  used  for  partitions  in  many  of  the  largest  and  hest  build- 
ings erected  in  Chicago  and  throughout  the  country. 


H.  W.  Johns-Manville  Co. 

27-29  Michigan  Avenue,  CHICAGO 

General  Office,  New  York  City 


TRA()E-.\I.\RK 


ASBESTOS  BUILDING 
.MATERIALS 


ROOFING  MATERIALS 


INSULATING  AND  COLD- 
STORAGE  MATERIALS 


ELECTRICAL   SUPPLIES 


OUR  FACILITIES 


ESTI.MATES 


1  R.\Dfi-MAKK 


Transite  .Asbestos  Wood,  Vitribestos  Fire-proofing,  Vitribestos  Smokestack  Lining.  .-Xshestos 

and  Building  Papers,  Brickline  and  Chimney  Cement,   Asbestos  and    Magnesia   Pipe  and 

Boiler  Covering. 

J-M  Asbestos  Roofing,  J-M  Regal  Roofing,  Transite  .Asbestos  Fire-proof  Shingles,  J-M  Roof 

Coatings  and  Cements — .Asbestoside   (wall  siding").  J-M  .Asphalt  Saturated  Asbestos  Felts  for 

damp  and  water-proofing  work. 

Hair  Felt,  Keystone  Hair  Insulator,  Mineral  Wool.     We  also  manufacture  every  description 

of  Cork   Sheets  and  Cork  products   for   Cold-storage   work.      Contracts   made   for   material 

only  or  applied  complete. 

"Noark"  Fuse  devices.  Tungsten  and  Carbon  Filament  Lamps,  Linolite  Systems  of  lighting. 

Overhead  line  materials  for  Trolley  and  Feeder  construction.     Molded  and  sheet  insulating 

specialties.   Ebony  Asbestos  Wood,  Vulcabcston,   Molded   Mica,   Elcctrabestos,   Friction   and 

Rubber  Tapes,  Electrical  Specialties  and  Supplies. 

Being  the  largest  manufacturers  in  the  world  of  .Asbestos  and  Magnesia  products  we  are 

able  to  supply  any  special  material  that  may  be  required.     We  carry  at  each  of  our  Branch 

Houses  a  complete   stock   of  our  products,  thus  enabling  us   to  make  prompt,  economical 

deliveries  to  all  points. 

We  maintain  at  each  Branch  a  competent  Engineering  Corps  and  a  force  of  skilled  workmen. 

F^lim.iti  ^   for  ,i|iplio:ilinn>  of  our  in.itcriaN  promptly  stibniittrtl 


1231; 


A     HALF     CENTURY      OF    CHICAGO      BUILDING 


Anhydrous 
Pressed  Stone  Company 

405  Chamber  of  Commerce  Building,  CHICAGO 


MANUFACTURERS   OF 


HOLLOW   CONCRETE    BLOCKS 

Sills,  Lintels  and  Coping 

and  the  well  known  Waterproojings 

ANHYDRA  WATERPROOFING  COMPOUND 
AN  HYDRA    WATERPROOFED    CEMENT 

Office  Phone,   Main  5278  Works  Phone,   Morton  Park  16 

T.   W.  PHINNEY.  PrMldenl  JULIAN  J.   PLEAS.  Vice-President  T.  P.   HENDERSON.  Sec'y.  and  Trcaj. 

ESTABLISHED    1859 

Chicago  Union  Lime  Works  Co. 

PRODUCERS  AND  SHIPPERS  OF 

Qua.i«a.  LIME  AND  CRUSHED  STONE 

19ih  AND  LINCOLN  STREETS 

3  I  2  Chamber  of  Commerce  Building  MAIN  3480 

McCOOK.  ILLINOIS  AUTOMATIC  6161 

THE  LARGEST  AND  BEST  EQUIPPED  PLANT  FOR  INTERIOR  MARBLE   WORK  IN  CHICAGO 

Chester   IV.   IVIarxheivs   IVIarble    Co. 

IIMXERIOR   MARBLE   WORK   IIM    ALL   VARIETIES 
OF   FOREIGN   and    DOMESTIC    IVIARBLES 

Contractors  for  ttie  marble  work  in: 

New  Cook  County  Court  House.  First  National  Bank  of  Detroit. 

First  National  Bank  Building,  Chicago.  Louisville  Public  Library  Building. 

Sears,  Roebuck  &  Co.'s  x\dministration  Building.  Joliet  National  Bank. 

New  Steger  Building,  Chicago.  Indianapolis  Board  of  Trade  Building. 

Cook  County  Tuberculosis  Hospital.  First  National  Bank  of  Chattanooga. 

McCormick  Residence,  Lake  Forest.  More  than  20  Chicago  Schools. 

Office   and   IVfill:     S3rd   and  Wallace  Sts.,  CHICAGO  Phone:   Yards  526 

124B 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


Woodbury  Granite  Company 

HARDWICK,    VERMONT 

GEORGE    H.  BICKFORD.  General   Manager 

Branch   Offices: 
CHICAGO— 832  Monadnock  Block 
NEW  YORK— 1   Madison  Avenue 

Water  Power  Stations:     MACKVILLE.  VT.   and   GAYSVILLE.  VT. 


Quarries; 

WOODBURY,  VT. 
BETHEL,  VT. 


Cutting  Plants: 

HARDWICK,  VT. 
BETHEL,  VT. 


pninITT 


ininiiii 


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.^     ''*,  ^   ^ 


SKKXICE 


EQUIPMENT 

-AND 

FACILITIES 


!'!<(  )DL'CTS  Woodbury  (jray  Granite,  a  blue  gray,  hard,  non-absorptive  stone,  of  cndurinj;;  c)ualit_\-. 

used   for  hisj;li  grade  building  and  construction  work. 

Woodbury  llasliaw  (iranite,  a  dark  blue  gray,  fine-grained  stone,  used  for  nionunients. 
public   fountains  and  memorials. 

Ilardwick  White  (iranite,  the  whitest  granite  known,  and  the  choicest  building  stone 
quarried  in  .America. 

We  have  furnished  Woodbury  lira}-  for  the  Chicago  City  Mall  and  Cook  County  Court 
House,  La  Salle  Street  Station,  Pennsylvania,  Kentucky  and  Iowa  State  Capitols ;  Hard- 
wick  White  Granite  for  the  Wisconsin  State  Cajjitol,  and  new  Pro-Cathedral  at  Minneapolis; 
Bashaw  (iranite  for  monuments  from  Maine  to  California. 

.•\t  our  Wood1)ur\-  (Juarry — Twelve  modern  derricks.  |-ailroail  sidings,  steam  and  com- 
pressed air,  cableways  for  grout  renioxal,  power  drills,  and  e\ery  appliance  for  speed  and 
economy. 

.\t  our  ISetliel  Ouarry — h'ive  modern  derricks,  railroad  sidings,  electric  ]iower.  air  drills. 
cableways  for  grout,  level  quarry  beds  and  an  o])en  working  face. 

At  our  Hardvvick  Plant — Five  cutting  shops,  accmnniodating  400  cutters ;  electric  power, 
3  electric  cranes,  2  dago  engines,  3  derricks  with  electric  hoists;  4  gang  saws,  2  McDonalds, 
7  lathes.  8  polishers,  compressed  air  hand  tools,  machine  shoj).  and  a  trained  organization. 

At  our  I'.cihel  Plant — Foiu"  cutting  slio|)s.  acci luuuc idating  3,^0  cutters:  electric  jxiwer.  3 
electric  cranes,  dago  engine,  2  McDonalds,  4  lathes,  cnuipressed  air  hand  tools,  machine  shop, 
and  600  II.  P.  steam  au.xiliary  jdant. 

At  Mackville,  \'t. — Water  power  station,  supplying  4.^0  K.  W  . 

.\t  Gaysville.  \'t. — Water  power  station,  sujjplying  300  K.  W. 

GENERAL  Capital,  $1,000,000.     Productive  capacity,  2,.S00  cubic  feet  of  finished  work  |)er  eight  h.iur 

INFORM. \TION  day.  This  means  that  contractors  dealing  with  ns  can  avoid  penalties  for  granite  delays. 
Unsurpassed  ecjuipmenl.  Rapid  delivery.  Rough  or  finished  granite  in  any  amounts.  Esti- 
mates furnished  fur  granite  work  anywhere.  deli\ered  and  set  in  place,  if  desired. 


\1'A\ 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


Kettle  River  Quarries  Company 

GENERAL  OFFICES  MINNEAPOLIS 


9S4  SECURITY  BANK  BUILDING 


BRANCHES 

CHICAGO 
1033    1st   National    Bank  Building 

ST.  LOUIS 
508  512    Pierce    Building 


/m^ 


QUARRIES 
Sandstone,  Minn. 


CREOSOTING  WORKS 
Madison,  III.,  and  Sandstone,  Minn. 


WE  MANUFACTURE 


CREOSOTED  WOOD  PAVING  BLOCKS  and  CREOSOTED  CROSS  ARMS. 

We  also  have  unexcelled  facilities  for  TREATING  RAILROAD  TIES  and  BRIDGE 
TIMBERS.  Our  plants  are  complete  and  modern  in  every  respect.  We  can  turn  out 
6,000  square  yards  of  blocks  a  day  at  one  plant.  We  produce  BUILDING  STONE, 
CURBING  and  SANDSTONE  PAVING  BLOCKS. 

Upon    application   we    shall   be   glad   to   send   literature    or   furnish    estimates    on  any  of   the  above. 


Cii«M)  ItaH^  fttm  ttfe 


HIGH    GRADE    ARCHITECTURAL   TERRA    COTTA    AND    BRICK 


1208  CHAMBER  OF  COMMERCE  BLDG 


CHICAGO 


12ol; 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


T.  E.   RYAN.  President 


J.  H.  RYAN,  Secretary 


Organized  1 899  —  Capital  Slock.  $75.000 


Citizens^  Construction  Co, 

Successors  lo 
Gaffney  &  Long  Construction  Co. 

805  Chamber  of  Commerce  Buildmg 


r3~\UM-r^ 


Contractors  for  Street  Improvements 

Pavements  and  Underground 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


Tf.i.ki'honi:  Main  130S 


M.  H.  McGovern  Company 

General  Contractors  and 
Construction  Eni>;ineers 

Cbamher  of  Commerce     Chicago 


Plant  iiinl  Y„nl:     1084   SOUTH    PAULINA  STREET 

'I'lCMiriioNi;  Canai,  2466 


l-'SIl 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


u. 

S.WOOD  BLOCKS 

''The  Silent  Pavement'' 

A   PERFECT   PAVEMENT 

L'.  S.  Cren-rcsiiiate  \\ Hixl  I'.lnck  PasciiKiU  marks  a  new  era  in  Anicri- 
can  street  ])aving. 

It  is  silent;  it  is  clean,  durable,  easily  taken  up  and  replaced.     It  is 
smooth,  but  not  as  slippery  as  asphalt.     It  is  water-proof,  rot-proof,  oil- 
proof,   wears   indefinitel\'   under   heavy    draya;;e   and    is   not    injured    by 
street  car  vibration. 

Each  Creo-resinate  Wood  Block  is  saturated  under  heat  and  pressure 
with  creosote  and  resin — the  creosote  giving  preservation,  the  lieavier 
resin  permanently  preventing  evaporation  of  the  creosote. 

The  pavement  takes  the  wear  on  the  end-fibres  of  the  close-set  blocks, 
which  are  set  on  a  concrete  foundation.     Water  cannot  penetrate  the 
pavement,  which  thus  is  frost-proof.    The  end  fibres  of  the  block  do  not 
splinter,  split  or  wear,  and  the  contour  of  the  pavement  is  preserved. 

The  life  (if  a  U.  S.  Creo-resinate  Pavement,  without  repairs,  is  greater 
than  granite.     The  necessary  removals  and  replacements  for  repairs  to 
underground  pipes,  etc.,  are  indistinguishable  after  relaying.     The  up- 
keep cost  is  nothing.    The  L'.  S.  Creo-resinate   Wood  Pavement  reduces 
the  cost  of  street  cleaning  to  a  minimum. 

The  Parker  Washington  Co. 

Chicago         St.  Louis         Kansas  City         Oklahoma  and  Texas 
GENERAL  CONTRACTORS 

Pavements, Tunnels,  Sewers,  Water  Pipes,  Reinforced  Concrete,  etc. 

w 

m 

1^'    mi'VAt-rWil  III'    ]•    l'  ; 

/I1CRE0-RE5INATE     WOOO   hllH  K  [ 

.'   '';;,-!"i^;'i.':^,'j;;5,^^>-''--. 

f.oO,,.,  n    1- 

-li^i;;^: 

129B 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


AMERICAN    CLAY  COMPANY 

TERRE    HAUTE,    IND. 

Manufacturers  of  Clay  Products 


HOLLOW  BUILDING  BLOCKS 

BUILDING  TILE  — PARTITION  TILE  — BOOK  TILE 

RADIAL  BLOCKS  (for  Elevator  and  Tank  Construction) 
DRAIN   TILE  — FLUE  LINING 

Daily  Capacity,   120  Tons. 


F.  B.  ROBINSON 


H.  E.  BACHTENKIROHER 


Producers  Supply  Company 

GENERAL    OFFICES 

418  CHAMBER  OF  COMMERCE  BLDG. 

Main  3382     ...PHONES...     Main  3058 

CHICAGO 


CRUSHED   STONE 
RUBBLE   STONE 
PORTLAND  CEMENT 
COMMON  CEMENT 


BULK   LIME 

HYDRATED  LIME 

SARD  PL/ASTER 

PLASTERER'S   SUI'I'LIES 


130B 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO      BUILDING 


Interlocking  Concrete  Construction  Co. 

BUILDERS    OF 

BREJVKW^ATERS,   PIERS,   DOCKS,   BUILDING    AND    BRIDGE    FOUNDATIONS 
Suite  925-930,  79  Dearborn  Street 


Telephone   Randolph    1362 


CHICAGO 


JOHN  A.  McGARRY 


H.  FOWLER 


John  A.  McGarry  &  Co. 

PAVING  CONTRACTORS 


Telephone  Main  4914 


1001  Security  Building,  CHICAGO 


131B 


A     HALF     CENTURY      OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


V.  S.  CURTIS,  Pre.id.nl 


ERNEST  B.  GRIFFIN,  Secrelsry 


CAPITAL  STOCK,  $100,000 


The  Alonzo  Curtis  Brick  Co.,  inc. 

Manufacturers  of 

HARD  BUILDING  BRICK 

Yards,  Grant  Park,  III.         Phone  Long  Distance  69 
Chicago  Office,  1115  Chamber  of  Commerce  Building  Englewood  Office,  6247  Wentworth  Ave. 

Phone  Main  125  Phone  Normal  2514 


This  Company  is  one  of  the  largest  and  best  equipped  Common  Brick  Plants  in  the  country.     It  has  a  daily  capacity  of  300,000  common  brick. 
The  business  was  established  in  1882.     The  plant  employs  about  130  men.     The  plant  is  located  in  Grant  Park,  III.,  on  the  C.  &  E.  I.  Ry. 


WM.   SCHLAKE.   President 

C.    B.  VER  NOOY.  Vice-President 


E.   C.   POTTER.   Secretary 


J.   H.   GRAY.   Treasurer 

F.    B.    LAMBERT.    Supt.ofMfg. 


Illinois  Brick  Coivipaisfy 

914   CHAMBER    OF   COMMERCE    BUILDING 
CHICAGO 


Manufacturers  of  Chicago  Common  and  Sewer  Brick. 
Annual  Capacity,   750,000,000. 

Yards  located  on  all  principal  railroads  entering  Chicago. 
Country  Business  a  Specialty. 


CHARLES   BONNER 


Telephones  Main  2402  -  5247 


SYLVESTER  MARSHALL 

Vicc-Prcs.  ami  Srcy. 


Bonner  &  Marshall  Company 


Distributors 
for  the 

Famous  Oriental 
Brick 


Face  Brick        Paving  Brick 
Roofing  Tile 

Chamber  of  Commerce,   138  Washington  Street 
CHICAGO,  ILL. 


Pressed,  Impervious 

Paving,  Glazed 

and 

White  Enameled  Brick 


Telephone  Lincoln  57 


WM.   KISSACK,   Pres.  &  Gen'l  Mgr. 


American  Crushed  Stone  Co. 

M.-\NITACTURKRS   OF 

CRUSHED  LIMESTONE 

AND   DKAI.KRS  IN 

CRUSHED  GRANITE  AND  PAVING  MATERIALS 

STREET  PAVING  CONTRACTORS 


Webster  Ave.  and  the  River,  CHICAGO 


132B 


A      HALF     CENTURY      OF    CHICAGO      BUILDING 


FA<  lOHIlS    Ol 


The  Philip  Carey  Manufacturing  Company 


LOCKLAND,  OHIO 


ESTABLISHED  1873 


INCORPORATED  1888 


The  largest  manufacturers  nf  a  luiifurui  grailc  and  (|iiality  nf  rddfin^-  in  tlie  United  States.  This  c<ini- 
[lany  has  been  manufacturing  what  is  knuwn  as  Carey's  l'"lcxil)lc  Cement  Roofing  or  "The  Carev  Roof 
Standard"  for  twenty-five  years,  ami  which  is  now  in  general  use  throughout  all  parts  of  the  United  States. 
Canada  and  Mexico,  and  proved  one  of  the  most  satisfactory  and  substantial  roofing  materials  so  far  pro- 
duced. 

"The  Carey  Roof  Standard"  is  adapted  for  all  classes  of  buildings — llat  or  steep  surfaces — jjarticularlv 
such  buildings  where  the  roof  is  subjected  to  severe  exposure  and  destructi\e  influences. 

Over  forty-si.x  branches  and  distributing  ])oints  located  at  coiuenient  ])oints,  fully  equipped  with 
comjietent  workmen  and  stock,  jjlaces  this  com]jany  in  position  tn  handle  any  size  contracts  with  tiie 
assurance  of  prompt  attention  and  best  service. 

The  large  factories,  located  at  Lockland,  Ohio,  cover  a  ground  surface  of  seventv-five  acres  and  arc 
devoted  principally  to  the  manufacture  of  The  Carey  Rt)of  Standard  and  Carey's  Roofing  Paints. 

F.stiniates,  samples  and  full  information  may  be  secured  by  application  to  any  Carev  Rranch  or  Dealer. 


2355-7-9  LA  SALLE  STREET, 

CHICAGO 


Western  Roofing  and  Supply  Company 

WESTERN    REPRESENTATIVES 


ithout  flivintf  the  house  owner  who  uses  it  a 
tfreat  satisfaction.    WHY?    Because  he  knows  that 
'Vulcanite"    FLoofinfl  is  the  most  perfect,   economical  and 
1  wearintf  roof  protection  made  f 


THAT'S  whyYULCANITE  roofing '^"J^'v^f5*"-^'^"H 

SPECIALL-y    ADAPTED   FOR  RECOVERINO  SMINGLE  ROOFS 
PATENT  VULCANITE   ROOFING  CO.,  1254-88  Campbell  Avf..  CHICAGO 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


n 

isENDUE 


^ 


^ 


ISIEndI!! 


f'.^F'-^ 


Leading  ARCHITECTS  and  BUILDERS 
specify  FORD'S  Prepared,  Ready -to -lay 
ROOFINGS,   because  they  are 

"Special  Roofs" 

-r^^  ^^^^  ^°''  ^^^^'^^  BUILDING  PURPOSES 

Forty  years  of  reputation  is  in  them  and  behind  them 

It  will  pay  YOU 


Ford  Manufacturing  Co. 


IIEndIS 


LANDED 
ASPHAIT 

J 


!!lS£NPJa     to  become  better  acquainted 


e^yUte 


GRAVEl 
SURFACED 
KOOFING 


with  the  FORD  Line  of 
high  grade  Roofings,  Build- 
ing and  Sheathing  Papers. 

Drop  us  a  Hne  and  our 
representative  will  call. 


General  Sales  Office  and  Warehouse  2339-41  La  Salle  Street 


Established   1865 


PHONE,  CAL.  4404 


Chicago 


MARSH    LINE    OF    CONCRETE    MIXERS 

CONTRACTORS'    MACHINERY    OF  ALL    KINDS 

IVIapsli  Co. 

970  Old  Colony  Bldg. 
CHICAGO 


Concrete  Mixers 


Stone  Crushers 


Phone  Harrison  2746 


BLOCK   MACHINES 
CONTRACTORS'  SUPPLIES 


W.   H.   Mc  CARTHY 

The  Clay  Products  Man 

Factory  Sales  Agent 

FIRE  BRICK  (for  all  purposes)         HOLLOW  TILE  (Partition,  Book,  Floor) 
SEWER  PIPE  (Eastern  and  Western) 

514  Chamber  of  Commerce  Bldg.,  Chicago,  111. 

TELEPHONE    MAIN    2236 


134B 


A      HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO      BUILDING 

HENRY  W    GREBE.  P.e.  HENRY   F    GRIER.  V.c^Pre,.  ERNEST   BUEHLER,  Srcy.  and  Trta.. 

Central  Asbestos  &  Magnesia  Co. 

Contractors  for 

STEAM  PIPE  and  BOILER  COVERINGS 

SMOKE  STACK  and  BREECHING  LININGS 
ASBESTOS  and  MAGNESIA  PRODUCTS 
ASBESTOS  LUMBER  and  SHINGLES 
HAIR  FELT,  PACKINGS,  Etc. 


Telephone  Randolph   3565 


25   W.  Kinzie  Street,  Chicago,   111. 


CHICAGO   ASBESTOS   IVIKG.   CO. 

Cor.  W.  22ncl  Place  and  Lincoln  Street 

Manufacturers   of 

STEAM  PIPE  AND  BOILER    COVERING 

Mineral  Wool  for  insulating  and  deadening.        Asbestos  and  Roofing  Materials,  Hair  Felt,  etc. 

Telephone  Canal  1093  Facilities  and  equipment  for  handling  any  size  contract. 
Our  product  used  extensively  in  hundreds  of  residences. 


A.   F.   SHUIVIAINJ 


BITUMINATED 


Wand  A 


SECTIONAL 


BRIDGE    AINJD    VIADUCT    PAVIIMG 

T8    I_A.   SALLE   STREET 

CHICAGO 

INSTALLATION  Telephone  Central  3595  REMODELING 

WILLIAM   A.    POPE 

HEATING    AND    POWER    PLANTS 

GENERAL  STEAM  FITTING 

80    LAKE    STREET  CHICAGO 

Contractor  for  complete  installation  of  HEATING  PLANTS  in   Public  and  Private 

Buildings  and  Industrial  Plants  wherever  located,  and  also  POWER 

AND  INDUSTRIAL  PIPING  for  any  duty  and  service. 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO      BUILDING 


Exposed  walls  protected  on 

the  inside  with  I.  D.  P. 

Compound  No.  10 

DAMP  PROOF  AND  ALKALI  PROOF 


The  Illinois  Damp 
Proofing  Company 

Roanoke  Building     : :     : :     Chicago 


THE   HALSEY    BUILDING 
Southeast  Corner  Erie  and  St.  Clair  Streets 


National  No.  9  Valve 
National  Thermostatic  Trap 
National  Paul  Valve 
National  Gauges 
Compression  Air  Vents 
Hot  Water  Thermometers 


National  Steam  Specialty  Co. 

Manufacturers  of 

AUTOMATIC    AIR    VALVES 
PRESSURE  AND  VACUUM   GAUGES 

230-232  East  Washington  Street,  Chicago 


NATIONAL    THERMOSTATIC    TRAP 


(Made  in  three  sizes) 


M,  in.  X  Yz  in. 
34  in.  X  %  in. 
Y>  in.  X     1  in. 


Capacity  250  feet 
500  feet 
750  feet 


No  royalty  to  be  paid  for  use  of  our  trap 

For  use  in  connection  with  vacuum  systems,  on  radiator  heater  coils, 
dry  kilns,  also  on  drips  from  risers,  and  at  the  end  of  long  runs  of 
heating  mains. 


National  Thermostatic  Trap 


136B 


A     HALF     CENTURY      OF    CHICAGO      BUILDING 


Telephone 
Haymarket  991 

All  Departments 


Established 
1882 


\VashinKton    Boulevard    and    MorKan    Street 


We  Manufacture 


Our  Specialty 


High  Tension  Switch  Boards  (ask  the  Oak  Park  Power  Co.,  Flint,  Mich.); 
Glass  Switch  Boards  for  High  Schools :  Large  Direct  Current  Switch 
Boards  (ask  Siegel,  Cooper  C&,  Co.,  Chicago):  Panel  Boards  S.  Steel 
Cut-out  Cabinets  (ask  the  Corn  Products  Co.,  Argo.  111.). 

Wiring  Large  Office  Buildings  for  Electrical  Conventions;  Complicated 
Sub-Station  Work. 


ReOair  DeUarttnent      ^'^^  Rewinding  Motors,  Dynamos,  Repairing  Electrical  Machinery  of  all 

descriptions. 


Telephone  North  4120 


Private  Exchange  All  Departments 


HANLEY-CASEY  CO. 

HEATING  VENTILATING  APPARATUS 

COMPLETE  POWER  PLANTS 

SANITARY  PLUMBING 


404  to  412  W.  Ohio  Street 


CHICAGO 


McFELL  ELECTRIC  CO. 
Electrical  Construction  in  all  Branches 

Manufacturers   of 

McFELL  SYSTEM  FIRE  ALARM  AND  WATCHMAN'S  SERVICE 
Selective  Call  For  Telephone  Train  Dispatching 


CHICAGO,  ILL. 


137B 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


Showing  an  adjustment  of  VENTO  pattern  of  AMERICAN  Radiators  for  warming  and  ventilating  a  school  building;  the  heating  stack  is  shown 
at  the  right,  and  next  (to  the  left)  is  an  air  washer  to  insure  a  pure  atmospheric  circulation. 
Prominent  Chicago  buildings  use  these  heaters. 

Heating  Progress  in  Chicago 

When  the  first  steel-frame  structure  in  the  world  was  planned  in  Chicago,  the 
architect  knew  that  it  could  be  well  warmed  when  built.  So  the  sky-scraper,  born  in 
Chicago,  became  a  fixed  fact  in  architecture.  But  these  towers  of  original  Chicago 
enterprise  could  never  have  risen  much  above  a  four-story,  without  the  skilled  heating 
engineer,  steamfitter,  and  the  AMERICAN  Radiator  to  make  them  comfortable. 
Thus  the  sectional  Steam  or  Water  Radiator  (made  by  a  Chicago  concern)  has  contrib- 
uted much  to  advance  the  comfortable  phase  of  the  "Half  Century  of  Chicago  Building." 

Nearly  every  prominent  building  in  this  city  is  warmed  by  AMERICAN  Radi- 
ators. In  fact,  the  major  part  of  all  the  radiator  heated  Chicago  buildings  rely  on 
AMERICAN  heating  surfaces  for  their  comfort.  As  this  fifty  years  of  Chicago  build- 
ing progress  has  been  the  result  of  natural  best  selections  in  all  materials,  these  facts 
testify  to  the  approved,  time-tested  excellence  of  AMERICAN  Radiators.  Thousands 
of  other  structures  which  dot  the  large  cities  and  towns  of  this  country  and  Europe, 
Asia,  Africa  and  Australia,  rely  on  these  popular  heating  surfaces  for  artificial  comfort. 

The  VENTO  Heater  above  illustrated,  which  is  a  special  form  of  AMERICAN  Radiators,  is  used  for  heating 
and  ventilating  purposes  in  the  Railroad  Exchange;  University  Club;  Seventh  Regiment  Armory;  Hart.  Schaffner  and 
Marx  building;  John  M.  Smyth  Building;  Commonwealth-Edison  Building  and  American  Music  Hall.  This  Heater  will 
also  be  extensively  used  in  the  new  Chicago  and  Northwestern  Railway  Terminal,  Blackstone  Hotel,  and  the  Peoples' 
Gas  Light  Building,  now  under  construction. 

AMERICAN  T^ADIATORrO-AVPANY 

SALES  ROOMS,   282-286   MICHIGAN   AVENUE,    CHICAGO 

All   are  invited  to  call  and  see  our  samples  of  artistic  AMERICAN  Radiators  and  IDEAL  Steam  and  Water  Boilers,  for  all  sizes  of  buildings 
from  a  3-room  cottage  up  to  the  highest  sky  tower.     Sales  Rooms  and  Warehouses  in  all  large  cities  of  America  and  Europe. 


138B 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


1S7S 


James  B.  Clow  &  Sons 


1*>10 


Manufacturers  of 


CAST  IRON  PIPE.  FITTINGS.  VALVES.  WATERWORKS 

::        ::        SUPPLIES.    RADIATORS.    HEATERS.        ::        :: 
STEAM  AND  GAS  GOODS.  PLUMBING  GOODS.  MARBLE 


Coshocton  Ohio  Plant,  James  B.  Clow  if  Suns 


wnnh   of   Ralph   Wahlo    Eniors 


and 


N'othing  astonishes  men  so  nnich  as  common  sense  and  plain  dcalinj,'.      lluso   wci 
they  stand  as  strong  today  as  they  did  in  his  time. 

The  growth  of  James  B.  Clow  &  Sons  from  1878  to  the  present  time  has  heen  in  accordance  with  common  sense  and  plain 
dealing  methods.  Step  hy  step  the  Clow  Company  has  climhcd  the  ladder  of  success,  strengthening  its  position  at  every  stage  with 
llu   !,;i)(id  will  of  its  customers,  together  with  the  host  cquipmc'nt  of  men  and  machinery  that  this  age  affords. 

Several  times  the  company  has  been 
CDUipelled  from  lack  of  space  to  move 
into  larger  quarters  until  now  it  is 
located  in  a  modern  seven-story  tire- 
proof  hnilding.  bounded  by  Harrison 
and  l-'ranklin  Streets,  Loma.\  Court  and 
tile  Chicago  River,  with  branch  stores 
on  the  west  and  northwest  sides  of  the 
city. 

The  company's  shipping  facilities  arc 
unexcelled:  via  rail  right  from  the 
Imilding.  Illinois  Tunnel,  motor  truck  or 
Cliicago  water. 

<  )n  account  of  the  increased  business 
ihe  company  was  compelled  to  erect  an- 
other plant  to  relieve  the  congestion  at 
ilie  Works,  N'ewcomerstown,  Ohio.  A 
site  at  Co.shocton.  Ohio,  was  selected, 
lomprising  75  acres  of  land.  The  new 
plant  is  now  adding  to  the  vast  tonnage 
i|    the  company. 

The  Clow  Company  maintains  branch 
scKs  offices  at  New  York.  Washington. 
I).  C.  Pittsburg.  .-Xtlanta.  Milwaukee, 
Mimieapolis,  St.  Louis.  Kansas  City.  San 
I  rancisco.  Seattle  and   Havana.  Cuba. 

The  officers  of  the  company  are : 
President — William  E.  Clow. 
Nice- President — Ch.vki.ks  R.  Ci-ow. 
Second    Vice-President  —  Mk.vrv    B. 

I    I  oW. 

Secretary — J.\.mks  C.  Clow. 
treasurer — J.   M.  Johnso.v. 
.\ssistant    Secretary    ami    Treasurer — 
Clow   HuildinK,  Cliieatio,  with  unexcelled  shipping  facilities  .Iamks  McLk.vx. 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


Troy^  Laundry"  Machiner}^  Co. 

I  LIMITED) 

La  Salle  and  Twenty-Third  Streets 

Chicago,  Illinois 

BRANCH  HOUSES: 
New  York  City         San  Francisco         Seattle         London         Paris         Amsterdam         Berlin         Augsburg 


PRODUCTS  We  manufacture  a  complete  line  of  laundry  machinery,    ranging    from    the    smallest    appliance    to    the 

machine  whose  capacity  exceeds  the  most  trying  or  unusual  demands. 

DESCRIPTION  This  includes  Washers  of  wood  or  metal,  Extractors,  Wringers,   Disinfecting  and   Sterilizing   Machines, 

Tumblers,  Starchers,  Dryrooms  and  their  Appliances,  Dampeners,  Ironers  of  all  kinds,  and  also  a   full  line  of 
appliances  for  the  special  use  of  Dyers  and  Dry  Cleaners. 

SERVICE  We  can  fill  orders  promptly,  anywhere  in  the  United   States   and   Canada   and   foreign   countries,   alike 

for  a  single  machine  or  a  complete  plant,  and  furnish  skilled  construction  engineers  for  its  installation. 

FACILITIES  Our  factory  with  its  8^  acres  of  floor  space,  is  the    largest    in    the    world    devoted    exclusively    to    the 

manufacture  of  cleansing  machinery,  and  a  model  in  its  equipment,  organization  and  administration. 

EQUIPMENT  Our  mechanical  equipment  is  the  best  obtainable;  our   material   is   carefully   selected   and   rigorously   in- 

spected ;  our  employes  represent  the  highest  type  of  skilled    labor ;    the    supervision   is   constant    and   along   the 
most  approved  lines. 

ADV,-\NTAGES  Our  location  gives  the  opportunities  of  choice  and   saving  possilile   near   such   a   base  of   supplies;   our 

shipping  facilities  in  this  railroad  center  enable  quick  deliveries  to  all  sections. 

ESTIM.\TES  Estimates  on  single  or  several  machines  or  entire  plants,  covering,  when  desired,  the  cost  of  installation, 

are  cheerfully  furnished.     Our  catalogue  will  be  sent  on   application,    plans  made  by  our  drafting  department 
and  any  information  sought  gladly  given. 

This  Company  was  founded  thirty  years  ago  in  Troy  by  leading  practical  launderers  of  that  city  to  meet 
their  demands  for  improved  equipment.  It  has  had  a  surprising  and  consistent  growth,  especially  since  its 
location  in  its  present  home  in  1906. 


HOU 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


LOOMIS    FILTERS 


Filtration  and  Purification  of  Water 
for  all  purposes 


Bright  Sparkling  Water  Furnished  Free  from 

Color,  the  Germs  of  Disease,  and  other 

Deleterious  Matter 

Loomis  Filters  were  first  placed  on  the  market  in  the  year   1880 

They  hail  tlu-  first  loose  sand  liUer  lieils,  originating  what  is  now  known  as  the  Anieriean  or  Kapiil  System  of  Filtration. 

They  have  the  only  method  by  which  every  particle  of  the  tlltering  material  is  thoroughly  scoured  and  easily  kept  clean. 

They  filter  all  the  Water  for  Residences,  Hospitals.  Hotels,  Apartments.  Office  Buildings,  Manufacturing  Establishments,  City  and 
T<iwii  Water  Works. 

They  are  specified  by  the  leading  Architects.  Sanitary  ami  Mechanical  Engineers,  and  from  an  Expert's  point  of  view — "are  in  a 
class  by  themselves." 

White  Hpuse,  Washington.  D.  C.  nearly  30  years  of  continuous  service.  Many  other  U.  S.  Government  Buildings.  U.  S.  Naval 
Academy,  Annapolis,  Md. ;  Johns  Hopkins  Hospital,   Baltimore;  Mount  Sinai  Hospital,  Xew  York  City. 

.-\  string  of  fine  Hotels— Xew  Plaza.  Xew  Hoflfman,  Hotel  Aster.  St.  Regis,  Hotel  Manhattan,  Knickerbocker  Hotel,  Xew  York 
City;   Bellevue-Stratford.   Philadelphia:   Belvedere.  Baltimore;   Xew  Willard,  Washington. 

The  "Big  Four"  Office  Buildings.   Xew  York  City:    Metropolitan  Life.  City  Investing,  Hudson  Terminal  and  Singer. 

Thousands  of  Loomis  F'iltcrs  in  the  finest  Residences,  Hotels.  .Apartment  Houses,  Office  Buildings,.  Factories,  etc.,  etc.,  in  all  the 
leading  Cities. 

(i_A  Few  Users  of  the  Loomis-Manning  Filters 


CHICAGO. 

H.. 
Mr. 

1     l.tvi    ]•.    il..rlun. 
John    D.    Rockefeller. 

I'HIL.^DELPHI.V. 

BALTIMORE. 

Corn  Exchange  Bank  Bullrtins. 

Mrs 

.   -\nson  Phelps  Slokes. 

Mr.  John  H.  Michener. 

Hon.  Charles  J.  Bonaparte. 

Patten    I'ubllshlng    Building. 

Mr. 

Andrew   Carnegie. 

Dr.   S.  Weir  Mitchell. 

General   John    GUI. 

Mr.    I..    J.    Hopkins. 

Mr. 

Harry   Payne   Whitney. 

Dr.   Edward  Martin. 

Major   Eric   Bergland. 

Mr.    Richard   T.    Crane.   Jr. 

Mr. 

W.    K.   Vanderbllt. 

Dr.  Samuel   G.   Dixon. 

Mis.   William  Keyser. 

Mr.  J.  P.  Wilson. 

Mr. 

W.    Butler    Duncan,    Jr. 

Dr.   W.   W.    Keen. 

Mr.   .\lexander  Brown. 

St.   Rita's  College. 

Mr. 

Sluyvesant    Fish. 

.Mr.   Owen   Wister. 

Miss  Mary  E.   Garrett. 

New    Sherman    House. 

Ho 

1.   Seth   Low. 

Mr.    P    A.   B.    Widener. 

Dr.    Henry   Barton  Jacobs. 

Northwestern   Terminal. 

Mr. 

Geoi-ge   Gould. 

Mrs.  William  L.   Elklns 

Johns   Hopkins   Hospital. 
American  Tobacco  Co. 
New  Court   House. 
Calvert   Building. 
Belvedere   Hotel. 

The   Hub  Clothing   House. 

Mrs 

.    E.    H     Harrlman. 

Dr.  Jrhn  B.  Roberts. 

People's    Gas    Light    &    Coke    Co.. 
Omce   Building. 

Mr. 
Mr. 

George   Vanderbllt. 
Cornelius  Vanderbllt. 

Mr.    H.    G.    Michener. 
Mr.   Thomas    Dolan. 

Mrs.  C.   B.   Borland. 

Mr. 

Clarence  H.   Mackay. 

Dr.  J.   William   While. 

U.  S.  Court   House  and  Post  Otflce 

Mrs.    H.    B.    Borland. 
Mr.    David    B.    Jones. 

Ho 
Mr. 

1.   Joseph    H.   Choate. 
Harvey    Flsk. 

Dr.   John   K.    Mitchell. 

.North western   Cnlverslty  and   Ev- 

Mr. 

S.    R     Guggenheim. 

Mrs.   John   Lowber   Wei 

.th. 

WASHINGTON. 

anston   Hospital.    Evanstnn. 

Mr 

Frank  J.   Gould. 

L'niversity  of    Pennsylva 

nla. 

Mr    James  A.  Patten.  Evanslon. 

Mr 

J.    H.    Hammond. 

Episcopal    Hospital. 

■White    House." 

William  A.    Uvche.   Evanslon. 

Mr. 

Henry  Phlpps. 

German    Hospital. 

Jusllca    Harlan. 

D.    H.  Burnham.   Evanston. 

Mr. 

William  Rockefeller. 

St.   Joseph's   Hospital. 

British   Embassy. 

Y.   M.   C.  A..    Ravenswood. 

Mr. 

Jacob  H.  Schiff. 

Hahnemann    Hospital. 

Hon.   Wayne  MacVeagh. 

Mr. 

Isadore  Strauss. 

Bailey.  Banks  &  Biddie 

Co. 

Mr.  C.   C.   Glover. 

NEW   YORK. 

Mrs 
Mr 

.    Russell   Sage. 
James   L.    Speyer. 

Penn   Mutual   Life   Insurance  Co. 

Mr.   George   Wesllnghouse. 
Mrs.  Levi  Z.  Letter. 

Mr 

Charles  F.  Murphv. 

Norlh   American  Butldl 

™g. 

Evening   Star   Building. 

Mr.   John  Jacob  Aslor. 

Mr 

Francis  I.ynde  Stetson. 

Raciiuet  Club. 

Treasury   Department. 

Mr.  August    Belmont. 

Del 

monico's.   Fifth  Avenue. 

Land  Title  &  Trust  Co. 

Nev.'    Post    Otilce. 

Mr     R    FulL.n  Culling. 

A|. 

horiH.    Ai.aitrn.nls. 

Br.. ad   Str.-ft   SliitL.n.    P 

^nnsylvaiiia    R,    R       Ni  \v    Willar.l     Hotel. 

Loomis-Manning  Filter  Distributing  Co. 


Main   Office  :     828  Land  Title  Building 
PHILADELPHIA,  PA. 


BOSTON 


Chicago  Office:     712  Marquette  Building 
BUFFALO  NEW  YORK  BALTIMORE 


WASHINGTON 


14111 


A     HALF     CENTURY      OF    CHICAGO      BUILDING 


The  Hahl  Automatic  Clock  Co, 

Sole  ^M^anufacturers  of 

The  **Hahr'  Pneumatic  Clock  System 

2644-2648  NORTH  MAPLEWOOD  AVENUE 

CHICAGO 


103   Park  Avenue 

NEW  YORK,  N.  Y. 


111-113  New  Montgomery  Street 
SAN   FRANCISCO,  CAL. 


PRODUCTS 


THE 
SYSTEM 


AIR 
CONDUITS 


SECOXDARY 
CLOCKS 


PROGRAM 
CLOCKS 


CASES 
ADVAXTAGES 


REFEREXCES 


Clock  Systems  (Pneumatic),  including  Master  Clock.  Secondary  Clocks  and  Program  Clocks;  Self- 
Winding  Electric  Clocks,  Street  and  Tower  Clocks  built  and  connected  with  system. 

Master  clock  is  operated  by  gravity.  Time  Train  bas  self  compensating  pendulum,  beating  seconds, 
propelled  by  spring,  automatically  wound  every  minute.  .\ir  impulse  and  release  of  air  emanating  from  the 
pneumatic  device  within  the  clock  controls  and  operates  the  Secondary  clocks  without  the  aid  of  any  au.xili- 
ary  apparatus  whatsoever.  The  air  within  the  tubing  is  brought  under  slight  pressure  (1  inch  water  gauge) 
during  one  minute  and  is  released  by  a  valve  in  the  Master  clock,  remaining  open  the  next  minute,  thereby 
allowing  the  air  to  regain  its  normal  atmospheric  pressure. 

One-quarter  inch  wrought-iron  pipe  for  main,  Ys  inch  for  branches.  No  return  pipe.  Start  with  two  mains 
from  location  of  Master  clock  in  systems  over  12  clocks  each  main  feeding  about  one-half  of  the  clocks. 
Xot  over  five  clocks  to  be  fed  by  ^  inch  branch. 

The  construction  of  these  movements  is  extremely  simple.  The  impulse  of  air  furnished  by  the  Master 
clock  moves  the  hands  exactly  one  minute  at  a  time.  No  possibility  of  moving  them  either  more  or  less. 
The  hands  are  perfectly  balanced.  Motion  is  elastic,  without  jerking,  and  noiseless.  The  clocks  are  not  dis- 
turbed by  vibration,  jarring  or  dust.  Once  connected,  they  are  run,  regulated  and  set  from  the  Master  clock, 
and  require  no  attention  whatsoever. 

Master  Clock  Program  Apparatus — Program  cylinder  located  within  Master  clock,  case  is  built  up  of 
sections  of  one  program  each.  New  sections  may  be  added  as  required.  Lugs  upon  face  of  cylinder  make 
contracts  for  signals  of  required  duration  at  one  minute  intervals.  Signals  eliminated  during  hours  and  days 
not  requiring  signals. 

Switchboard  arranged  for  shifting  bells  to  any  of  the  programs,  without  affecting  bell  wiring  or  requir- 
ing the  assistance  of  an  expert. 

Illustrations  of  our  standard  cases  will  be  mailed  on  request.     We  build  cases  and  dials  to  order. 

^lotive  powers  employed  being  free  atmosphere  and  gravity,  the  highest  degree  of  reliability  is  attained. 
L'nder  our  system  the  cost  of  operation  as  well  as  wire  and  battery  troubles  are  eliminated. 

State  Normal  School,  Milwaukee.  Wis. 


Our  system  has  been  adopted  by: 

Marshall  Field  &  Co.,  Chicago,  111. 
Cook  County  Court  House,  Chicago,  111. 
State  Capitol.  Madison.  Wis. 
U.  S.  Post  Office,  Atlanta,  Ga. 
First   X^ational   Bank,   Pittsburg,   Pa. 


High  School,  Covina,  Calif. 

High  School,  Richmond,  Ind. 

High  School.  Beatrice,  Nebr. 

County  Court  House,  San  Jose.  Calif. 

Peoples  Gas  Bldg.,  Chicago,  111. 


School  Boards  of  Chicago.  111. ;   Kansas  City,  Mo. ;  St.  Louis.  Mo.,  and  many  others 


142B 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


The  Decorators  Supply  Co 

Archer  Avenue  and  Leo  Street 

Chicago,  111. 


Manufacturers  of 

Interior  and  Exterior  Ornaments  of  Every  Description 


m 

Cement  Composition  Plaster  and  Wood 

Columns  Capitals  Brackets  Cornices 

Friezes         Mouldings         Panels        Wood  Grilles 

Composition  Ornaments  for  Woodwork 


OUR    SPECIALTY    IS    PROMPT    DELIVERY 

We    (^arry    a    Large    Amount    of    Stock    Goods 


We  Issue  4  Catalogs-One  Each  of 

ORNAMENTAL  PLASTER   CASTS 

COMPOSITION    ORNAMENTS 

CAPITALS  AND  BRACKETS 

WOOD    GRILLES 


143B 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


ESTABLISHED   1840 


INCORPORATED  1909 


cTVIill,  Railroad,  Contractors'  and  Marine  Supplies 

200-202-204-206-208  SOUTH  WATER  STREET 
CHICAGO 


Old  Colon)^ 
Transmission 

and 
Hoisting  Rope 


River  Front  of  General  Offices  and  Store 


PRODUCTS 


SERVICE 

AND 

FACILITIES 

EQUIPMENT 


ESTIMATES 


GENERAL 
INFORMATION 


Manufacturers  and  Mill  Agents  of :  Cordage,  Twines,  Cotton  Duck, 
Awning  Stripes,  Hose,  Belting,  Packing  and  Rubber  Goods,  Tackle  Blocks, 
Derricks,  Chain  Hoists,  Wire  Rope,  Contractors'  Equipment,  Marine  Hard- 
ware. Yacht  and  Motor  Boat  Supplies,  Tents,  Flags,  Awnings,  and  Camp 
Outfits. 

This  company  carries  the  largest  and  most  complete  stock  of  Supplies 
to  be  found  in  Chicago  and  is  prepared  to  make  prompt  shipments  both  from 
Chicago  and  from  the  mills  it  represents. 

Our  South  W^ater  Street  store  is  devoted  to  offices  and  samples  of  all  our 
varied  lines  of  goods.  Our  warehouses  are  located  at  Indiana  and  Orleans 
Streets,  and  our  Cotton  Goods  factory  and  Sail  Loft  at  Illinois  and  Wells 
Streets. 

This  company  publishes  a  650-page  general  catalog  of  its  entire  line;  also 
supplemental  catalogs  in  the  several  Departments,  viz. :  Cordage  and  Twines 
— Cotton  Duck — Marine  Hardware — Tents,  Flags,  Awnings — Hose,  Belting, 
Packing,  etc. — Camp  Outfits,  etc. 

We  have  conducted  this  business  continuously  for  seventy  years,  and 
offer  our  customers  a  service  and  experience  which  is  unsurpassed  in  the 
trade. 


144B 


A      HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO      BUILDING 


Factories  : 


NEW   YORK 


CHICAGO 


CLEVELAND 


TORONTO 


Benjamin  Moore  &  Co. 

MANUFACTURERS  OF 

PAINTS     •     COLORS     ■     VARNISHES 

MU 


401-409   North   Green   Street,  Chicago,  III. 


PRt  )i)r(,rs 


DESCRIPTIOX 


ADWWTAC.ES 


IXFORMATIOX 


ii<t- 


MURESCO  for  over  twenty  years  has  been  the  leadintj; 
wall  finisli  used  in  this  countr3^  It  is  toda\'  in  greater 
demand  and  more  highly  esteemed  by  the  trade  than  any 
other  material  of  the  kind  in  use,  its  many  points  of  su- 
periority over  Kalsomine  and  other  wall  finishes  being 
acknowledged  by  all  practical  decorators. 


MURESCO  comes  in  dry  powder  form  put  up  in  5  pound  packages,  100 
jiound  ilrums.  half  barrels  and  barrels,  ready  for  use  wdien  mixed  with  boiling 
water,  li  is  made  in  white,  sixteen  tints  and  sixteen  colors,  comprising  all 
of  the  most  popular  shades,  and  these  may  he  intermixed  if  desired  to  form 
any  special  shade  or  tone  required. 

It  is  very  easy  to  ajjply.  covers  perfectly  with  one  coat  and  dries  out 
without  brush  marks  or  imperfections,  producing  a  beautiful,  soft,  velvety 
effect  that  is  restful  and  pleasing  to  the  eye,  and  far  more  artistic,  sanitary 
and  economical  than  wall  paper  or  (-)ther  decorating  material. 

MURESCO  can  be  applied  to  any  kind  of  plaster,  or  to  wood,  brick, 
cement,  canvas  or  paper.  It  will  not  rub  of?  or  peel,  even  where  successive 
coats  are  applied,  but  wdien  desired  can  be  entirel}'  removed  with  sponge  and 
water,  as  it  contains  no  lime,  cement  or  other  ingredients  that  become  in- 
soluble with  age.  Muresco  is  also  the  best  fire  retardent  known,  a  feature 
rendering  it  of  additional  value  for  application  to  interior  surfaces.  Five 
potmds  mixed  according  to  directions  will  jjroduce  a  gallon  of  material  that 
will  c<iver  imder  average  conditions  fi\e  hundred  square  feel  of  surface. 

We  will  be  ]ileased  to  fiu'nish  free  u])on  rei|uest,  Muresco  sample  cards, 
sample  books,  room  combinations,  and  full  information  pertaining  to  Muresco 
or  other  goods  of  our  manufacture. 

The  following  prominent  Chicago  buildings  finished  with  MURESCO 
are  a  few  among  thousands  we  can  refer  to  in  every  city  of  the  country  : 

Majestic  Theatre  lUdg..  I'ine  .Arts  I'.ldg..  Chicago  Hoard  of  Trade  lUdg., 
Medinah  Temple  Bldg.,  Rock  Island  Station,  Chicago  Telephone  Bldg..  C.  iK: 
X.  W.  Ry.  Office  l>ldg..  Congress  Hotel,  Palmer  House,  Chicago  I'ublic 
Schools,  La  Salle  Motel,  Countv  Building. 


145B 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


Standard  Varnisli  Works 


CHICAGO  PLANT 

OF 

STANDARD  VARNISH  WORKS 


2620-2640    ARMOUR.    AVENUE 


The  Standard  Varnish  Works  was  estabhshed 
in  Chicago  about  30  years  ago  by  Mr.  Oscar  Rosen- 
berg, now  Vice-President  of  the  Company;  since 
that  time  it  has  grown  rapidly  hke  the  wonderful 
city  of  which  it  is  a  part. 

We  manufacture  all  kinds  of  varnishes,  stains, 
japans,  fillers,  lacquers,  shellacs  and  dryers.  There 
are  many  kinds  of  varnishes — for  pianos,  carriages, 
automobiles,  boats,  agricultural  implements,  furni- 
ture and  house  finishing.  Stains  are  made  for  finish- 
ing all  kinds  of  woods,  lacquers  for  brass  work, 
japans  for  iron  and  metal  work. 

We  are  prepared  to  furnish  varnishes  of  all 
kinds  and  descriptions  on  short  notice  owing  to  our 
excellent  manufacturing  and  shipping  facilities.     Our 


large  tank  capacity  permits  us  to  carry  a  tremendous 
stock  of  all  classes  of  goods,  well  aged  and  settled. 

Our  plant  is  complete  and  modern  in  every  par- 
ticular and  though  the  capacity  is  large,  we  have  out- 
grown it  and  have  spread  into  adjacent  buildings. 
We  have  recently  acquired  a  large  tract  of  land  ad- 
joining the  present  factory,  which  will  be  improved 
with  a  new  and  spacious  building. 

Among  the  best  known  brands  are  our  Elastica 
finishes  which  were  the  pioneer  proprietary  varnishes 
introduced  to  the  American  public  and  at  once  be- 
came popular  owing  to  the  extremely  high  quality. 
They  are  intended  for  finest  and  exclusive  work  in 
residences,  hotels,  libraries,  office  buildings,  public 
institutions  and  edifices,  and  other  structures  where 
quality  is  a  consideration. 


STANDARD    VARNISH    WORKS 

New  York  Chicago  London  Berlin  Brussels 

INTERNATIONAL   VARNISH    CO..  Limited.  Toronto 


146B 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


ALBANY 

BALTIMORE 

BOSTON 


LOUISVILLE 

OMAHA 

PITTSBURGH 


Heath  &  Milligan  Mfg.  Co. 

Paint  and  Color  Maimers 

Manufacturing     Plant     and     General     Offices 
CHICAGO,    U.  S.  A. 


PRODUCTS. 
DESCRIPTION. 

SERVICE. 


FACILITIES. 


EQUIPMENT. 


ADVANTAGES. 


ESTIMATES. 


Manufacturers  of  Paints  and  Dry  Colors. 

Paints  for  railways,  bridges,  structural  steel,  stone,  wood,  plaster  and  all  gen- 
eral exterior  and  interior  painting  purposes. 

We  carry  at  all  times  a  large,  complete  stock  of  regular  paint  products.  All 
orders  for  standard  goods  are  shipped  the  day  received. 

We  are  prepared  to  give  prompt,  efficient  service  to  the  matching  of  samples  or 
making  paints  for  special  purposes,  having  a  laboratory  and  corps  of  experts 
detailed  on  this  work. 

Our  plant  is  the  most  complete,  modern,  scientific,  technological  paint  factory 
in  the  world.  Completed  in  1909.  Steel  and  reinforced  concrete  construc- 
tion. 

Electric  equipment  throughout.  All  machines  operated  by  individual  motors. 
Automatic  loading  and  unloading  devices  and  all  modern  labor  saving  ma- 
chinery. 

By  careful  chemical  and  physical  examination  of  all  raw  materials,  we  at  all 
times  maintain  a  uniform  high  standard  of  quality.  With  our  equipment  we 
can  prepare  with  great  facility  any  volume  of  business  ranging  from  a  half 
pint  to  car  loads.  The  capacity  of  our  liquid  paint  department  is  a  car  load 
every  two  hours  and  the  output  of  our  color,  paste  paint  and  specialties  depart- 
ments is  proportionately  large. 

We  are  prepared  to  figure  with  contractors,  architects,  engineers  or  large  cor- 
porations on  their  specifications,  for  all  classes  of  work,  regardless  of  the 
amount  of  material  involved.      We  furnish  samples  on  request. 


147 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


WM.  T.  MORGAN,  Vice-President 


ALBERT  J.  DENISTON,  Vice-Pres.  and  Ass't  Mgr. 


Raymond  Lead  Company 

Lexington  Street  and  Washtenaw  Avenue,  CHICAGO 

The  Most  Complete  and  Largest  Lead  Plant  in  the  United  States 


I  AND  THAT  MEANS  THE  WORLD  ' 

ALL    OUR    M ACHIN ERY    ELECTRIC    DRII'EN 


Our  new  enlarged 
and  up-to-date  facili- 
ties enable  us  to  pro- 
duce the  most  perfect 
material.  When 
ordering  through 
your  jobber  specify 
Raymond  Lead 
Company's  Products 
and  SEE  THAT 
YOU  GET  THEM 


5t, 


MANUFACTURERS: 
Lead  Pipe,  Sheet  Lead, 
Shot,  Lead  Traps,  Bends, 
Ferrules,  Collapsable 
Tubes,  etc.  Block  Tin 
Pipe,  Came  Lead,  Lead 
Sash  Weights,  Solder, 
Babbit  and  Mixed  Metals, 
Pig  Lead,  Pig  Tin,  Anti- 
mony,   Phosphor   Tin. 

ALL  ORDERS  EXE- 
CUTED SAME  DAY 
AS  RECEIVED. 


GET    OUR     PRICES 


Downtown  Depot  for  City  Trade,  34  N.  CLINTON  STREET 


FLOQRENE  for  FLOORS 

Soap,    Scrubbing    Brushes,    Cleaning 

Compounds    and   Scrubbing  may 

be  entirely  dispensed  with, 

if  you  use  Floorene  on 

your   floors 

SEND  FOR  OUR  BOOK 
Beautiful  Floors  Simplified 

FREE  FOR  THE  ASKING 


Explains  conclusively  and  successfully  The  Floor  Finish  Problem 


DURENE  FOR  WOODWORK 

Durene,  as  its   name  implies,  is  the  most 
Durable,  Lasting,  Washable  and  Bril- 
liant Wood  Finish  on  the  market. 

Quality  uppermost,  Excellent  flowing  prop- 
erties, full  body  and  wear-proof,  can 
be  rubbed  and  polished 

American  Varnish  Co. 


VARNISH  SPECIALISTS 
1138  to  1140  NORTH  BRANCH  ST. 


CHICAGO,  U.  S.  A. 


Chicago  Flexible  Shaft  Co. 

LA  SALLE  AVE.  AND  ONTARIO  STS. 

MAKERS  OF 

STEWART  GAS  AND   OIL   BLAST  FURNACES 


For  the  heat  treatment  of  metals;  flexible  shafts 
and  flexible  shaft  machinery  of  every  description 


148B 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


LINK- BELT  COMPANY 

Thirty-ninth   Street  and   Stewart  A\enue 
CHICAGO,  U.  S.  A. 

Specialists  in  the  design  and  manufacture  of  modern  labor-saving  appliances  and  equip- 
ment for  the  handling  of  raw  materials  or  manufactured  products,  in  bulk  or  packages 


Hniiu/i  Othiii  ■    ^''■■^^' ^""^^^  City     I'ittsburn ll'nrks  til 

jni.<!  I  New  Orleans         Minneapolis  Philadelphia      Chicago      Indianapolis 


/  /-liT       J   St.  Louis 
-"        I  San  I'ran( 


ncisco    Seattle 


The  three  plants  of  this  company  are  modern  in  every  respect,  and  are  thoroughly  and  efficiently 
equipped  for  rapid  and  economical  production,  those  at  Chicago  and  Philadelphia  being  devoted  to  engi- 
neering and  general  lines,  and  the  one  at  Indianapolis  being  exclusively  for  the  manufacture  of  mal- 
leable and  high-speed  steel  driving  chains.  At  each  plant  there  is  maintained  a  suitable  engineering 
corps,  operating  under  the  direction  of  a  practical  and  experienced  management.  The  Chicago  plant 
includes  a  fully  equipped  gray  iron  foundry  of  large  capacity,  and  the  company  maintains  a  close 
business  relationship  with  the  best  malleable  and  steel  foundries  of  the  country.  The  company's  ship- 
ping facilities  are  unsurpassed,  the  various  plants  being  located  on  belt  lines  connecting  with  all  railways. 

A  varied  line  of  general  and  special  catalogs,  pamphlets,  etc.,  always  available. 


U'JU 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


Webster  IVI'E'G  Co. 

ENGINEERS,  FOUNDERS,  AND  MACHINISTS 

Main  Office  and  Works,  2410-2432  W.  15th  St. 
CHICAGO,  ILL. 


Established  1876 


Incorporated  1882 


Re-incorporated  1903 


Eastern  Branch:    88-90  Reade  Street,  New  York 
Branch  Works :    Tiffin,  Ohio 


FLIGHT  CONVEYOR  OPERATING  IN  COAL  YARD 
This  receives  coal  from  "Ray"  Dock  Elevator 


FLAT  BELT  CONVEYOR  AT  LOW  COST  FOR  CONTRACTORS  USE 
rhe  cut  shows  this  style  of  Conveyor  used  in  excavating  for  handling  dirt 


OUR  LINE  .ALinufacturers  of  Elevating,  Conveying  and  Power  Transmitting  Machinery  for  all  purposes. 

DESCRIPTION         For  the  continuous  mechanical  handling  of  Coal,  Ores,  Cement,  Stone,  Sand,  Gravel,  Grain, 
etc.      Coal    and    Ash    Handling    systems    for    Plants  and  Public  Buildings. 

SERVICE  With   our   large   works   at   Chicago  and  our   recently   erected   extensive   plant    at    Tiffin,    Ohio, 

we  ha\e  unusual  facilities  for  manufacturing  and   exceptionally   ready   means   of  transporta- 
tion.    Our  well  known  motto  is  "Quality  First  and  Always." 

EQUIPMENT  The  works  are  thoroughly  equipped  with  the  latest  Tools  and  Machinery,  and  are  operated 

according  to  improved  modern  methods. 

ADVANTAGES         We  possess  all  of  them  for  the  ready  and  efficient    handling    of    orders    and    their    prompt 
shipment. 

ESTIMATES  Our  Engineering  Department  is  equipped  with   a   well   trained   corp   of    experienced    Drafts- 

men and  we  are  prepared  to  furnish  careful  lay-outs  and  estimates  for  all  work  in  our  line. 


150B 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


The  Fred  W.  Wolf  Company 

Refrigerating  and  Ice-Making  Machinery 


Established     1867 
Incorporated  1887 


Office  and  Factory 

827-831  Rees  Street,  Foot  of  Dayton 
CHICAGO,  ILL. 


NEW  YORK 
ATLANTA 
Branch  Offices  ■{   FORT  WORTH 
KANSAS  CITY 
SEATTLE 


PRODUCTS  We  are  manufacturers  of  the   Limle   Ice  Making-  and  Refrigeratinsj  Ma- 

chine, known  in  this  Country  as  the  "Wolf  Lindc."  There  are  over  7,000  of 
these  machines  in  operation  througliout  the  world,  1,000  of  which  are  in  the 
United  States,  and  of  these  we  proudly  claim  152  for  Chicago. 

DESCRIPTION  'i'lie  Wolf  Linde  is  a   Horizontal   Double  Acting  compression   t_\])e  ma- 

chine, built  for  durability,  reliability  and  economy  of  operation,  all  of  which 
has  been  proven  by  the  many  in  successful  operation. 

FACILITIES  We  have  the  facilities  to  handle  complete  installations  from  5  to   1.000 

tons  capacity. 

AD\'ANTAGES  So  many  that  we  cannot  enumerate  them  here.     \\'rite  for  our  literature. 

ESTIMATES  Will  be  j^ladly  furnished  ni  >  matter  \v<\\  lari;e  or  small  your  requirements 

in  nur  line  ma}'  be. 

(iEXERAL  We  also  carry  a   com])lete   line  of  the   famous   Wolf  .\mmonia   fittings 

INFORMATION'  which  ha\e  never  been  equaled. 

We  can  also  su])])ly  vou  with  e\er\thing  required  around  an  Ice-making 
or  Refrigerating  plant. 


WRITE  FOR  OUR  CATALOGS. 


151B 


A     HALF    CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


CALUMET  STEEL  COMPANY 

COMMERCIAL  NATIONAL  BANK  BUILDING 

CHICAGO  Works:  Chicago  Heights 


& 


STEEL  a 


FOR_ 


ReintorOTS. 
Concme 


LIGHT  BAR.S- 

CHANNFL.'t 

TEES  ■  ANl-LE^- 

Fou  L  \THING  ANr> 

FIREPKOor  CONiTRUCTlON- 


G«littT5TEEL@MPANY 


'ilKilM  \\ril)N\l  lUNkliUILlllNt. 

CHICAGO 


STOCK   AND   SHIPMENTS 

We  carry  at  our  mill  warehouse  a  large  stock  of  all  sizes 
in  rounds,  plain  and  twisted  squares,  and  are  in  position 
to  cut  to  your  specified  lengths  and  make  an  immediate 
shipment  upon  receipt  of  specifications. 

BENDING 

We  are  prepared  to  do  your  bending  at  our  mill,  thereby 
saving  you  the  inconvenience  and  high  cost  in  the  field. 
Send  us  your  detailed  drawings  for  estimate. 


CALUMET  STEEL  COMPANY 

Commercial  National  Bank  Building 
CHICAGO 


154B 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


ALLIS-CHALMERS   COMPANY 

MILWAUKEE,   WIS. 

Offices  in  all  the  Principal  Cities  of  the  World 


PRODUCTS  Lar^^ost  niamifactiirers  in  the  world  of  I'ower  Machinery,  Electric  Gen- 

erators, l'iim])in|j;  Machinery,  Saw  Mill  Equipments,  Flour  Mill,  Crushini,', 
Cement-Making,  Minin;,;- and  Ore  Reduction  Machinery.  Electrically  ()])erated 
Air  I'.rakes,  Power  Transmittinj^^  Macliinery,  etc.,  etc. 

DESCRI  I'TinX  'i'lio    work    of    .\llis-Clialniers    Company    is    carried    on    in    the    followini^ 

(le])artnu-nts :  i'llcctrical.  Steam  Turbine,  Steam  Enj^ine,  Gas  Enj^ine,  Pum])- 
inj;-  Engine,  iiydraiilir  Turbine,  Mining  Machinery.  Crushing  and  Cement 
Machinery.  Saw  Mill,  I'lour  Mill,  and  Air  lirake.  The  i)ro<lucts  of  each  of 
these  dc]iarlnu-nts  rei)rcsciit  the  highest  acliie\ements  in  niachiner\-  ])roduc- 
tion. 

FACILITII-'S  Si.x     Plants,     in     Milwaukee,     Chicago.     Cinciiniati     and     ScraiUon,     with 

every  possible  e(|uipnient  for  manufacturing  machinery.  .\llis-Chalmers 
Company  is  in  ])nsition  to  accomplish  what  no  other  company  in  existence 
can  perform — the  construction  of  complete  power  equipments  of  e\erv  de- 
scription, with  auxiliary  electrical  ajjparatus,  in  one  set  of  shops  and  under 
one  manairement. 


Wist  .Allis  Works  t.f  .\Mi>-Chalmers  Company 


\5'A'. 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


FLOOR     SPACE 
750,000   SQ.   FT. 


Larg'est  iron  and  steel 
supply  house  in  the  world 


CAPACITY 
150,000      TONS 


iS,    16TH    AND    ROC 


STREETS, 


Structural  shapes,  plates,  bars,  bands,  sheets,  rivets, 
boiler  tubes,  steel  workers'  supplies,  fittings  and  machinery 

This     Chicago    stock,     supplemented    by     our    machinery  —  offers 

For  the  Shop  —  a  complete  stock  of  material,  fittings  and  tools  for  immediate 
shipment,  and  the  advantage  in  case  of  emergency  of  the  use 
of    the    most    modern     metal     working    machinery     and     facilities 

For  the  Builder,  Architect  and  Contractor  —  practical  insurance  against  delay 
in  construction  due  to  belated  shipments  of  material,  thus  assuring  early 
rental  income,  and  a  ready  source  of  supply   for  emergency  needs 


ESTABLISH  ED  1843 


INCORPORATED  1888 


Joseph  T.  Ryerson  &  Son 

EDWARD     L.    RYERSON,    PRESIDENT         CLYDE     M.    CARR,    VICE-PRESIDENT 

iron       steel       machinery 
Chicago 


156B 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


Capacity  150,000  Tons  =  Floor  Space  750,000  Square  Feet 


TERIOR    VIEW    OF    SOUTH    STRUCTURAL    WAREHOUSE.       JOSEPH    T.    RYERSON    &    SON. 


CORNER    OF    PLATE    FLOOR.    NORTH    WAREHOUSE.      JOSEPH    T.    RYERSON 


SECTION    OF   TUBC    FLOOR.    SHOWING    RAILROAD    FACILITIES.      JOSCPH    T.    RVCRSON    4.    SON. 


157B 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


NORTH    WORKS 


ILLINOIS   STEEL   COMPANY 


1319   WABANSIA  AVENUE 

CHICAGO,  ILL. 


PRODUCTS     ROLLED  STEEL  FROM  WAREHOUSE  STOCK. 

DESCRIP-  We    carry    a    large    and    complete    stock    of    STEEL 

TION  BEAMS,  CHANNELS.  TEES,  ZEES,  SHEARED 

AND  UNIVERSAL  MILL  PLATES,  FLATS, 
ROUNDS.  PLAIN  AND  COLD  TWISTED 
SQUARES.  RIVET  RODS,  RIVETS.  ETC.  These 
materials  are  m  accordance  with  Manufacturers'  Standard 
Specifications.  The  structural  shapes,  plates  and  bars  are 
Railway  Bridge  Quality;  rivets  and  rivet  rods  are  Boiler 
Rivet  Quality. 

SERVICE  These  materials  are  stored  in  large  warehouses  under  elec- 

tric cranes.  Most  efficient  cutting  machines  are  adjacent  to 
the  stock,  enabling  us  to  furnish  promptly  large  as  well  as 
small  quantities  of  materials  cut  to  lengths  and  sizes  required. 
For  the  benefit  of  the  trade,  we  issue  every  Saturday  a 
WEEKLY  STOCK  SHEET  showing  the  quantities  of 
each  of  the  different  kinds  and  sizes  materials  on  hand. 


158B 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


DURAND-STEEL 
LOCKER    COMPANY 


125  Monroe  Street 


Chicago,  Illinois 


Showing  DURAND-STEEL  LOCKERS  in  Continental  National  Bank 


Manufacturers  of  DURAND-STEEL  LOCKERS,  a  necessity  for  every 
building.  Fireproof,  petty  thief  proof  and  germ  proof.  DURAND-STEEL 
LOCKERS  are  in  use  in  every  modern  building  in  and  around  Chicago  and  are 
endorsed  by  all  leading  architects  and  engineers.  We  will  gladly  furnish  plans 
and  estimates  on  any  style  in  any  quantity. 


DURAND-STEEL    LOCKER    COMPANY 

125   MONROE  STREET,   CHICAGO.   ILLINOIS 


159  C 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


Corrugated  Bar  Company 

1416  National  Bank  of  Commerce  Building,    ST.  LOUIS,  MO. 


AGENTS    IN    ALL    LARGE    CITIES 


PERFECT 


BOND 


PERFECT 


BOND 


Standard  Sizes  Corrugated  Rounds 

SIZE  IN  INCHES 

% 

.n 

.38 

'A 

.19 
.66 

/16 

.25 
.86 

% 

.30 
1.05 

.44 
1.52 

Vs 

.60 
2.06 

1 

.78 
2.69 

.99 
3.41 

VA 

Net  area  in  sq. in.  . .  ■ 
Weight  per  ft.  in  lbs. . . 

1.22 
4.21 

Standard  Sizes  Corrugated  Squares 

SIZE  IN  INCHES 

.06 
.22 

% 

.14 
.49 

'A 

.25 
.86 

Ys 

.39 
1.35 

X 

.56 
1.94 

Vs 

.76 
2.64 

1 

1.00 
3.43 

V/s 

1.26 
4.34 

VA 

Net  area  in  scj.  in 

Weight  per  ft.  in  lbs. . . 

1.55 
5.35 

PRODUCTS  CORRUGATED   BARS. 

DESCRIPTION        The  first  and  best  deformed  bars. 


SERVICE 


FACILITIES 


The  best  reinforcement  forconcrete 
—  certain,  safe  and  economical. 


Rolled  at  eight  of  the  country's 
largest  mills.  IN  STOCK  IN 
CHICAGO  and  fourteen  other 
cities. 


ADVANTAGES    Perfect    material  —  perfect    bond. 
Immediate  shipment — lowest  cost. 


CORRBAR   BEAM   UNITS 

The  only  commercially  practicable  unit 
reinforcement. 

Accuracy,  security  and  economy  in  the 
reinforcement  of  concrete  beams  and 
girders. 

Plant  at  Blasdell  (Buffalo),  N.  Y.,  with 
a  daily  capacity  of  300  tons  of  fabricated 
reinforcement. 


Safety   and   accuracy   in   construction   at 
less  than  the  cost  of  loose  bars. 


ESTIIVIATES  Quotations  and  estimates  on  the  reinforcement  of  any  class  of  reinforced  concrete  structure  will  be 

cheerfully  and  quickly  furnished  by  any  of  the  company's  sales  offices. 


Better 

Construction      fi^^^Himi 


Fabricated 
Reinforcement 


CORRBAR  BEAM   UNIT 


160B 


A     HALF     CENTURY      OF    CHICAGO      BUILDING 


A  Few  Labor  and  Time  Savers  Manufactured  by 

CHICAGO  PNEUMATIC  TOOL  COMPANY 


LITTLE  GIANT  AIR  DRILI. 
Buili  in  Capiii-ities  up  to  3  inchi-s,  in  iron 


WRITE  FOR 

CATALOGUES 


FISHER     BUILDING 

CHICAGO 

U.  S.  A. 


OUNTLEY  KLECTRK:  DKll.L 
Built  in  C^uvailii-s  np  t..  .1  inilus.  in   iron  or  slccl 


WRITE  FOR 

CATALOGUES 


BOYER  LONG  STROKE  RIVETING 
HAMMER 


CHICAGO   MIDGET  AIR          MIDGET  ELECTRIC 
DRILL  DRILL 

Capacity  i^,i  inch  Iron  Capacity  i^  inch  Iron 


Tools  Sent  on  Trial 
Anywhere 


Everything  Liberally 
Guaranteed 


CHICAGO  GIANT  ROCK  DRILL 

OperatinK  in  Quaryof  United  States  Crushed 

Stone  Co..  ChicaKo 


MANUFACTURED  AND  SOLD  BY 


CHICAGO  PNEUMATIC  TOOL  COMPANY 


CHICAGO 


Branches  Everywhere 


NEW  YORK 


161B 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


H.  E.  Bullock,  Pres.  Organized  1884  J.  E.  Bullock,  Secy.  &  Treas. 

Illinois  Malleable  Iron  Co. 

1801-1825  Diversey  Boulevard,  Chicago,  111. 

and  North  Paulina 
DEPARTMENTS 

MALLEABLE    FOUNDRY  —  Refined    Malleable    Iron  STREET    IMPROVEMENT   CASTINGS  — Manholes, 

Castings  to  order.  &c.,   &c. 

GRAY   IRON  "  Castings  to  order.  HEATING— IMICO   Boilers,   Garbage    Burners,    Tank 

Heaters,   6?c. 
BRASS  "  Brass  Castings  to  Order. 

PLUMBING   GOODS— Modern  Plumbing  Fixtures. 
PIPE  FITTINGS-  Manufacturers  of  Malleable  and  Cast 

Iron  Pipe  Fittings  of  all  kinds.  RAILROAD     Brake  Shoes,  Smoke  Jacks,  fee. 

Catalogues   furnished   on   application   to    those   interested 

Plant  occupies   20   acres  of   land  on   C.   6=   N.   W.    Ry.  tracks   at   junction   of  Diversey   Boulevard 


D.   C.   &  WM.   B.   JACKSON 

ENGINEERS,  EXPERTS 

CHICAGO  BOSTON 

Commercial  National  Bank  Building  84  State  Street,  India  Building 

MEMBERS— American  Institute  of  Electrical  Engineers 
American  Society  of  Mechanical  Engineers 
American  Society  of  Civil  Engineers 
Western  Society  of  Engineers 
American  Gas  Institute 

Complete  Designs  of  Electric  Light,  Power  and  Railway  Plants,  and  Power 
Transmission  Systems,  with  Supervision  of  Construction:    Steam,  Gas  or  Water  Driven. 

Management  and  Supervision  of  Electric  Light  and  Power  Properties  and  Gas 
Plants. 

Examinations  and  Reports  on  Engineering  Projects  and  on  the  Conditions  Existing 
in  Established  Properties  and  the  Opportunities  for  their  Improvement. 

Referees  and  Arbitrators  in  Matters  Relating  to  Industrial  Enterprises. 
Financial  Reports  on  the  Physical  Value  and  the  Earning  Capacity  of  Industrial 
Enterprises,  for  Bankers  and  Underwriters. 


162B 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


WHEN      YOU      BUILD 

Safety  and  ultinuiti.'  economy  require  that  you  build  fireproof.  To  carry  fireproof  construction  to  its  logical  conclusion,  it  is  necessary 
to  have  a  fireproof  roof. 

For  this  we  would  recommend  our  MARGARET  Old  Style  Roofing  Plate.  This  plate  is  made  by  the  Palm  Oil  Process  from 
perfect,  carefully  amiealed  black  plate,  coated  wilb  pure-  tin  and  new  lead.  Carries  a  40  pound  coating,  and  as  a  protection  to  you 
this  plate  is  stamped  with  brand,  gauge  and  weiRlu  :  tints  insuring  a  positive  guarantee  of  genuineness  and  worth.  To  manufacture 
this  plate  requires  fifteen  different  operatioTis  from  the  black  plate  to  the  finished  product,  which  gives  assurance  of  cxclusiveness 
that  prevents  duplication.     It  is  perfectly  mottled  and  uniforndy  coated,  and  is  equal,  if  not  superior,  to  any  plate  on  the  market  today. 

Metal  Ceilings  and  Side  Walls  is  another  of  our  products  which  are  conducive  to  fireproof  building.  The  surpassing  beauty  of 
our  designs  is  one  of  their  most  prominent  features — designs  representing  the  cleverest  handiwork  of  artists.  These  together  with  an 
extensive  array  affords  an  appropriate  choice  for  the  most  exacting  need.  Our  luiameled  Ceilings  can  be  furnished  in  any  design 
made  by  us  and  in  any  ct)lor  arrangement.  Colors  arc  burnt  on:  the  gold  decoration  will  not  tarnish  and  colors  will  not  fade.  This 
unique  character  is  exclusively  confined  to  Metal  Ceilings  of  our  manufacture. 

Kindred  lines  of  Sheet  Metals  for  fireproof  construction  are  distinctively  described  in  our  catalogue,  and  we  would  emphasize 
the  wisdom  of  iinesli.e.itinu. 

Wheeling  Corrugating  Co.,  168-172  North  Clinton  Street,  Chicago,  111. 


C.   A.   CARLSON 


TELEPHONE   MONROE  3612 


JOHN  BJORN 


Chicago  Iron  CS,  Steel  Works 


Machinery  Forgings 

Pipe  Hangers  and  Clamps 

Tools  and  Tool  Dressing 

Sheeting  Caps 

Truss  Iron  and  Bolts 


IRON    \VORK    FOR    BUILDINGS 

AND 

GENERAL     BLACKSMITHING 


Beams,  Channels,  Girders 

Lintels,  Iron  Stairs 

W/indow  Guards 

Store  Fronts 

Stirrups  and  Anchors 


733    Fulton    Street,    Chicago 


Featherstone  Foundry  &  Machine  Co. 

836  North   Halsted  Street 

Chicago 


PLANTS: 

836  No.  Halsted  Street,  Chicago 

95th  and  Cottage  Grove  Avenue,  Chicago 

Melrose  Park,  Illinois 


GREY  IRON  CASTINGS 
OF  ALL  KINDS 

RAILROAD  AND  SEWER  CASTINGS 

A  SPECIALTY 


F.  P.  Smith  Wire  and  Iron  Works 

Office  and  Warehouse:    100-102  Lake  Street,  Chicago,  111. 

Foundry  and  Shop:  Chester  Street,  Ciybourn  and  Fullerton  Avenues 

Ornamental  Iron  and  Bronze  Work;  Iron,  Bronze  and  Brass  Founders,  Spiral  Columns 
and  Steel  for  Concrete  Re-enforcement. 

Dniunrti  and  Manutacluci-n  ol 
An  M.-lal  Wotk.  Iron  Fcocn.  Elevator  Encloiuro  and  Cabs,  Balcony  Railmm.  Iron  Column!  and  Slair<.  Jall>.  Guards,  Bank  Inlcrlors,  Flrt-  Escape.  Shutlers 
and  Doors.  Slabl.-  Fillings,  Cr«tln>s  and  V.nr..  Wire  Cloth.  Brass  andElrctro-Plated  Work.  Melal    Lockers.  Etc. 


Catalogue  on  Application 


Sand  Blasting 


i(.3n 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


North  Works  and  General  Offices 

349  to  359  West  Illinois  Street 

Telephone  Main  1584 


South  Works 

96th  Street  and  River 

Telephone  South  Chicago  654 


JOSEPH  MOHR,  President  ALBERT  MOHR,  Vice-President  LOUIS  MOHR,  Secretary 

EDWARD  MOHR,  Asst.  Secretary  WM.  J.  MOHR,  Treasurer 

JOHN  MOHR  &  SONS 

Engineers,  Designers  and  Machinists 

for 

Steel  Plate  and  Structural  Work 

of  Every  Description 


Boilers 

of  All  Kinds 

of  Highest  Grade 
and 

Efficiency 


Blast  Furnaces 
Hot  Stoves 
Conventers 
Cupolas 


Sterilizers,  etc. 


SOUTH  WORKS 


In  fact,  Anything  and  Everything  made  of  Light  and  Heavy 
Steel  Plate  or  Structural  Material 


164B 


A      HALF     CENTURY      OF    CHICAGO      BUILDING 


METAL 
WINDOWS 


OF  ALL   KINDS   AND 
FOR     ALL     USES 


Tested  and  Approved  by  Underwriters'  Laboratories 


Voigtmann  &  Company 

445-459  East  Erie  Street 

Chicago 


SEND     FOR     CATALOGUE 


165B 


A     HALF     CENTURY      OF    CHICAGO      BUILDING 


J.  C.  McFARLAND  &  CO. 

FIREPROOF  MET^L    IVINDOIVS 

Double  Hung  and  Pivoted 
Accepted  by  the  Underwriters 


SKYLIGHTS  — SHEET   METAL   WORK 

TILE,    SLATE     AND     COMPOSITION 
ROOFING 

Repairs  of  All  Kinds  Our  Specialty 


ART    METAL     DOORS     AND      TRIM 

Enamel  Fi?iish,  Imitating  Any  Wood 

Contracts     Taken     Anywhere 


27th   street  and   5th   AVENUE 
CHICAGO,  ILL. 


213-215   EAST  44th  STREET 
NEW  YORK,  N.Y. 


JOHN  A.  KNISELY 


RICHARD  W.  KNISELY 


CHAS.  T.  KNISELY 


KNISELYBROS.  ™- 

MANUFACTURERS  OF 

Automatic  Iron  and  Copper  Window  Frames 
and  Sashes  for  Wire  Glass 

APPROVED  AND  ACCEPTED  BY  THE  FIRE  INSURANCE  UNDERWRITERS 

Slate,  Tin,  Tile  and  Currugated  Iron  Roofing 
Metal  Cornices  and  Skylights 


Telephones  Calumet  1266  and  1267 


Fifth  Avenue  and  28th  Place 


CHICAGO 


Knisely  Brothers,  28th  Place  and  Fifth  Ave.,  manufacturers  of  Fireproof  Windows,  Hollow  Metal  and  Wood  Core  Doors,  all  of 
which  have  been  tested  and  approved  by  the  Underwriters  Laboratories.  Each  and  every  window  and  door  being  inspected  by  the 
laboratory  and  bears  their  label  before  leaving  our  factory.  These  windows  are  glazed  with  wire  glass,  either  ribbed  or  polished,  as 
may  suit  the  owner.  We  are  prepared  to  install  our  windows  and  doors  any  place  in  this  country,  or  we  can  furnish  these  materials 
F.  O.  B.  any  city  or  town  and  same  can  be  installed  by  local  mechanics. 

Our  factory,  situated  at  28th  Place  and  Fifth  Ave.,  covers  almost  an  entire  block,  is  equipped  with  the  latest  modern  machinery, 
facilitating  this  work,  at  all  times. 

We  will  gladly  furnish  estimates  to  any  part  of  the  country.  Plans  may  be  forwarded  and  we  will  return  same  promptly. 
Catalogues  will  be  furnished  on  application. 


166B 


A     HALF     CENTURY      OF    CHICAGO      BUILDING 


We 

Hawley  Down  Draft  Furnace  Co. 


PARIS 
NAPLES 


CHICAGO 


NEW    YORK 
LONDON 


The  Down  Draft  System  of  ^^  Smokeless  Combustion'' 


Established  20  Years 


Over 

8000 


in  use 


Adopted  by 
Government 


s=w:*jMj.js»-*^c»^*sa?*'5ra»  »i  :-.:::r:ro;-'i^ 


Can  be 
Attached  to 
Any  Make 
or  Size  of 
Boiler 


Catalog 
and 
Specifica- 
tions upon 
request 


io7i; 


A     HALF     CENTURY      OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


Otis  Elevator  Company 

Builders    of    All    Types    of    Elevators 


Otis  Traction  Elevator 


Otis  Traction 
Elevator 


is  the  highest  development  of  elevator  apparatus 
known  at  the  present  time.  This  type  of  elevator  is 
being  successfully  operated  in  the  two  highest  build- 
ings of  the  ^NOxXA— Metropolitan  Life  and  Singer  Towers 
of  New  York  City.  Also  in  the  Majestic^  Cook  County 
Court  House^  Peoples  Gas,  City  Mall,  Republic  and 
Blackstone  Hotel  Buildings  2ind  will  be  installed  in  the 
Motel  Sherman  and  the  Kesner  Building  of  Chicago. 


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168B 


A      HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


Otis  Elevator  Company 

Builders    of    All    Types    of    Elevators 


Hand  Power  Elevators 

for  use  in  stables,  warehouses,  mills  and  factories;  also  for 
private  houses  as  trunk  lifts;  in  hospitals  for  invalids,  etc. 
Can  be  installed  at  a  low  cost  of  5?>1()0.00  upwards. 

Automatic  Push  Button  Control  Elevators 

make  the  private  house  complete,  operating  with  the  greatest 
ease,  and  can  be  operated  either  b}^  the  youngest  or  the  oldest 
in  the  household. 

Hydraulic  Elevators 

of  all  types  for  passenger  and  freight  service. 

>line  and  Furnace  Hoists 

using  both  electricity  and  steam. 

Safeties 

The  safeties  on  all  our  elevators  are  of  the  highest  improved 
type,  the  result  of  over  half  a  century  of  successful  elevator 
manufacturing. 


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Ib'JU 


A     HALF     CENTURY      OF    CHICAGO      BUILDING 


Art  Metal  Construction  Co. 

Fine  Metallic  Furniture 

FOR 

Banks,  Trust  and  Insurance  Companies,  Public  Buildings,  etc. 
JAMESTOWN,  N.  Y. 


Established  0000 


NEW  YORK,  349  Broadway 
CHICAGO.  Merchants  Loan  and  Trust  Bldg. 
BOSTON,  Tremont  Bldg. 
PHILADELPHIA,  Witherspoon  Bldg. 


BALTIMORE.  Equitable  Bldg. 
SAN  FRANCISCO.  Flood  Bldg. 

CINCINNATI.  Union  Trust   Bldg. 


ATLANTA,  Candler  Bldg. 
DENVER.  Jacobson  Bldg. 
CLEVELAND.  Williamson  Bldg. 
WASHINGTON.  1433  H  St.  N.  W. 


Card  Index  Files. 

Roller  Book  Shelves. 

Legal  Blank  Cases. 

Check  Files. 

Safety  Deposit  Boxes. 

Bank  Equipments,  Counters,  etc. 

Postal  Bag  Racks. 

Metal  Doors  and  Window  Frames. 


PRODUCTS  Manufacturers  of  High  Grade  Steel  Devices,  viz. : 

Vertical  Letter  Files. 
Document  and  Letter  Files. 
Pigeon  Holes  and  Drawers. 
Vault  Omnibuses. 
Deposit  Ticket  Files. 
Library  Shelving. 
Desks  and  Tables. 
Also — Bronze  Doors,  Grille,  Castings,  etc. 

DESCRIPTION  The  material  employed  in  these  productions  is  fine  steel  plates  especially  rolled  for  the 

purpose,  without  scale  or  buckle  and  are  double  annealed  and  pickled.   The  finishes  are  fine 
baked  enamels  in  various  colors  or  imitations  of  woods. 

SERVICE  ^Ve  are  prepared  to  furnish  catalogues  and  information  as  to  our  product.     Will   send 

representative  to  confer  with  you  at  any  time  and  lay  out  your  work,  furnishing  plans  and 
specifications. 

FACILITIES  This  Company  has  the  largest  and  most  complete  plant  in  the  world  for  the  exclusive 

manufacture  of  this  product.     Occupies  six  acres  floor  space  and  employs   1,200  mechanics. 

ADVANTAGES  Steel  Furniture  is  practically  indestructible:  is  not  afifected  by  moisture  or  changes  in 

temperature ;  is  sanitary  and  cleanly,  and  protects  its  contents  from  fire. 

ESTIMATES  This  Company  will  be  glad  to  furnish  estimates  on  any  work  in  this  line  which  you  may 

require  and  solicits  inquiries. 

GENERx\L  On  bronze  work  we  are  prepared  to  give  special  attention,    \\e  make  our  own  models 

INFOR]\IATIOX      and  patterns,  and  have  our  own  foundrv,  thereby  getting  the  very  best  results.     Architects' 
details  are  followed  exactly. 

Our  Metal   Doors  are  not  excelled.     They  have  passed  the  National   Board  of  Under- 
writers' tests. 

On   Bank  equipments  we  furnish  complete  marble,  bronze  and  metal  equipment. 


170B 


A     HALF     CENTURY      OF    CHICAGO      BUILDING 


,  I^.  HKDUKKG.  1*1 


K.  HKRliUL,l>.  Sec.  axuI'hsam. 


(flljtrago  Mttal  lipatl^fr  i-trtp  (Ha. 


(irs'tJOKI'OKATKIl) 


ICsTABi.iSi]i!:i>   1}»0:j 


HoMB  Opfiob  and  Faotohv 
K517    NORTH    TROY    STREET 


Tkl.e;i"hon-b   Ilf.MBOLnT  371! 


CHICAGO 


PRODl'CTS 

DESCRIPTION 

SHR\'ICE 
ADVANTAGES 


GENERAL 
INFORMATION 


We  manufacture  and  install  various  patterns  of  Metal  Weather  Strips  adapt- 
able to  all  styles  of  windows  and  doors. 

In  the  Chicago  Metal  Weather  Strips  we  employ  the  best  metal,  namely, 
spring-tempered  copper  and  zinc. 

Perfect  window  slides,  draft  and  dust  shiekls. 

Their  installation  is  permanent,  combining  comfort,  cleanliness  and  conven- 
ience.    No  storm  windows  required. 

They  are  mechanically  correct.     The  installation  of  thousands  of  windows 
during  the  past  years  has  proved  them  to  be  absolutely  perfect  and  durable. 


Northwestern  Yeast  Co. 


"•^*u^ 


General  Offices      ::       1750  North  Ashland  Avenue      ::      Chicago,  111. 
Manufacturers  of  Yeast  Foam  and  Magic  Yeast 

brands  well  known  to  the  makers  of  good  Hrcad.      Kacli  liraml  sills  to  tlu-  lonsunur  for  five  cents  per  package,  each  packiige 

containing  enoiifjli  for  thirty  loaves  of  hrcad. 

Yeast  Foam  and  Magic  Yeast 

are  sold  through  the  retail  grocer,  and  every  package  is  guaranteed  to  the  consumer   In    the   makers.     This  yeast  produces  a 
loaf  of  bread  ivith  the  sweet  nutty  flavor  so  desirable     bread  that  keeps  fresh  and  moist.    The  old-fashioned  kind  seldom  eijualcd. 

Free  Samplej  and  Recipe  Booklets  may  be  had  on  ajiplication. 


1711; 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


P.   Albert   Poppenhusen.   pres.  Joseph    Harrington,   secy  Herman   A.    Poppen  husen.  treas. 


MANUFACTURERS 


N  Chain 
Grate  Stokers 


General  Founders 

AND 


GREEN    CHAIN  Gi„mmrrrial  Natlnnallauk  SuUinm  MACHINISTS 


ail|trag0.  3IU. 


Years  ago  Chicago  deserved  its  title  "The  Dirty  City." 

Why?    It  was  smoke  enveloped. 

Our  cheapest  fuel — from  the  Illinois  coal  bed — rich  in  the  smoke  produc- 
ing element — volatile — was  extensively  and  carelessly  burned. 

A  belchmg  stack  then  popularly  mdicated  prosperity  and  a  busy  power 
plant. 

Now  steam  plant  owners  agree  that  such  condition  indicates  waste,  poor 
boiler  economy,  excessive  coal  bills,  and  a  dirty  city.  Engineers  have  learned 
that  properly  designed  furnaces  and  mechanical  stokers  are  not  only  necessary 
for  smokeless  combustion,  meaning  a  cleaner  Chicago,  but  also  result  in  greater 
economy. 

The  Green  Engineering  Co.  have  equipped  100  plants  in  the  city  of 
Chicago  with  Green  Chain  Grate  Stokers,  representing  a  horse  power  of 
1 50,000.     All  of  these  plants  operate  smokelessly  and  economically. 

These  facts  should  be  realized  and  acted  upon  by  the  public,  then  Chicago 
will  rid  itself  of  its  unpleasant  nick-name. 

Have  you,  as  a  steam  plant  owner,  grasped  the  opportunity  to  investigate 
the  improvements  that  could  be  made  in  your  boiler  room  or  taken  advantage 
of  service  offered  by  the  Green  Engineering  Company  to  effect  economies  in 
the  production  of  steam  and  abatement  of  smoke?  Our  experience  and  talent 
is  at  your  disposal. 

GREEN  ENGINEERING  COMPANY, 

115  Adams  St.,  Chicago,  111. 


172B 


A      HALF     CENTURY      OF    CHICAGO      BUILDING 


CHAMBERLIN   METAL   WEATHER   STRIP  CO. 

ALL-METAL   EQUIPMENT    FOR    WINDOWS   AND    DOORS 

Chamberlin  Leakage  Stop  System 

570  Old  Colony  Building 
CHICAGO,  ILL. 


Main  Factory:    DETKOIT.  MICH. 
Offico  all  large  cities 


i 


Mi'ftine  rail  equipmfnt 


s  Ch:imb<-rlin  Corrunat-d  Strij: 

relation  to  (rroovc  in  sash,  wii 

plane  strip  at  th<-  bottom 


PRODUCTS 
DESCRIPTION 

SERVICE 

FACILITIES 

AND 

i:gUIPMEXT 

ADX'AXTAGES 


ESTIMATES 


GENERAL 

IXFORNLVnON 


Manufacturers  and  Installers  of  All  Metal  Weather  Strips. 

( )ur  improved  method  of  All  Metal  Equipment  that  absolutely  stops  the  leakage  where 
l)laced  around  windows  and  doors  and  assures  ease  in  the  operation  of  them. 

We  are  especially  prepared  for  furnishing  work  on  large  buildings,  such  as  Schools, 
Hospitals,   Hotels  and  Office  Buildings,  as  well  as  fine  residences  and  other  buildings. 

The  Chamberlin  plant  at  Detroit  is  supplied  with  all  modern  conveniences  and  equipped 
with  special  machinery  for  the  manufacture  of  our  product,  for  which  Chicago  and  vicinity 
is  one  of  its  greatest  sources  of  distribution  and  where  we  keep  a  large  stock  on  hand  at  all 
times  for  distribution  and  installation  in  this  part  of  the  Central  West. 

It  is  much  more  than  an  ordinary  weather  strip,  being  constructed  entirely  of  a  non- 
rustable  metal  of  sufficient  strength  for  the  greatest  durability,  and  will  last  as  long  as  the 
building  on  which  it  is  placed. 

It  stops  the  drafts  on  all  windows  and  doors  where  placed  and  assures  their  easy  opera- 
tion, assuring  a  saving  of  from  15  to  40%  in  fuel  bills  and  enables  control  of  ventilation. 

It  also  shuts  out  noise,  dirt  and  soot,  strengthens  the  sash  and  stops  the  rattling  of  windows. 

It  can  be  applied  to  all  kinds  of  windows  and  doors,  old  or  new.  but  if  provided  for 
before  the  heating  plant  is  installed  we  guarantee  enough  can  be  sa\ed  in  that  from  what  is 
usually  figured  to  pay  the  first  cost  of  our  equipment. 

We  will  gladly  furnish  estimates  for  the  installatii>M  of  our  equipment  u|)on  applica- 
tion at  our  Chicago  office. 

Our  improved  strip  is  protected  by  United  .States  and  foreign  patents  and  can  be  ob- 
tained only   through   this  and  our  branch   offies  rejjresenting  our  ])ro(luct  exclusively. 


173B 


A     HALF     CENTURY      OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


DAHLSTROM  METALLIC  DOOR  COMPANY 

Manufacturers  of  ifie 

"Dahlstrom"  Patent  Sheet-Metal  Doors,  Trim,  and  Accessories 
JAMESTOWN.  N.  Y. 

Branch  Offices: 
NEW  YORK.  N.  Y..  299  Broadway 
CHICAGO.  ILL..  542-543  Monadnock  BIk.  PHILADELPHIA.  PA..  Real  Estate  Trust  BIdg. 

SAN  FRANCISCO.  GAL..  255  California  Si.  ST.  LOUIS.  MO..  National  Bank  of  Co 


PRODUCTS  We  are  the  originators  of  Hollow  Metal  Doors,  Electrical  Cabinets  and  Cut  Out  Boxes, 

Partitions,  Wardrobes,  and  complete  trim  including  Picture  and  Wire  Moulding,  Capping, 
Chair  Railing  and  Cold  Drawn  Moulding  for  all  purposes  in  Steel,  Brass  and  Bronze. 
DESCRIPTION  Our  patents  cover  broadly  the  most  desirable  features  arid  insure  simplicity  of  construc- 

tion, producing  absolute  rigidity  without  excessive  weight.  Our  welded  joints  and  sealed 
double  lock  seams  make  the  connections  invisible,  adding  beauty  and  strength  to  the  unsur- 
passed fireproof  qualities  of  our  doors.  The  corners  of  our  casings  are  mitered  and  welded. 
The  side  and  head  jambs  are  shipped  knocked  down  to  provide  for  adjustment  in  the  rough 
openings  in  the  building. 

Xo  wood  is  used  but  we  fit  all  hardware  and  provide  proper  reinforcements  of  steel  for 
same.    Any  kind  of  hardware  desired  is  therefore  permissible.    Templates  of  hardware  must 
be  at  our  factory  by  the  time  actual  work  on  the   doors   is   commenced.     Time   and   expense 
will  be  saved  to  order  all  hardware  interchangeable  and  packed  with  machine  screws. 
,  ■  Corrosion  is  guarded  against  by  a  thorough  cleaning  of  the  steel  and  careful  application 

of  metallic-  paint  on  inside  and  outside. 

Metallic  ring  is  prevented  by  use  of  felt  and  cork  cushions.  The  wearing  quality  of  our 
finish  is  enhanced  by  our  baking  method  and  the  use  of  only  the  best  grades  of  material 
applied  by  hand. 

We  undertake  to  faithfully  reproduce  any  color,  wood  or  metal  finish. 

We  maintain  a  large  force  of  expert  tool  makers  in  order  to  meet  demands  for  spe- 
cially designed  shapes,  but  we  are  constantly  adding  to  our  stock  designs  (catalogue  of  which 
we  shall  be  pleased  to  send  on  application),  which  are  available  for  immediate  use. 

Our  cold  drawn  steel  mouldings  are  for  many  purposes  rapidly  replacing  the  imported 
heavy-hot  rolled  sections  heretofore  so  extensively  used  by  Ornamental  Iron  Works  in 
stairs,  store  and  elevator  front  work,  etc.,  and  every  Architect  should  make  sure  to  have 
one  of  our  catalogues  for  ready  reference.  These  mouldings  are  furnished  to  the  trade  in 
lengths  to  suit. 

The  National  Board  of  Fire  Underwriters  have  tested  and  approved  our  doors  and  their 
labels  of  inspection  are  furnished  when  desired.  They  also  have  the  approval  of  the  De- 
partment of  Buildings  of  large  cities. 

Besides  meeting  a  practical  purpose  by  being  fireproof,  their  artistic  and  superlative 
finish  make  our  products  available  for  the  highest  classes  of  btiildings  and  give  tone  to  the 
buildings  where  used  as  well  as  sense  of  security  to  hotel  guests.  Apartments  and  offices 
rent  quicker,  and  the  material  being  finished  before  shipped  from  the  factory,  the  annoyance 
caused  and  time  lost  by  having  the  trim  painted  after  erection  is  obviated. 

The  finish  on  our  material  is  practically  indestructible,  and  our  doors  do  not  swell  or 
warp,  therefore  the  expense  of  these  items  is  entirely  eliminated,  making  a  great  saving  in 
the  maintenance  of  any  building. 

Our  doors  absolutely  prevent  the  spread  of  fire,  therefore  a  great  saving  in  insurance  is 
made  possible. 
1' KCILITIES  Our    new    factory    additions    give    us    floor   space  of   over  one-eighth  of   a   million   square 

feet.     Our  equipment  includes  special  machinery,  designed  and  built  especially  for  Hollow- 
Metal  Door  work,  and  a  well  equipped  tool  room,  making  our  facilities  for  prompt  execution 
of  orders  unsurpassed. 
SERVICE  To  us  it  is  a  pleasure  to  co-operate  with  Architects,  and  we  will  adapt  any  rough  sketch 

or  suggestions  to  our  construction  and  submit  adequate  drawings  for  approval. 

We  particularlv  invite  communications  regarding  estimates  in  all  branches  of  our  work. 
Catalogue  sent  upon  request. 
PRICES  To  quote  intelligently  we  should  be  informed    of    styles    of   doors,    sizes    of   openings, 

thickness  and  nature  of  wall  and  whether  openings  are  to  be  trimmed  on  both  sides.  Estimates, 
designs  and  further  information  submitted  on  application. 

Contracts  solicited  for  F.  O.  B.  factory  shipments    as    well    as    for   the    work    installed 
anywhere. 
GUARANTEE  The  Dahlstrom  Metallic  Door  Company  guarantees  that  all  materials  and  workmanship 

used  in  the  manufacture  of  their  products  are  of  the  very  best  quality  and  that  the  work 
thev  install  will  give  satisfaction. 


MOULDINGS 


OFFICIALS 
ENDORSEMENT 

ADVANTAGES 


174B 


A      HALF     CENTURY      OF    CHICAGO      BUILDING 


THE  S.  H.  HARRIS  CO 

736-738  Pearce  Street 


Manufacturers  of 


Special  Safes,  Vault  Doors  and  Linings, 
Fireproof  Doors  for  Division  Walls, 
Stairways,  Elevator  Shafts,  etc.  Steel 
and  Asbestos  Theatre  Curtains. 


We  are  prepared  to  furnish  expen  ad\ice  as  to  proposed  equipments,  with  blueprints 
and  estimates.  A  specialty  is  made  of  furnishing  and  instaliino;  equipments  anywhere 
in  the  United  States  to  comply  with  buildinc  ordinances  and  Underwriters'  re<|uireiiients. 


175B 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


Xhoivias    Elevator   Coivif^aimy 


Telephone  West  391 


Manufacturers  of 


Building  Material  Elevators 

20-22    So.  Hoyne    Avenue 

Chicago,  Illinois 


Patent  Double  Dr< 


PRODUCTS  Electric  Hoisting-  Machinery. 

DESCRIPTION  The   products  of  the   Thomas   Elevator   Company   represent   the   latest   and 

most  improved  Electric  Building  Material  Hoists  for  contractors'  use.  The 
Thomas  Silent  Chain  Drive  Double  Drum  Electric  Iron  Hoist  is  in  use  in 
every  large  city  in  the  United  States,  and  represents  the  most  improved  type 
of  hoisting  machinery  yet  devised. 

ADVANTAGES  Electric  Hoists  are  capable  of  doing  an}'  work  that  can  be  done  by  steam, 

and  have  the  important  advantages  of  cleanliness,  noiselessness  and  absolute 
lack  of  vibration. 

FACILITIES  The  Thomas  Elevator  Company  is  the  only  company  in  the  market  making 

a  specialty  of  electric  hoisting  machinery  for  contractors'  use.  This  company 
was  the  first  in  the  field  in  this  line  and  claims  more  experience  in  this  work 
than  any  other  company. 


176B 


A     HALF     CENTURY      OF    CHICAGO      BUILDING 


Variety  Manufacturing  Company 


Sacramento  and  Carroll  Avenues 


CHICAGO,  ILLINOIS 


Tin  Clad 
Underwriters  Fire  Door 


Showing  standard  Underwriters  Tin  Clad  Sliding  Fire  Wall 
Door,  built  of  three  thicknesses  ^k  "6  inch  dressed  and  matched 
white  pine,  tinned  according  to  Underwriters'  specifications.  We 
guarantee  this  door  to  be  acceptable  to  the  Underwriters  anywhere 
in  the  country.  We  sell  the  hardware  only,  or  both  door  and 
hardware,  (.  o.  b.  Chicago,  or  we  will  take  contracts  to  erect. 


Standard 
Double  Swing  Iron  Door 


Showing  Standard  Swinging  Steel  Fire  Wall  Doors  hung  on  angle 
frames.  We  guarantee  these  doors  to  be  acceptable  to  the  Underwriters 
anywhere  in  the  country,  and  sell  them  either  f.  o.  b.  Chicago,  or  take 
contracts  to  erect  complete  in  place. 


Manufacturers  of 

Rolling  Steel  Doors 

Cross  Horizontal  Folding  Doors 

Cross  Counter-balanced  Freight  Elevator  Doors 

Approved  Iron  and  Tin  Clad  Fireproof  Doors 

Cross  Compound  Slide-up  Doors 

Phone  West  23  Stccl  Window  Shutters 


17711 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


Elevator  Supply  £y  Repair 

Company 

New  York  Chicago  San  Francisco 

Electric  Signals  for 
Passenger  Elevators 

Mechanical  Floor  Indicators  for  Elevators 

Automatic  Freight  Elevator  Doors 

Fireproof  Steel  Safety  Curtains  and  Other  Apparatus  for  Theatres 

Expressmen  Call  System  for  Office  and  Loft  Buildings 

Ornamental  Iron  and  Bronze  Castings 


We  carry  on  a  general  engineering  business  and  are  prepared  to  execute  orders  for  and  develop 

special  mechanical  and  electrical  apparatus.     We  execute  complete  from  Architects' 

drawings  ornamental  bronze  or  iron  castings.     Having  a  thoroughly 

equipped  plant,  including  machine  shops,  iron  and  bronze 

foundries,  pattern  shop  and   plating   plant, 

we  are  enabled  to  guarantee 

high-class  work 


ESTIMATES      PROMPTLY      FURNISHED 


178B 


HALF     CENTURY      OF    CHICAGO      BUILDING 


Main  Stair.  Amarlcan  Trust  and  Savlnes  Bank.  Chlcaeo 


ORNAMENTAL 
IRON  &  BRONZE 


STAIRS,  RAILINGS,  GATES 
ELEVATOR  ENCLOSURES 
COUNTER  SCREENS 

MEMORIAL  TABLETS 
MAUSOLEUM  WORK 

LAMP  STANDARDS,  Etc. 


The   Winslow   Bros.   Company 

New  York        h  «|   '^^  Chicago  San  Francisco 


" yfsencies     m     All     Principal     Cities     of     United     States 


LOUIS  VIERLING.  Prw.  and  Trt...  C.  J.   VIERLING.  Vi«-Prrj.  ^^ 

NORMAN  SPEIGHT.  S.cy  '^^^. 

CALU  MET   36A 


yierliii$aM(I)o>^^ll&:((). 

Struotural  and  Oriiaiiiental 

IroiiaiKiSloc!!. 

^         O/'fice^  and  fVor/cs:  t^rd  St.  (^  Stewart  Ave. 

Cluca<>o. 


Established  in  1882,  since  which  time  steady  progress  has  been  the  means 
of  assisting  very  largely  in  the  construction  of  many  prominent  public,  mer- 
cantile and  office  buildings,  both  here  and  in  numerous  other  cities  throughout 
the  West  and  Northwest. 

Have  recently  erected  new  buildings  specially  equipped  with  the  latest 
improved  machinery,  including  two  sixty  feet  electric  travelers,  and  we  are 
now  fabricating  the  structural  iron  and  steel  for  several  large  buildings,  includ- 
ing that  of  the  Crane  Company,  being  constructed  at  Canal  and  1  5th  Streets, 
this  city;  also  for  all  the  buildings  of  the  Corn  Products  Refining  Company, 
located  at  Argo,  111.     Catalogue  on  application. 


I7'ji; 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


STEAM  &  WATER    Sewage  Pumps 
HEATING  Bilge  Pumps 
Cellar  Drainers 


Automatic  Electric 
WATER    SYSTEM 


MECHANICAL 
VENTILATION 

ACME  AIR-WASHERS 
COOLING  OF  BUILDINGS 


Hot  Air  Pumps  COMPLETE 

Electric  Pumps     POWER  PLANTS 


Manufactured  and  Installed  by 


THOMAS  &  SMITH,  Inc. 


116-118  NORTH  CARPENTER  STREET  CHICAGO,  ILL.  Sewage  and  Bilge  Pump 

Telephone  Monroe  5941 


(PATENTED) 


Cyclone  Blow  Pipe  Co. 

Improved  Cyclone  Dust  Collectors 
Automatic  Furnace  Feeders 
Steel  Plate  Exhaust  Fans  and 
Galvanized  Steel  Exhaust 
and  Blow  Pipe  Systems 

Our  Specialty:  SLOW  SPEED  LOW  POWER  SYSTEMS 

Complete  Systems  designed,  manufactured,  installed  and  guaranteed. 
Old  systems  remodeled  on  modern  lines  on  most  economical  plans. 
Supplementary  systems  added  where  present  systems  are  outgrown. 
Defective  systems  corrected   and   put  in   proper   working   order. 

541  to  553  West  Jackson  Boulevard,  CHICAGO,  ILL. 


180B 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


The  Strauss  Self  Balancing  Window 

ill  various  positions  of  openings 


Made  in  Steel  or  Wood.  No  chains,  weights,  pulleys  or  springs.  Tight  without  weather  strips. 

Requires  no  attention  after  installation.  Always  easily  and  quickly  operated. 

Permanent.  The  most  perfect  fresh  air  device  in  the  w^orld.  Cheap  because  best. 

The  Strauss  Self  Balancing  Window  Co. 

902   Fort  Dearborn  Building Chicago,  Illinois 


Wm.  Horn  Structural  Iron  Works 

336  to  346  North  Leavitt  Street,  Chicago 

Telephone  West  1018 


Beams 
Channels 
Angles 
Tees  and  Zees 


-           *           »     ! 

Rff^wl 

Lutting 

■      ^Bj|^Kj|Ui>K>Sr'^K:^H 

Punching 

^K. 

Riveting 

1K^^^^^^^^^ 

Erecting 

Truss  and  Girder  Work 


Horn's  Ceiling  Clip 


181  ii 


A     HALF     CENTURY      OF    CHICAGO      BUILDING 


Steam  Pumps 

for  every  service.  Built  from  the  most  improved  designs, 
of  the  best  materials,  by  expert  workmen.  Save  steam, 
repairs  and  trouble.     Send  for  Catalog  No.  1  242   S.  P. 

Producer  Gets  Engines 

and  Power  Plants  v\tI1  save  one-half  to  two-thirds  of  your 
fuel  bill.  They  take  up  less  space,  are  simpler  than  a 
steam  plant  and  require  only  a  portion  of  the  time  of  one 
man    to    operate.      Send    for   Catalog   No.  1242   E.  P. 

Coal  Handling  Machinery 

and  Coal  Pockets.  We  design  and 
build  complete  plants  equipped  with 
machinery  of  our  ov\ti  manufacture, 
driven  by  steam,  electricity  or  gas 
engines.  Send  for  Catalog  No. 
1242  C.  S. 

Fairbanks  Scales 

Backed  by  a  reputation  for  accuracy  of  nearly  80  years'  standing  and  the  largest  scale 
factory  in  America.  They  \st11  protect  you  against  financial  loss.  Made  in  standard 
patterns  to  meet  every  individual  requirement.     Send  for  Catalog  No.  S.  C.  1242. 

FAIRBANKS,  MORSE  &  CO^  Wabash  Avenue  and  Eldredge  Place,  Chicago,  111. 


Lidgerwood  Electric  and  Steam  Hoists  and  Derricks 

Standard  for  Builders  and  Contractors  of  the  World 
32,000  STEAM  HOISTS  AND  1,600  ELECTRIC  HOISTS  BUILT  BY  LIDGERWOOD 

The  Special  High  Speed 
Electric   Builders '  Hoist, 

shown  at  tfie  left,  lias  all  parts  bal- 
anced to  prevent  \ibration  from 
rapid  running.  Used  in  New  York 
in  building  Singer  Building,  Citv" 
In\esting  Building,  Metropolitan 
Tower,  Fifth  Ave.  Building  and 
many  other  skyscrapers. 

The  Self -Contained,  Direct 
Current  Mast  Hoist,  shown  at 
right,  exclusively  used  in  sinking 
caissons  and  all  foundation  work 
for  Hudson  River  Terminal  Build- 
ings in  New  York.  It  is  the  most 
convenient  and  compact  form  of 
hoist  known. 

Lidgerwood  Steam  and  Electric 
Hoists  extensively  employed  on  all 
large  Chicago  Buildings. 

UDGERWOOD    MANUFACTURING    COMPANY 

96  Liberty  St.,  NEW  YORK  1917  Fisher  Bldg.,  CHICAGO 


HIGH  SPEED 

BUILDERS' 

HOIST 

With    OI 

Without  Solenoid  Brake 

Hoists  1.500  pounds 
.A.  C.  0 

at  700 
rD.  C 

to  1.000  ft.  per 
Curr.-nt  as  d.:-s 

minute, 
ired. 

DOUBLE  DRUM  ELECTRIC  MAST 
HOIST  WITH  BOOM  SWINGING  GEAR 


182B 


A     HALF     CENTURY      OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


//  'hat  the  II  'c stent  Casket  ©^  i  Un- 
dertaking Con/pany  Meatis  to 
the  People  of  Chieaoo  Suburbs 
a  Nil  Nearby  Towns — 

It  Means 

— tliat  a  way  lias  been  opened  to  the  people  to 
escape  the  exorbitant  prices  charged  for  cas- 
kets, furnishings  and  services  which  has  been 
the  unquestioned  custoni  for  many  years  and 
which  still  exists.     ' 

— that  instead  of  being  a  prey  of  the  undertaker 
you  can  select  a  casket  and  service  at  any  price 
you  choose  because  Ci-crytbmg  is  marked  in  plain 
figures. 

— that  a  man  can  buy  a  casket  of  exquisite  rich- 
ness at  $15.00  that  positively  cannot  be  equaled 
for  less  than  $j()  to  $^^o — same  per  cent  of  re- 
ductions on  all  grades,  which  include  many 
rarest  woods,  lined  with  the  finest  silks  and 
satins,  ll'e.  as  manufacturers,  knoxc  the  above 
fii^ures  to  be  correct  and  zi'c  knozc  that  Tcr  un- 
dersell ez'cryone  by  a  zi'ide  margin. 
— that  Chicago  is  the  first  city  in  the  United 
States  to  have  a  large  manufacturer  of  caskets 
see  the  light  and  deal  direct  with  the  people. 
— that  our  prices  will  save  the  people  of  Chi- 
cagi>  53,000.000  yearly,  and  at  the  same  time 
furnishing  a  better  quality  of  caskets  and  ex- 
pert services. 

— a  square  deal  all  around — the  rich  will  not  be 
overcharged — the  poor  will  not  be  taken  ad- 
vantage of — the  fairly  well-to-do  can  buy  within 
their  means. 

— that  we  are  alone  in  that  we  are  not  bound 
by  any  agreement  with  any  association  to  main- 
tain high  prices,  we  manufacture  everything 
in  Chicago  by  Chicago  people. 

We  have  Aere  s^iveri  you  reasons  for  ou?-  loic  prices 
and  hi^h  quality.  Those  who  have  hought  sacred 
service  can  fully  appreciate  what  a  revolution  we 
are  liorkin^i;  in  the  undertaking  business.  Those 
who  have  not  had  any  experience  should  bear 
our  principles  and  purposes  in   mind. 

Western  Casket  &  Undertaking  Co. 

Central  Office:    Cor.  Michigan  Ave.  and  Randolph  St.,  Chicago 

Oppo.,lr  Public    Library 


Urarnh 
521C  .N 
29:3  Vl 
1346  W 
4039  W 
S16-S18 
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Clark    St. 


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\^t  first  ami  only  maoutactnrfrs  of 

asJiris  aod  hiniutiings  dalioi; 

rlirect  with  the  p<ople 

TtUphone  Central  368 

Aba  Ofica  it 
Aaron.  Eltia.  JoliH.  U  Salic 


Branth    Olll.-.-.-i: 
11401    MIchlsan    .\ve. 
3429    Fullerton    Ave. 
1023    .N.    Calirornia   Av 
934    Grand    Ave. 
1003    W.    Polk   St 
1249   N.   Clark   St. 
3  4  62   .«!.    Halsted   St. 
l^'.n    Blue   Island    .\  \  •■ 


The  Heine  Chimney  Co. 

Commercial  National  Bank  Building,  Chicago,  III. 

Engineers  and  Builders 


^^^^^^^^^^^ 

1 

J       ^H 

^  ■ 

~r~-^^^&L"*-*-«^*i%ie^^^- 

Interlocking  Radial  Brick  Chimneys 


Cost  not  greater  than   the  cost  of  old  style 
common   brick   construction 

The  Heine  Chimney  Co.,  Chicago,  111. 


183B 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


HAIVILER    BOILER    &    XAIMK    CO. 

Office  and  Works:  Thirty-ninth  and  Halsted  Sts. 

Telephone  Yards  947 


Ag^itators 
Ammonia  Pans 
Air  Receivers 
Asphalt  Heaters 
All  Steel  Plate  Woi 
Boiler  Pans 
Boiler  Parts 
Boiler  Fronts 
Boilers,  All  Types 


Breeciiings 
Casting^s 
Dryers 

Foundry  Stoves 
Heaters 
Jacket  Kettles 
Locomotive  Cabs 
Purifiers 
Retorts 


Smoke  Stacks 
Smoke  Connect i< 
Steel  Trucks 
Tar  Heaters 
Tip  Buckets 
Vats 

Water  Pipe 
Wheel  Pits 


Ash  Tanks 
Brewery  Tanks 
Coal  Tanks 
Cooler  Tanks 
Cylinder  Tanks 
Drain  Tanks 
Elevator  Tanks 
Fertilizer  Tanks 
Freezing  Tanks 


Gas  Tanks 
Glucose  Tanks 
Grain  Tanks 
Ice  Machine  Tanks 
Lard  Tanks 
Locomotive  Tanks 
Oil  Storage  Tanks 
Oil  Field  Tanks 
Rendering  Tanks 


Roof  Tanks 
Soap  Tanks 
Surge  Tanks 
Sprinkler  Tanks 
Timber  Treating  Tanks 
Tower  Tanks 
Water  Station 
Steel  Cars 
Tank  Cars 


Rolling  Partitions 

Bolh  overhead  and   side   coiling,  for  separating  and  subdividing  rooms. 
Especially  adapted  for  Churches,  Schools  and   Lodge  Halls.     (See  cut.) 

Venetian  Blinds  for  Windows  and  Porches 
Fitting   up   Sleeping  Porches   a   Specialty 

Rolling  Steel  Shutters,  Heavy  Slat  Rolling  Wood  Doors  and  Sliding  Swing  Doors 
for  Railroad  and  Factory  Work 

H.  B.  DODGE  &   CO. 

193  Michigan  Avenue 


No  Stiff 
Legs 

No   Guy 
Lines 


We  manufacture  noth- 
ing but  the  latest  in 
Builders'  Derricks. 


CIRCLE  SWING 

Hand  and  Horse  Power 

Pole  and  Setter  Derricks 

Our  motto  is  :  Satisfaction  or  no  sale. 
If  you  are  interested  in  Builders'  Derricks 
call  on  or  address, 


SASGEN   BROTHERS 


Office  and  Works:  20S3-S7  Racine  Ave.,  CHICAGO.  ILL. 


184B 


A     HALF     CENTURY      OF    CHICAGO      BUILDING 


S      Heath     pres     a    tre/ 


A.     L.WOODBRIDGE      SEC 


MANUFACTURERS    OF 

Ornamental  Iron  and   Bronze 


REFERENCES 


TERRITORY 


QUALITY 


ESTIMATES 


IN    ALL    ITS    BRANCHES 


Any  Icadiin;  architect  in  Chicasro. 


Wc  execute  contracts  in  all  parts  of  the  Unirtd  States  and  Canada 
Our  work  is  of  the  hitrhest  urade  of  workmanship. 
Furnished  upon  request. 


GENERAL    OFFICES    AND    WORKS 

ONTARIO   AND    FRANKLIN    STREETS 

CHICAGO 


TELEPHONE 
DEARBORN    291 


T.  A.  Cummings  Foundry  Co. 

1338-1358  Clybourn  Place,  Chicago 


PHONE     LINCOLN    204e 


Machinery  and  General  Castings 
Manhole   and  Catch   Basin  Curbs   and  Covers 

Covers  for  Telephone  and  Electric  Light  Conduits  for  Cities,  Towns  and  Villages 
Blow-Off  and  Gravel  Basins       Manufacturers  of  the  Chicago  Sleeve  and  Nipple 


Standard  Architectural  Iron  Works 


Manufacturers  of 


Sttuctutal  and  Ornamental  Eton  Work 


Light  and  Heavy  Grey  Iron  Castings 

of  Every  Description 


for  all  kinds  of  buildings 


Our  Foundry  is  well  equipped  for 
General    Foundry    Work 


Office  and  Works:    2300  to  2316  Bloomingdale  Avenue,  Chicago 

Phone  Humboldt  1917 


185B 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


We  made  the  best  billiard  and  pool  tables  in  the  world  when  your 
father  was  a  boy  —  sixty  years  ago  —  and  we  are  still  in  the  lead. 

DON'T  waste  time  and  money  experimenting  with  a  table  and 
equipment  of  inferior  make.     It  will  prove  an  unprofitable  investment. 

The  Brunswick -Balke-Collender  Co. 

263-265  Wabash  Ave.,  Chicago,  III. 


IVlcCpay  RefpiQepatop  Co. 


Main  Office  and  Factory 
151  Lake  Street,  Kendallville,  Ind. 


Manufactur 

The  "McCray"  Refrigerators 


Chicago  Office,  55  Wabash  Ave. 
Telephone  Central  3404 


Agencies  in  All  Principal  Cities 


Refer  to  Telephone  Book  or  City  Directory  for  Address  of  Local  Branch 


PRODUCTS— We  manufacture  the  McCray 
Refrigerators  for  Residences,  Hospitals,  Hotels, 
Restaurants,  Cafes,  Clubs,  Florists  Shops,  Gro- 
ceries, Meat  Markets,  Steamships,  Dining-Cars, 
etc. 

Also  Cold-Storage  Rooms  for  cooling  with  ice 
or  refrigerating  machinery,  and  Mortuary  Re- 
frigerators for  Morgues  and  Hospitals. 

THE  McCRAY  GUARANTEE— We  guar- 
antee every  McCray  Refrigerator  and  Cooling 
Room  to  be  exactly  as  represented.  H  one  of  our 
refrigerators  or  cooling  rooms  is  found  to  be  not 
as  represented,  we  will  gladly  refund  purchase 
price  and  stand  all  freight  charges.  This  guar- 
antee is  binding  on  us  whether  refrigerators  are 
bought  direct  from  us  or  through  one  of  our 
representatives. 

McCRAY  BUILT  TO  ORDER  REFRIGER- 
ATORS— A  special  department  is  maintained  for 
the  planning  and  manufacturing  of  buik-to-order 
refrigerators.  We  have  built  from  our  own 
design  under  architects'  direction  and  have  fur- 
nished refrigerators  for  a  large  number  of  the 
finest    residences,    hotels,    clubs    and    institutions. 

Our  service  in  designing  and  building  refrigerators  for  particular  purposes  and  to  meet 
special  measurement  is  unexcelled.  The  refrigerator  should  be  planned  for  the  house,  as  is  the  plumbing  or  heating  plant.  We  have  a 
corps  of  draftsmen  who  do  nothing  but  plan  built-to-order  refrigerator  work.  On  receipt  of  floor  plans,  we  will  prepare  detailed  plans 
and  specifications  for  the  right  refrigerator,  its  proper  location  and  outside  icing  door,  free  of  all  charge.    It  generally  is  a  distinct  saving 


Fig.  1.    McCray  Refrigerator, 


vith  front  removed 

M.  pure  air 


to  plan  the  refrigerator  before  the  building  is  started 

Write  for  book  "McCray  Refrigerators  in  .American   Homes" 

better  class,   and   tor  any  of  the  following  catalogs  that   interest 

Catalog  No.    ST.    Regular   Size   Refrigerators    for   Residences;    : 
tlons;   No.    72.    for   Flower   Shops. 

Complete  Catalogs  and  prices  furnished  on  request, 


phich   shows  McCray  Built-to-order  Refrigerators 

67.    for    Groceries;    No.    59.    for   Meat    Markets:    N 
r  may  be  seen  by  reference  to  pages  1104-1107  of  the  1910  Sweet's  Index 


4S,    for    Hotels.    Clubs 


186B 


A     HALF     CENTURY      OF    CHICAGO      BUILDING 


Chicago  Office, 

72  Madison  Street 


MAZE     "WIRE    GLASS" 


The  Approved  Fire  Retardant 

Specify 
MISSISSIPPI  WIRE  GLASS 

and  insist  upon  ha\ini;  it. 
The  material  upon  which  the  standard  is  based. 


St.  Louis  Office, 

Main  and  Angelica  Sts. 


POLISHED    "WIRE    GLASS' 


Made  in  four  styles,  namely  :  Rough,  Ribbed,  Maze  and  Polished. 

USE  FOR   SKYLIGHTS,  WINDOWS,  STAIR    AND    ELEVATOR   ENCLOSURES,  DOORS,  TRANSOMS,  PARTI- 
TIONS   AND    IN    FACT    ANY    PLACE    WHERE    FIRE    AND    BREAKAGE    PROTECTION    ARE    REQUIRED. 


Water  Cooling  Plant  in  tlie  Printers'  Building 

Our  handsome  catalog  will  be  sent  to  any  intcrcstcil 
party,  upon  receipt  of  request  mentioning  the  class  of 
service  to  which  the  machine  is  to  he  put. 


The  Creamery  Package  Mfg.  Company 

ice  Machine  Department 

61-67  West  Kinzie  Street  Chicago 


Refrigerating  and  Ice 
lyEaking  lyfachinery 


We  build  refrigerating  and  ice  making  machinery  in  all  capacities 
and  for  every  purpose. 

We  have  been  especially  successful  in  the  equipment  furnished 
hotels,  restaurants,  department  stores,  hospitals,  office  buildings,  though 
our  list  of  users  numbering  upward  of  1.500  includes  practically  every 
service  for  which  refrigeration  is  employed. 

Our  machines  are  of  the  ammonia  compression  type.  They  are 
built  of  highest  grade  material,  properly  proportioned  in  all  parts,  and 
are  most  easily  cared  for. 

We  also  make  a  full  line  of  anniionia  fittings  of  superior  quality. 


Refrigerating  Machine  Tandem-Connected  to  Corliss  Engine  as  installed  in  the  Palmer  House 


187  LI 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


HILGER  &  COMPANY 

FACTORY  OFFICE  TELEPHONES 

2504-2512  South  Robey  St.         237  Michigan  Avenue  Harrison  6307  and  3715 

Canal  3512 

BUILDERS  AND  CONTRACTORS 

ARCHITECTURAL 
WOODWORKERS 

DESIGNERS  and  FURNISHERS 


188B 


A      HALF     CENTURY      OF    CHICAGO      BUILDING 


OPERA  CHAIRS  FURNISHED  BY  AMERICAN  SEATING  COMPANY.  ILLINOIS  THEATRE,  CHICAGO.      U.  H.  .M.^ksihix.  Arctiirccc. 

The  American  Seating  Company,  manufacturers  of  a  varied  line  of  opera  chairs,  church 
furniture,  school  desks,  teachers'  desks,  chairs  and  tables,  recitation  room  chairs,  maps,  globes, 
blackboards  and  school  supplies  of  all  kmds. 

We  are  prepared  to  furnish  stock  designs  promptly  on  receipt  of  order. 

This  Company  has  four  complete  and  modern  plants  equipped  with  the  latest  improved  and 
up-to-date  machinery  and  is  in  a  position  to  execute  contracts  from  the  smallest  to  the  most  stupen- 
dous with  promptness  and  satisfaction. 

Our  factories  are  centrally  located  and  have  unexcelled  facilities  for  shipping  both  by  rail 
and  water. 

This  Company  will  gladly  furnish  estimates  upon  receipt  of  specifications  and  will  submit 
special  or  stock  designs  upon  request. 

Hmerican  Seating  Company 


Salesrooms 


CHICAGO 
NEW  YORK 
BOSTON 
PHILADELPHIA 


Factories 


RACINE,   WIS. 
MANITOWOC,  WIS. 
GRAND  RAPIDS,  MICH. 
BUFFALO.  N.  Y. 


isyj; 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


Establiihed  1873 


J.  DUNFEE  &  CO. 

104  Franklin  St.,  Chicago 

Hardwood  and  Parquetry  Floors 

of   all   Descriptions 

Hard  Wax  Polish  Excelsior  Floor  Finish 

Floor  Finishing  Our  Specialty 

SPECIAL     DISCOUNT    TO     REAL    ESTATE    AGENTS 


It  is  almost  needless  to  mention  the  advantages  of  Hardwood  Floors  over  the  health  destroying, 
moth-breeding  and  uncleanly  carpets  in  the  residence. 

They  have  come  to  be  considered  indispensable  to  the  well-regulated  household,  not  only  in 
homes  of  the  wealthy,  but  where  economy  is  to  be  taken  into  account;  the  cost  of  repeated  renewals  of 
carpet,  which  is  continually  wearing  out,  being  no  small  item  in  the  course  of  a  few  years. 

The  Parquetry  Floors  will  last  for  generations,  and  the  expense  of  keeping  them  polished  is 
probably  less  than  removing  and  cleaning  the  ordinary  carpet. 

Especially  do  physicians  recommend  these  floors  from  a  sanitary  point  of  view. 

Upon  your  request,  we  will  be  pleased  to  send  catalogue. 


THE  FORD  &  JOHNSON  CO. 

PRODUCTS.  Manufacturers   of  CHAIRS   and   FURNITURE   for  Hotels,  Clubs,  Libraries,  Offices,  Court  Houses, 

Museums,  Railroad  Stations,  and  all  classes  of  Public  and  Private  Buildings. 

DESCRIPTION.  This  Company  was  originally  established  over  fifty  years  ago  and  has  grown  from  a  small  plant  at 
Alichigan  City,  Ind.,  into  an  organization  with  a  capital  of  $3,000,000,  owning  and  operating  twelve 
factories  throughout  the  United   States,  devoted  to  the  manufacture  of  chairs  and  furniture. 

SERVICE.  This  Company  has  one  of  the  best  equipped  plants  in  the  country  and  is  fitted  with  the  most  improved 

and  up-to-date  machinery,  and  by  reason  of  its  large  capacity  and  resources,  is  prepared  to  execute 
contracts  for  furnishing  any  kind  of  public  building  in  the  shortest  possible  time. 

ADVANTAGES.  This  Company  has  its  own  force  of  designers  and  draftsmen,  and  special  designs  will  be  furnished 
promptly  upon  application.  In  addition  to  a  large  and  comprehensive  line  of  stock  patterns,  it  has 
unusual  facilities  for  the  manufacture  of  specially  designed  furniture  of  any  Period  st_vle  in  domestic 
or  foreign  woods. 

ESTI]\IATES.        Estimates  furnished  upon  architects'  specifications. 

Henry  Bosch  Company 
Decorative  IVIaterial 

IN 

Paper  Hangings,  Textiles,  Relief 

338  Wabash  Ave.  344 
CHICAGO  NEW  YORK 

Established  1872 


190B 


A     HALF     CENTURY      OF    CHICAGO      BUILDING 


THE  CELEBRATED   LINE  OF 

Karpen  Guaranteed  Upholstered  Furniture 

Recognized  as  The  Standard  everywhere 

For  Sale  by  First  Class  Furniture  Dealers 

Upholstered  furniture  for  e\ery  coiiceixable  use,  in  both   fabric  and  leather  upholstery. 
Kstimates  ir'adly  furnished  on  furniture  to  be  built  for  special  purposes,  either  according 

to  architect's  plans,  or  from  drawings  of  our  own  designers. 
Furniture  for  lodge  rooms  and  public  buildings  of  all  kinds  a  specialty. 


S.  KARPEN   &   BROS. 


CHICAGO 

1S7-188   MichiK;in 


BOSTON 
22-25  Sudbury  St 


NEW  YORK 
ISS-IS"   W     34lh 


The  Sanitary  Seamless  Stone  Blackboard 

FOR  MODERN  SCHOOLS 


Ground  Slate,  Steel  and  Cement,  applied  vvitli  a  tmwel 
on  a  base-coat  of  hard  plaster  makes  a 

Solid  Concrete  Slate  Surface 

without  seam  or  j.>iiit,  l.isls  as   l.m^'  .1?   the   IniiUiinj;,    is 
fire  prL>o(  -    is  not  injured  by  washing  and  is 

THOROUGHLY  CLEAN  AND  SANITARY 
Fifty  thousand  square  fe«t  of  blackboard  furnished  for  Chicago  schools. 

Mil    IT     nVCtil  VV     Manufacturer  and  Sole  Owner 
•  D.Ij.  DIjV/MUjI-i  M  80-82  Wabash  Ave,  Chicago 

School  Furniture  and  Supplies  of  all  kinds. 


iTlo  tiiomuot  ^mi\h 


Reinforced  Concrete 
Pressed   Brick 
Stone  Facines 


FA  (    ro  R^■     OF    TH  K 


Pelouze  Scale  &  Mfg.Co. 

232-242   E.  Ohio  Street 


I'Mi: 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


Established  1838— Incorporated  1891 


BuRLEY  &  Tyrrell  Co. 


118  and  120  Wabash  Avenue 
CHICAGO 


385  to  389  Jackson  Street 
ST.  PAUL 


RLEV   C-'TVHHEI-LCO     ■ 


^K'CAGO  WAREHOUSE 


2219    TO    2239    SOUTH    HALSTED    STREET 

This  building  contains  175,000  square  feet  of  floor  space 


Importers 


CHICAGO     SALESROOMS 
ana   GENEFIAU   offices.^ 


118  and  120  Wabash  Avenue 
CHICAGO 


Wholesalers 

China 
Crockery 
Glassware 

Lamps 

Electroliers 

Fancy  Goods 

Silverware 

Hotel  Tableware 


Retailers 


STORE  AND  "WAREHOUSE 


385  to  389  Jackson  Street 
ST.  PAUL 


192B 


HALF     CENTURY      OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


Soda  Fountains,  Store  and  Bank  Fixtures 


The  L.  A.  Becker  Company  of  Chicago  is  con- 
ceded to  be  the  largest  exclusive  soda  fountain  fac- 
tory in  the  world.  It  builds  complete  in  one  factory 
absolutely  everything  that  enters  into  the  construc- 
tion of  a  soda  fountain  except  mirrors. 

Among  the  notable  installations  of  soda  fountains 
built  by  this  company  may  be  mentioned  that  of 

John  Wanamaker,  New  York. 
Terminal  Station,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Terminal  Station,  Philadelphia. 
McAdoo  Terminal  Station,  New  York. 
William  B.  Riker  &  Son  Co.  (9),  New  York. 
Hegeman  &  Company  (5),  New  York. 
The  Great  Boston  Store,  Chicago. 
Judge  &  Dolph  Drug  Company,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 
Busy  Bee  Candy  Company,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 
The  Famous  Department  Store,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 
Denver  Dry  Goods  Company,  Denver,  Colo. 
Owl  Drug  Company,  San  Francisco. 
The  Nunnally  Company,  Atlanta,  Birmingham, 
and  Chattanooga,  and  many  others. 


\yllr  tJjCTVlCC  We  are  prepared  to  design, 
build,  and  install  high  grade  soda  water  apparatus 
of  any  style  or  description.  We  will  submit  to 
architects  or  builders  complete  designs,  specifications, 
and  estimates  upon  request.  We  build  strictly  to 
order  high  grade  drug,  confectionery,  and  bank  fix- 
tures, either  upon  architects'  designs  and  specifica- 
tions or  upon  designs  and  specifications  furnished 
by  us. 


Correspondence    solicited     from     architects    and 
builders. 


L.  A.  BECKER  COMPANY 

CHICAGO 


Chicago  Oyster  Pail  Co. 

JOSEPH    J.    LANZIT,   Prrsidrnl 

Green  and  Congress  Streets,  CHICAGO 


^^^1 

rv^ " — ^  .^1 

We 

Manufacture 

ta^^i>#.<     ^  ''^v^ii^^^^l 

Paper 
Oyster 

Eklrri^H 

Pails 

^y  ^'^^^^H 

Paper 

HL_r  ^^1 

Ice  Cream 

^^ttaf^  P^^M 

Pails 

i^J 

LETS  GO  FISHING,  BROTHER' 


Paper 

Cake 

Boxes 


Candy 
Boxes 


IVe  Manufacture 

Corrugated    Paper  Shipping  Cases 


Established  1H.S7 


LBEBT  PiCRsCOWPAN 


CHICAGO 


^ams3i^3S 


um 


IMPoWTfriTs^—  .."Uni     RS— M  ANIJI    A.      1     UK^« 

i  i  I J  JJXi  i^UJ  I  tu 

CHINA.         GLA^S       SCT_     SILVERWARE 
H  O  T  E  L._    R_E  S^T  A  U  R  A  N  T     ^^S      S  .X  L  O  O  .N         SUPPLIES 

ijJiiiyyfflilUi 


iikl&itthUi  W^.-J.^JU 


Our   sales    have    multiplied    TWELVE    times    in   TEN    years. 


19,5B 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


Why  not  let  us  do 
your  Advertising? 


Don't  let  a  false  sense  of  dignity  inter- 
fere with  business  getting.  The  highest 
grade  advertisers  in  the  country  use 
posters,  even  if  billposting  is  the  big- 
gest and  most  sensational  advertising 
known. 


American 


757   W.   JACKSON  BOULEVARD 

Telephone  Monroe  1963 


Posting 
Service 


BILLPOSTERS  AND  DISTRIBUTORS 


194B 


A     HALF     CENTURY      OF    CHICAGO      BUILDING 


St.  Louis,  Mo. 
New  York 


Kansas  City,  Mo. 
Milwaukee 


Omaha,  Neb. 
Louisville 


ESTABLISHED   1875 


Buffalo,  N.  Y. 
Rochester 


Cincinnati,  O. 
Indianapolis,  Ind. 


"|lios.(usack  (pmpany 


Out-Door  Advertising- 


Executive  Offices,  15th  and  Throop  Streets 


Chicago 


GENERAL  OFFICES.  CHICAGO,  ILL. 


PAINTED  bulletins,  walls,  and  electrical  spectacular  advertising   signs   in   the 
large  cities. 

PAINTED  wall  advertising  signs  in  the  smaller  cities  and  towns. 

PAINTED  railroad  field  bulletins  along  any  stretch  of  railway. 

COMMERCIAL  signs  of  all  kinds. 

OUR    ORGANIZATION   and   facilities   are   greater   than   those    of  any   other 
out-door  advertising  concern  in  the  world. 

WRITE  US  for  rates  on  painted  sign  publicity  in  any  city,    state  or  territory. 

Painted  Display  Sign  Advertising  Anywhere 


195B 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


COIVIIVIERCIAL 

SIGNS 

OF  EVERY  DESCRIPXIOIVJ 

ELECTRIC 

SPOX-LIGHXED 

WALL    A^aD     BLTLLEXIIV 

ADVERTISING 

TAGNEY  &  HUDSON  CO. 

2644       Sheffield       A.A/enue 

RHONE    O  O  f2  O 
LiiMCOLiv    ^i  V-r  C^  V-r 

CHICAGO,    U.    S.    A. 


M.  ESPERT,  President  and  General  Manager  FRED.  ESPERT,  Secretary  and  Treasurer 


Monarch  Refrigerating  Co. 


Incorporated  1894 


Cold  Storage 

Freezing  a   Specialty 


Michigan,  Rush,  Cass  and  Kinzie  Streets         ::         ::         CHICAGO,  ILL. 


196B 


A     HALF     CENTURY      OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


Montgomery  Ward  &  Co. 

Chicago  and  Kansas  City 


ESTABLISHED  1872 


Madison  Street  and  Michigan  Avenue 


Reinforced  Concrete  Building.  19  Million  Cubic  Feet.     Chicago  Avenue  Bridge 

ORIGINATORS    OF    THE    CATALOGUE    BUSINESS 


1971; 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


In  1852  Mr.  John  V.  Farwell. 
Sr.,  became  a  member  of  the 
firm  of  Cooley,  Wadsworth  & 
Company,  the  first  and  leading 
wholesale  dry  goods  house  of 
Chicago,  the  name  then  being 
changed  to  Cooley,  Farwell  & 
Company.  The  first  building 
of  the  company  erected  in 
1857  was  located  at  42-44-46 
Wabash  Ave.  After  the  great 
fire  of  October,  1871.  the  firm 
occupied  temporary  quarters 
on  Michigan  Avenue  about 
No.  167.  The  business  later 
was  removed  to  Monroe  Street. 
In  1882  the  firm  moved  into 
its  present  quarters.  In  1892 
the  business  was  incorporated 
as  the  John  V.  Farwell  Com- 
pany, under  which  title  it  is 
now  domg  business.  The 
house  of  Farwell  stands  today 
as  one  of  the  great  leaders  of 
trade  in  the  country.  Its  vol- 
uminous stocks  are  constantly 
kepi  at  the  highest  pomt  of 
efficiency.  Its  buyers  import 
direct  and  contract  for  the 
entire  output  of  mills  and  avail 
themselves  of  every  opportunity 
offered  by  the  markets  of  the 
world. 


STATE,  MADiSON 
AND  WABASH 


Carson  Pirie  Scott  &  Co. 


lysB 


A     HALF     CENTURY      OF    CHICAGO      BUILDING 


199B 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


200B 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO      BUILDING 


i;:;<lif|l'""^6Cfi:[CiC'eeB 


Courtesy, 
Accuracy, 
Completeness, 
foundation  stones 
of  this  store 


Rothschild's  a  Store  of  Progress 

Progress  in  every  direction.  Rapid,  continuous  increase  of  business, 
improvement  of  methods  and  details  of  organization,  quickly  adopting 
new  ideas  and  installing  new  devices  which  have  proved  practical  — 
constantly  aiming  to  do  business  better  and  to  be  of  greater  service  to 
the  public,  each  year,  each  season,  each  day. 

That  this  store  is  the  center  of  supply  for  thousands  of  Chicago  families 
is  best  evidenced  by  the  fact  that  this  immense  block  is  inadequate  to 
the  fulfillment  of  our  ideals;  such  is  our  progress  that  this  great  building 
is  now  only  temporary. 


The  Home 

of  the 

Famous 

Meister 

Piano 


All  El.  Trains 

Stop  Here. 

Direct  Bridite 

Entrance 


.State  and  Van  Buren  Streets  and  Wabash  Avenue- 

_'uii: 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


"Northwest  Side's  Popular  Shopping  Center" 


r  WE  SELL     ^^^'^'^^i 

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We  occupy 

M  Million  Square  Feet 
of  Floor  Space 

and  are  recognized  as  Northwest  Side's  Largest  Shopping  Center. 
We  carry  complete  Stocks  in  all  lines  of  General  Merchandise. 
Our  Grocery  and  Provision  Departments  have  been  the  source 
of  supply  to  thousands  of  homes.  The  great  popularity  of  this 
Wonder  Store  has  been  achieved  by  adhering  to  the  policy  of  giving 
our  patrons,  the  very  highest  quality  for  the  least  possible  cost. 


WIEBOLDTS 


Milwaukee  Avenue  and  Paulina  Street. 


202B 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


For  55  years  the  house  of  Mandel  Brothers  has 
been  prominent  in  the  heart  of  Chicago 

The  parallel  in  the  development  of  Mandel  Brothers  as  a  store  and 
Chicago  as  a  city  is  strikingly  illustrated  by  the  accompanying  pictures 
which  show  a  wonderful  advance  from  a  small  beginning. 
An    ordinary    store    in    a    small  town    in    1855 — a    great    com- 
mercial institution  in  a   mighty  metropolis  in  1910 — what 
a  contrast  —and  if   there  were   time   for  the 
telling,    what    a    story    of    achieve- 
ment.    From    beginning 

until    now,  every    milestone 

shows    betterment    in 

store   service. 


pttcartofChi, 


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Women's   Outfitters,  Stijtc  Street,    O/ieifiiV 


STYLES 

Have  played  an  important  part  in  the 
building  of  this  great  city. 


You  may  not  realize  it,  but  it  is  a  fact  that 
a  great  majority  of  the  women  who  visit  Chicajjo 
every  year  come  to  see  the  new  styles  and  pur- 
chase wearing  apparel.  The  people  of  the  West, 
the  South,  the  North  and  from  a  large  section  of 
the  country  to  the  East  now  recognize  Chicago  as 
a  fashion  center.  Incidentally  we  might  add  that 
this  firm  has  done  more  than  any  other  towards 
establishing  this  reputation,  being  known  through- 
out the  entire  country  as  the  largest  and  highest 
class  exclusively  outfitting  store  for  women  and 
children  in  the  United  States. 


Ja>i; 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


"    THE  5IECEL  CHAIN  OF  STORES 

THE  5MALL  STORE  ILLUSTRATED  IN  THE  LEFT  UPPER  CORNER 
WAS  THE  ORIGINAL  OF  THE    GREAT  5lEGEL  CHAIN  OF  FOUR  STORES 
NOW  COMPRISING. 

SIEOEL  COOPER  &  CO.  CHICAGO.  ir-^5TREEI SIOREMWrOKK\ 
SIMPSON  CRAWORD  CO.NEWYORK.  HENRY  SIEOEL  C0.B05I0N. 


A.  C.  McCLURG  CS,  CO. 

Books,  Stationery 
and  Fancy  Goods 


TXriTH  the  completion  of  our 
new  Wholesale  buildings  on 
Ohio  and  Ontario  Streets,  Chicago, 
together  with  our  long  established 
retail  business  at  215-221  Wabash 
Ave., we  now  have  the  largest  estab- 
lishment of  its  kind  in  this  country. 

Our  total  floor  space  of  200,000  square  feet  in 
these  two  wholesale  buildings  makes  it  possible 
to  carry,  at  all  times,  practically  complete  stocks 
of  Stationery,  Tablets,  Blank  Books,  Fancy 
Goods,  Leather  Goods,  Typewriter  Papers  and 
Holders,  Desks  and  Office  Chairs,  Book  Cases, 
Show  Cases,  Druggists'  Sundries,  Toilet  Articles 
and  Perfumery,  Pocket  Cutlery,  Pipes,  Diaries, 
Traveling  Bags,  Suit  Cases,  Pyrography  Goods, 
Holiday  Goods,  China,  Cut  Glass,  Sterling  Silver, 
Watches,  Toys,  Dolls,  Musical  Instruments,  etc. 

"With  such  an  equipment,  and  such  stock,  this 
firm  is  in  a  position  to  fill  orders  promptly,  com- 
pletely, and  with  salable  goods.  It  is  also  a 
great  advantage  for  customers  to  buy  all  these 
different  lines  from  one  establishment. 

In  order  to  maintain  a  downtow/n  representa- 
tion the  firm  has  established  the  most  complete 
sample  rooms  and  sales  rooms  at  215-221  Wabash 
Avenue.  Samples  of  their  regular  lines  are  con- 
stantly on  exhibition,  and  the  trade  will  find  it 
preferable  to  call  there  than  over  at  the  North 
Side  buildings. 


General  Offices  and 
■Wholesale  Department 
330-352  East  Ohio  St. 


A.  C.  McCLURG  CS,  CO.,  CHICAGO 


SALESROOMS 
Wholesale  and  Retail 
215-221  Wabash  Ave. 


204B 


A     HALF     CENTURY      OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


Home  Office  and  Factories  at  South  Bend,  Indiana 

BRANCHES  IN   PRINCIPAL  CITIES 


The  prestige  of  the  name  STUDEBAKER 
extends  to  every  quarter  of  the  globe,  and 
wherever  civilization  has  reared  its  head 
STUDEBAKER  vehicles  are  in  daily  use, 
and  have  been  since  1852.  During  that  year 
the  Factory  was  established  in  South  Bend, 
in  a  little  one  room  structure,  and  its  suc- 
cess was  phenomenal  from  the  very  begin- 
ning. Today  it  occupies  101  acres  of  terri- 
tory and  employs  over  4,000  men,  all  skilled 
in  their  various  vocations.  The  STUDE- 
BAKER concern  is  the  largest  manufac- 
turer of  vehicles  in  the  world,  and  its  prod- 
uct embraces  all  manner  of  horse  drawn 
vehicles,  from  the  stout  farm  wagon  to  the 
smart  cit}'  stanhope,  and  of  late  years  it 
has  added  motor  cars,  with  tremendous  fac- 
tories at  Elyria,  Ohio,  and  Detroit,  Michi- 


Studebaker  Automobile  Building,  Michigan  Boulevard  and  Twenty-first  Street. 
Occupied  exclu 


The  remarkable  policies  of  the  STUDEBAKER  Company  have  endeared 
it  to  every  country  under  the  sun,  for  quality  has  had — and  always  will  have 
— first  consideration.  The  name  of  STUDEBAKER  has  never  been  smirched 
with  inferiority  in  even  the  smallest  detail,  and  it  stands  today  as  a  model 
of  high  class  business  integrity  and  ability. 

Its  harness  factory  is  easily  the  largest  in  the  world.  The  Chicago 
I'.ranch  of  STUDEBAKER.  established  in  1874,  at  all  times  carries  a  com- 
plete line  of  HORSE  VEHICLES.  ELECTRIC  and  GASOLINE  AUTO- 
MOBILES, TRUCKS.  HARNESS,  SADDLES,  and  all  accessories.  STUDE- 
B.\KER  vehicles  are  the  vogue  throughout  the  aristocratic  world,  and  wher- 
ever the  name  appears  it  stands  for  Cu»h\  I'orm.  Quality.  Class  and  Refiiu-- 
ment  in  everv  sense  of  the  terms. 


Studebaker  Bros.  cTVlfg.  Co. 


Studebaker  Building,  378-388  Wabash  Ave. 

Occupied  by  the  Corrioee,  Wngon 

and  Hiirness  Departments  of  the 

Chicaeo  Studebaker  Branch. 


2U5B 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


Locomobile  Company  of  America's  New  Branch  Building  at  2000  Michigan  Avenue,  Chicago,  Illinois 

This  beautiful  structure  emphasizes  the  great  and  growing  popularity  of  the  Locomobile  and  testifies  to  the  successful  growth 
of  the  Locomobile  Organization  in  Chicago  since  its  establishment  ten  years  ago. 

206B 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


PAPEft 

AnchorIT Brand 


GOODS 


PARES 


ANCHouTr  Brand 
Goods 


f  Kc  ^Almx  iH%-(!lflw 


O     'box   outfitters 

MAKERS  OF 


EVERYTHING 


IN 


Corrugated  Paper  and 
Folding  Paper  Boxes 

Corrugated  Strawboard  and  3-Ply  Fibreboard — 
Shipping   Cases— Oyster  and   Ice   Cream  Pails 

Prices  and  Samples  on  Application 


t 


The  Sefton  Manufacturing  Co. 

1301-41  W.  35th  Street    ::     CHICAGO,  ILLINOIS 

Factories:   Chicago.  Illinois,  and  Anderson,  Indiana 


PAPES 

AnchodIKBrand 


Goods 


pAPEft 

ANCHOR'  I  Brand 


Goods 


2071'. 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


Building  a  Quality  Reputation 


^  I  ^HE  trained  producer  who  strives 
constantly  to  improve  and  in- 
crease his  output,  who  keeps  up  to  date 
on  the  best  methods  and  discoveries  in 
his  line,  who  has  an  ideal  to  work  for, 
can  be  depended  upon  to  satisfy  buyers 
of  that  product  who  know  the  best  and 
w^ant  it. 

In  this  w^ay  the  reputation  of  Swift's 
Premium  Products  has  been  built.  For 
twenty-five  years  a  standard  of  quality, 
closely  approaching  the  ideal,  has  been 
maintained.  During  all  this  time  some 
new  method  of  improving  the  quality  of 
Premium  goods  was  being  sought  or 
applied. 


The  inevitable  rew^ard  of  t'wenty-five  years  of  continuous, 
progressive,  constructive  effort  is  that 

Swift's  Premium  Hams  &  Bacon 

and  other  Premium  products  are  recognized  everywhere  as  the 
highest  grade  produced.  Their  reputation  for  quality  is  firmly 
built   in   the   minds  of    the   American   public. 

Sw^ift  &  Company,  U.  S.  A 


208B 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


Schwarzschild  &  Sulzberger  Co. 


CHICAGO,   ILLINOIS 


^ 


209B 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


Birdseye  View 


of  Armour's,  Union  Stock  Yards,  Chicago.     The  Largest  Packing  Plant  in  the  World 
Photographed  from  a  balloon  at  an  elevation  of  several  hundred  feet 


jr  CS,  Company,  New  General  Office  Building,  Union  Stock  Yards,  Chicago.     Completed  May  1,  1908 
The  largest  building  used  exclusively  for  office  purposes  by  one  concern  only,  in  the  world 


210B 


A      HALF     CENTURY      OF    CHICAGO      BUILDING 


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2iit; 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


The  Independent  Packing  Co, 


PATRICK  BRENNAN,  Pres. 


41st  and  Halsted  Streets 


cTVlodern  Packing  Plant 


Daily  Capacity,  500  Cattle 
"      2,000  Hogs 
500  Sheep 


Beef, 

Pork  and 

Mutton 


212B 


A     HALF     CENTURY      OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


Roberts  £y  Oake 


City  Office: 

No.  4  Board  of  Trade 


PACKERS 

TO    THE    JOBBING    TUADE 

CHICAGO 


Packing  House  and  Office: 

Union   Stock  Yards 


U.     S.     GOVERNMENT     INSPECTION     ABATTOIR     169 


lijHIIIIIIII 

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,,.M 

4      ' 

^ — ^.  ^ 

-iJSf 

"The  House  of  Quality 

Our  goods  give  satisfaction  Our  facilities  are  the  best 

Our  product  will  increase  your  trade  Our  trade  is  growing 


It 


"There's  a  Reason" 

Perfect  Product"  "Faultless  Flavor" 


!i3i: 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


2146 


A     HALF     CENTURY      OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


Oval  Brand  'l\v^  Black  Diamond  Brand 


A  Half  Century  of  Building  of  the  Fish  and  Oyster  Business 

Guarantees  to  Millions  of  Satisfied  Consumers 

in  the  United  States  of  America 

ABSOLUTELY  THE  BEST 

Fresh  Fish,  Oysters  and  Sea  Foods 

Produced  from  the  Great  Lakes,  Rivers  and  Sea  Coasts  of  North  America 


Ask  for  Booth  Black  Diamond  Canned  Salmon,  Sardines, 
Lobster,  Shrimp,  etc.  —  The  Brand  of  Excellence. 


Booth  Cold  Storage  Warehouses: 
ST.  PAUL         MINNEAPOLIS         CHICAGO         DETROIT 

Most  Modem  Facilities  for  Storage  of  Perishable  and  Other  Merchandise 
Convenient  to  the  Greatest  Market  Centers 

IF  YOUR  DEALER  CANNOT  SUPPLY  YOU.  ADDRESS 

Booth  Fisheries  Company 

General  Offices,  Majestic  Building,  Chicago,  111. 
BRANCHES  AND  AGENTS  EVERYWHERE 


215B 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


BOYD  LUNHAM  &  CO. 

Packers  and  Lard  Refiners 


General  Offices 
913,  914  6?  915  Royal  Insurance  Building 


UNION  STOCK  YARDS,  CHICAGO 


Our  Factory 

occupies 

the  Site  of  the 

First  House 
built  in  Chicago 


Seventy  years 

of 

Successful 

Soap  Making 


XO-DAY 


>16B 


A     HALF     CENTURY      OF    CHICAGO      BUILDING 


Brennan  Packing  Co. 

39th  and  Butler  Streets  Chicago 

Pork  Packers 

Manufacturers    of    Cured   Meats  and    Prime   Steam   hard 

Choicest   Quality 


JOHN  W.  ECKART  &  CO. 

311  N.  CARPENTER  STREET 

MONROE  1356  —  4708 


Flour 


CAPACITY  25000 
BARRELS    DAILY 


B.  A.  ECKHART,  Proprietor 


Capacity  3600  barrels  per  day 


B.  A.  Eckhart  Milling  Co. 

Merchant  Millers 

1300  to  1332  Carroll  Avenue,  from  Elizabeth  St.  to  Ada  St. 


Our  new  3600  barrel  Mills  are  now  in  full  operation,  producing  the  finest  grades  of  Spring  and  Winter  flour 
made  in  the  world.     The  only  mills  in  the  United  States  arranged  with  complete  and  improved  Hungarian  Sifter  System. 


B.  A.  Eckhart's   ''XXXX  Best"   PATENT 
B.A.  Eckhart's  ''DADDY  DOLLAR"  PATENT 


;i7l; 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


Chicago  Beach  Hotel 

Hyde  Park  Boulevard  and  the  Lake  Shore 


Chicago's  most  delightful  residential  and 
transient  hotel,  situated  in  eleven  acres  of  pri- 
vate grounds,  away  from  the  noise  and  dirt  of 
the  city,  yet  within  ten  minutes  of  the  loop  by 
means  of  the  Illinois  Central  suburban  service. 

Requests  for  accommodations  should  be  addressed  to 

RICHARD    M.  GRAY Manager 


218B 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO      BUILDING 


HOTEL     SHERMAN 

(On  site  of  old  Sherman  House) 

CLARK    AND    RANDOLPH    STREETS 


Chicago's  latest 
and  most  modern 
hotel. 


757  Rooms  — 
Every  room  with 
bath  and  circulat- 
ing ice  water. 


Three  very  attract- 
ive restaurants — 


The  College  Inn 
being  the  most  beautiful  grill  room  in  America, 


HOTEL  SHERMAN  COMPANY 

Joseph  Beifeld,  President 


2191: 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


HOTEL    MORRISON 


AND 


BOSTON  OYSTER  HOUSE 

CHICAGO 

MADISON  AND  CLARK  STS. 


HARRY  C.   MOIR,  Proprietor  and  Manager 

The  Most  Centrally  Located  and  Popular  Hotel  and  Restaurant  in  the 

GREAT  CENTRAL  MARKET 

C  HOTEL  MORRISON  is  today  one  of 
Chicago's  most  popular  hotels.  It  contains 
350  modern,  tastily  furnished,  clean  and  well 
ventilated  rooms. 


Rooms  with  Bath,        $1.50  and  up 
Rooms  without  Baths,  $1.00  and  up 


Operated  on  the 
European  Plan 


Proposed  and  Accepted  Design  of  the  Nenv  Hotel  Morrison 

Plans  prepared  by  Marshall  A  Fox.  Architects 


C  In  connection  with  the  hotel  is  our 
restaurant  of  national  reputation,  THE 
BOSTON  OYSTER  HOUSE,  with  a 
seating  capacity  of  over  1200  people. 

C  This  restaurant  is  widely  known  for  its 
reasonable  charges  and  for  the  best  in  the 
land  there  is  to  eat  and  drink. 

C,  At  its  tables  each  day  are  seated  men 
of  national  and  local  renown  in  the  com- 
mercial, political  and  sporting  world. 

Among  the  various  Clubs  Foresters'  Club,  Illinois  University 
who  eat  here  are  the     Club,  Wiggins  Club,  Sox  Club,  1 1 

Club,  Wells-largo  Club,  Shamrock 

Club,  Skidoo  Club,  Ben  Franklin  Club,  Dennison  Club,  N.  W. 
Republican  Club,  Chicago  Aldermen's  Club,  Commissioners' 
Club,  Building  Commissioners'  Club  and  various  groupings  of 
different  Religious,    Fraternal   and   Social  Societies. 

C  During  all  meals  our  patrons  can  enjoy  high- 
class  musical  renditions  furnished  by  the  ladies' 
orchestra  in  the  main  dining  room  or  the  organ 
recitals  in  the  beautiful  mural  dining  room. 


The  Hotel  Morrison  and  Boston  Oyster  House 


Madison  and  Clark  Streets 


HARRY   C.    MOIR,   Proprietor  and  Manager 


220B 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 

Palmer  House 

STATE   AND    MONROE   STREETS  CHICAGO 

"Heart''  of  Business  District 


EUROPEAN    PLAN 

Rooms  with  bath         .         .         from  ^2.50  up 
Rooms  without  bath  .         from  $1.50  up 

'~7 Cr)      T^ rkniii  c     Every  room  has  electric  lij^ht  and  telephone  service. 
'  ^^     yvfyC////j      Thoroughly  modern  and  up  to  date. 

WM.  C.  VIERBUCHEN,  Mami^^er 


2J1JJ 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


We 

Vendome  Hotel 

62d  and  Monroe  Avenue 


Conducted  on  the  good  old 
American  plan.  400  rooms, 
all  with  private  bath,  and  all 
other  modern  improve- 
ments. A  desirable  home 
for  refined  families.  ::  ::  :: 
European   plan   if  desired. 


Rates  from 

$17.50  to  $28.00 

per  week 


W.  S.  SAITER 

PROPRIETOR 


Telephone 

Private  Exchange 

Hyde  Park  4100 


222B 


A     HALF     CENTURY      OF    CHICAGO      BUILDING 


The    CONGRESS    HOTEL  and   ANNEX 


The  most  extensive,  commodious  and  costly 
structures  ever  erected  for  hotel  purposes,  in  which 
are  mcluded  Banquet  Rooms,  with  accommodations 
for  from  ten  to  six  hundred  persons;  Ladies'  and 
Gentlemen's  Restaurants;  Palm  Garden;  New 
Breakfast  Room;  Private  Dining  Rooms;  Japanese 
Tea  Room;  Elizabethan  Room;  the  magnificent 
Pompeiian  Room,  etc.,  etc.,  all  facing  Lake  Michi- 
gan and  Grant  Park. 


A  magnificent  new  Convention  Hall,  seating  five  hundred  people,  has  just  been  completed. 
Special  attention  was  given  in  this  room  to  the  acoustic  properties,  ventilation,  accessibility 
and  quietness. 


R.  H.  SOUTHGATE,  President. 


"lliiiMmi? 

''I  n  «r !)  ' 

V»ft' 


AUDITORIUM     HOTEL 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


(New)    SOUTHERN    HOTEL    Chicago 


Complete  in  Appointment 

Artistic 

Absolutely  Fireproof 


300  Rooms 

200  with  Private  Bath 
Circulating  Ice  Water 

EUROPEAN    PLAN 
Moderate  Prices 


CHICAGO'S    MOST    COMPLETE    HOTEL 


ALEX.  DRYBURGH, 

Pres.  and  Mgr 


HOTEL 

WARNER 

CHICAGO 

33rd  Street,  Cottage  Grove 
Avenue  and  Groveland  Park 


320  Rooms  — 
200  Private  Baths 


Absolutely  Fire  Proof 


Twenty  minutes  from  the 
Business  Center.  Wabash 
Avenue  and  Cottage  Grove 
Avenue  Car  Line  Direct. 

All  trains  on  Illinois  Cen- 
tral. Michigan  Central  and 
Big  Four  Railroads  stop  at 
31st  St.  Station,  two  blocks 
from  Hotel. 


Especially  Reasonable 
Permanent  and 
Transient  Rates 


Clean,    Quiet,    Convenient 

Telephone  Douglas  673 


HARRY  HILDRETH 
Proprietor 


C.  H.  SHAW, 

Treas. 


HOTEL 

WARNER 

European  Plan 
Fire  Proof 

320  Rooms 

200  Private  Baths 


Rooms 

with  private  bath 

$1.00  to  $1.50 

per  day 

2  and  3  Room  Suites 

with  bath 

$2.00  to  $2.50 

per  day 


Special  Permanent  and 
Weekly  Rates 


CAFE  OF 
PARTICULAR 
EXCELLENCE 


Cate  Service 

Includes  Special  Bre 

20  lo  50  cen 

and 

Table  d'hole  Dinnei 

in  addition  to  the  « 

a  la'Carle  Sen 


224B 


A     HALF     CENTURY      OF    CHICAGO      BUILDING 


225  B 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


(New)  SOUTHERN  HOTEL  chicag 


Complete  in  Appointment 

Artistic 

Absolutely  Fireproof 


300  Rooms 

200  with  Private  Be 
Circulating  Ice  Wat 

EUROPEAN    PL 
Moderate  Prices 


CHICAGO'S    MOST    COMPLETE    HOTEL 


ALEX.  DRYBURGH, 

Pres.  and  Mgr 


HOTEL 

WARNER 

CHICAGO 

33rd  Street.  Cottage  Grove 
Avenue  and  Groveland  Park 

^» 

320  Rooms- 
zoo  Private  Baths 

Absolutely  Fire  Proof 


Twenty  minutes  from  the 
Business  Center.  Wabash 
Avenue  and  Cottage  Grove 
Avenue  Car  Line  Direct. 

All  trains  on  Illinois  Cen- 
tral. Michigan  Central  and 
Big  Four  Railroads  stop  at 
31st  St.  Station,  two  blocks 
from  Hotel. 


Especially  Reasonable 
Permanent  and 
Transient  Rates 


dean.   Quiet,    Convenient 

Telephone  Douglas  673 


HARRY  HILDRETH 

Proprietor 


224B 


A     HALF     CENTURY      OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


225  B 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


UNEXCELLED  CUISINE  —  SUPERIOR   SERVICE 


The  Kuntz-Remmler  Co 

The  Place  to  Eat  where  Quality 
Counts  with  both  Host  and  Guest 


299-305   WABASH  AVE.,    OPP.   AUDITORIUM 


Steele  Wedeles  Co.'s  Warehouse  — Wholesale  Grocers 


226B 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


Sans  Souci  Park 

The  Most  Beautiful  Amusement  ParJ^  in  America 


Longest,  Safest  Rides 
Most  Up-to-Date  Shows 
Alv/ays  the  Classiest  Bands 


Shaded  in  Sunshine 
Sheltered  in  Rain 


Shady  Trees 

Broad  Lav/ns 

Gorgeous  Flo>ver  Beds 


Sans  Souci*5  Casino  and  Restaurant   ::   Seats  for  7000 

Finest  Cuisine  and  Unexcelled  Service      ::      ::      Just  the  Place  for  Dinner  Parties 


THE   THRILLER 

'  THE   COASTER 

RIDES      ^^^s   »*'LL 


AERIAL   SUBWAY 

TICKLER 

MINIATURE   RAILWAY 


Gate  Admission 
Ten  Cents 


BEST   VAUDEVILLE 
MUSIC   HALL 
<;A/r)U/<?      ELECTRIC   THEATRE 
jnxjvv^      DANCING   PAVILION 
POSES    PLASTIQUE 
I  FIFTY   OTHERS 


Cottage  Grove  Avenue  and  Sixtieth  Street 


A    HALF    CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


<vlt  Night 

this  scene 
is  one  of  the 

Most 
Beautiful, 

Soul 
Inspiring 

and 

Dazzling 
Sights 

on  the 

American 

Continent 


IrSa^ 


228B 


A      HALF     CENTURY      OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


The  Peter  Schoenhofen  Brewing  Company 


-£A*'. 


Ill 


IMI 


M  iil%^ 


■^K^' 


it  ijl 

.-iiiii' 


if  irrtj 


@  III  II 


Plant   of   The   Peter   Schoenhofen   Brewing  Company 


C  The  above  engraving  represents  the  result  of  fifty  years'  constant  striving  to 
furnish  the  public  with  the  best  beverage  possible. 

d.  The  Peter  Schoenhofen  Brewing  Company  was  founded  bj'  Mr.  Schoenhofen 
in  1 860,  with  an  output  of  less  than  600  barrels  per  annum.  From  this  insig- 
nificant beginning  the  concern  has  become  one  of  the  largest  breweries  in  the 
world,  with  a  capacity  of  over  1,500,000  barrels  of  keg  beer,  and  50,000,000 
bottles  of  bottled  beer  per  annum. 

d  The  Company  does  an  immense  country  business,  and  during  the  summer 
handles  60  cars  of  beer  in  one  day. 

d  The  product  of  the  Company,  "Edelweiss,"  is  known  throughout  the  United 
States  for  its  purity  and  flavor,  and  is  the  standard  of  comparison  for  every 
brewery  which  attains  to  perfection. 

^  Edelweiss  Beer  was  awarded  a  prize  at  the  Paris  Exposition  in  1900,  and 
first  prize  at  the  World's  Pure  Food  Exposition,  which  was  held  in  Chicago 
in  the  fall  of   1907. 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


Riverview  Exposition 


IN  1879  a  company  of  Germans,  members  of  the  Krieger  Verein, 
organized  a  pleasure  club  with  the  object  and  purpose,  as  ex- 
pressed, of  "improving  rifle  practice  among  its  members" ;  they 
were  members  of  the  Sharpshooters  corps  in  the  German  army. 
They  secured  what  is  now  the  central  portion  of  the  Riverview 
Exposition  and  named  it  Sharpshooters  Park.  Mr.  William  Schmidt, 
one  of  the  directors  of  the  present  Riverview  Park  Company,  was 
one  of  the  original  members  of  this  pleasure  club.  Rifle  ranges  were 
erected  and  the  park  was  made  use  of  by  the  members  of  the  Club 
and  their  families  for  their  outings." 

It  was  not  long  before  other  societies  solicited  the  use  of  the 
grounds  and  after  soine  years  the  Club  organized  itself  into  a  cor- 
poration known  as  the  North  Chicago  Sharpshooters  .Association, 
and  in  addition  to  the  use  of  the  grounds  made  by  the  members, 
rented  it  out  for  picnics. 

On  the  dissolution  of  this  corporation  Mr.  William  Schmidt  and 
Mr,  George s Goldman  became  the  owners  of  the  middle  section  of 
the  Park,  running  from  the  entrance  on  Western  Avenue  west  to 
the  River,  and  continued  to  rent  it  out  for  picnics.  The  east  six 
acres  next  to  Western  Avenue  was  practically  cleared  of  trees  with 
tlie  idea  of  ultimately  devoting  it  to  amusements,  and  the  park 
proper,  the  old  grove,  as  it  is  called,  was  used  for  the  picnics. 

In  1904  William  M.  Johnson  and  his  partner,  Joseph  R.  McQuaide 
of  Pittsburg,  secured  the  lease  of  what  is  now  the  middle  section 


of  the  park  from  the  owners,  and  in  that  year  fitted  up  the  six 
acres  next  to  Western  Avenue,  and  commenced  the  amusement 
park  business.  During  that  season  the  grove  was  under  lease  to 
other  persons,  but  bv  an  arrangement,  the  use  of  the  grove  was 
secured  for  the  amusement  patrons,  in  connection  with  the  amuse- 
ment park  proper.  The  Park  opened  on  July  2,  1904,  its  only 
features  being  a  Figure  8  Coaster,  a  Merry-go-round  and  an  Old 
Mill  and  Chutes  combined ;  the  latter  feature  was  placed  in  the 
park  by  Mr.  Paul  W.  Cooper,  the  present  president  of  the  Company, 
who  was  the  first  concessionaire  under  McQuaide  and  Johnson  to 
break  ground  for  a  feature  in  tlie  park. 

This  was  tlie  first  amusement  park  organized  or  operated  upon 
the  lines  of  combining  amusement  features  with  a  natural  park,  and 
this  unquestionably  will  l)c  the  character  of  the  future  parks  of  the 
country,  as  distinguished  from  "show  places,"  called  amusement 
parks,  but  which  Iiave  as  a  matter  of  fact  no  part  in  the  proper 
use  of  that  term. 

The  following  year  the  Riverview-Sharpshooters  Park  Company 
was  organized,  with  Mr.  William  Schmidt  as  President  and  Mr. 
Paul  W.  Cooper  as  Manager ;  this  company  operated  the  park  the 
following"  year. 

At  the  close  of  the  season  of  1905  the  Park  passed  into  the 
management  and  in  a  large  measure  the  ownership  of  Mr.  Paul  W. 
Cooper,    :\Ir.    X.    P.    Valerius   and   Mr.   William   M.   Johnson;    Mr. 


:30B 


A     HALF     CENTURY      OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


R'lverv'ieziP  Rx position 


Scliniidt  still  remaining  as  director  also,  together  with  his  son, 
George  Schmidt.  The  executive  management  of  the  business  has 
remained  with  the  Messrs.  Cooper,  Valerius  and  Johnson  ever 
since;  Mr.  Cooper  being  President,  Mr.  Valerius,  Vice-President 
and  Treasurer,  and  Mr.  Johnson  Secretary  of  what  is  now  known 
as  Riverview   Park  Company. 

The  Park  was  a  success  and  the  combination  of  amusement  fea- 
tures in  connection  with  the  picnic  grounds  met  with  the  approval 
and  generous  patronage  of  the  public.  From  a  start  of  six  acres 
with  a  very  limited  capital,  it  has  grown  to  over  one  hundred  acres 
devoted  to  amusements  and  a  thirty-acre  picnic  ground,  and  repre- 
sents an  investment  of  over  $1,000,000,  all  this  being  accomplished 
without  the  issuance  of  any  bonds  or  floating  any  promotion  schemes. 
From  the  commencement  of  one  riding  device  and  a  few  shows  in 
tents  and  small  buildings  it  has  now  passed  into  history  as  the 
largest  amusement  park  in  the  World,  with  more  riding  devices 
within  its  boundaries,  which  run  from  Belmont  Avenue  on  the 
South  to  Addison  Avenue  on  the  Xorth,  than  there  is  upon  Coney 
Island,  New  York,  including  all  its  parks  and  streets.  It  has  a 
greater  number  of  shows  than  in  the  parks  of  Coney  Island  com- 
I'ined. 

The  great  naval  show  of  the  "Battle  of  the  Monitor  and  Merri- 
mac,"  as  produced  at  Riverview  Park  the  season  of  1908,  was  the 
sensation  of  the  amusement  world,  as  is  also  "Creation."  the  season 
of  1509.     This  production  is  placed  in  the  park  in  the  largest,  most 


ornate    building    of    its    kind    erected    in    any    park,    exposition,    or 
World's  Fair. 

The  success  and  the  vast  growth  of  the  park,  exceeding  in 
extent  that  of  several  of  our  expositions,  determined  the  Company 
to  give  it  the  title  of  an  Exposition,  and  it  is  now  known  and  con- 
ducted as  tlie  Riverview   Exposition  of  Chicago. 

The  new  addition  of  this  year,  known  as  the  Lagoon,  in  which 
is  placed  the  "Creation"  Building,  is  without  question  the  most 
beautiful  addition  yet  placed  to  a  park,  and  is  in  itself  as  large  as 
a  number  of  so-called  parks  and  represents  a  larger  investment 
than  most  of  them. 

The  West  line  of  the  park  is  the  Xorth  branch  of  the  Chicago 
River,  now  being  drained,  purilied  and  dredged,  and  it  will  not  be 
long  before  connection  will  be  made  from  the  Xorth  with  the 
channel  now  being  sunk  from  the  harbor  at  Wilmette. 

Boating  will  soon  be  one  of  the  great  features  of  this  Exposition. 
The  ride  from  the  Loop  district  to  the  park  cannot  fail  to  be  both 
novel  and  interesting  to  the  old  resident,  who  remembers  when  the 
River  was  best  handled  with  a  shovel.  The  ride  from  the  park  to 
Evanston  and  Wilmette  will  not  only  prove  interesting,  but  extremely 
picturesque. 

Tlic  combination  of  amusements,  grass,  shade  of  trees  and  what 
will  lie  soon — a  beautiful  stream  of  water — assures  the  element  of 
permanency  and  the  long  continuance  of  the  enterprise. 


j.Ui; 


A     HALF    CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


The  Chicago  Gart 


Since  November  1,  1906,  a  large  proportion  of  the  garbage  of 
Chicago  has  been  treated  in  a  reduction  plant,  built  and  operated  by  the 
Chicago  Reduction  Company. 

Prior  to  that  date  the  urgent  necessity  of  a  sanitary  method  of  dis- 
posing of  garbage,  animal  and  vegetable  waste,  separated  from  other 
matter,  had  long  been  keenly  felt. 

Chicago  had  the  unenviable  reputation  of  being  the  only  city  of 
importance  using  the  primitive  dump  for  its  disposal.  After  many 
years,  of  careful  investigation  on  the  part  of  the  members  of  the  City 
Council  and  city  officials,  a  contract  was  awarded  for  the  present 
system,  the  city  still  continuing  to  collect  the  garbage. 

The  reduction  plant  is  located  at  39th  and  Iron  Streets,  a  distance 
of  4-)^  miles  to  the  southwest  of  the  center  of  the  city.  It  has  a  front- 
age of  380  feet  on  the  Chicago  River.  A  side  track  from  the  Chicago 
Junction  Railway  (Belt  Line)  enters  its  grounds.  By  laying  a  short 
distance  of  track  it  will  become  accessible  also  by  the  street  car  lines 
of  the  city.  This  furnishes  transportation  facilities  by  water,  railway, 
street  car  or  vehicle  which  are  unsurpassed. 

The  grounds  cover  3><  acres,  the  buildings  occupying  about  two- 
thirds  of  this  space.     The  plant  comprises  the  following : 

(1)  A  dock  120  feet  long  by  80  feet  wide,  about  20  feet  above  the 
river  level. 

(2)  A  receiving  building.  70.\80  feet,  in  plan  two  stories  high. 

(3)  Three  drier  buildings,  SO.kSO  feet,  two  stories  high. 

■   (4)  A  naphtha  e.xtraction  building,  38x65  feet,  four  stories  high. 

(5)  A  naphtha  storage  building,  25.x30  feet,  a  sub-basement. 

(6)  A  milling  building,  20x40  feet,  four  stories  high. 

(7)  A  boiler  house,  40x46  feet,  two  stories  high. 

(8)  Shops,  25x120  feet,  one  story  high. 

(9)  An  office,  20x20  feet,  one  story  high,  with  a  sub-basement. 

The  principal  buildings  are  of  modern  and  permanent  construction, 
being  built  of  brick  and  reinforced  concrete  throughout,  making  them 
fireproof  and  sanitary.  They  are  so  designed  as  to  furnish  ample  light 
by  day,  and  are  generously  equipped  with  electric  light  for  night  labor. 
They  form  a  complete  series  from  start  to  finish  of  process,  and  are 
built  with  intermediate  spaces  so  that  each  building  may  be  duplicated 
and  the  capacity  of  the  plant  doubled,  if  required.  The  present  capacity 
provides  for  500  tons  of  garbage  daily.  The  motive  power  is  electricity, 
each  apparatus  being  equipped  with  a  separate  electric  motor.  The 
power  is  furnished  by  the  Sanitary  District  Company  of  Chicago. 

The  garbage  is  carried  to  the  receiving  stations  along  the  river  in 
removable  steel  bo.xes.  The  boxes  are  loaded  by  derricks  upon  scows 
and  shipped  to  the  plant.  Where  the  districts  are  in  close  proximity, 
the  garbage  is  carted  direct.  In  the  future  the  boxes  may  be  conveyed 
iiy  steam  railway  or  by  electric  street  cars  from  the  outlying  territory. 


The  dock  is  the  receiving  platform.  This  has  a  concrete  foundatio 
over  which  is  laid  a  vitrified  brick  pavement.  On  the  dock  are  tv 
boom  derricks,  each  with  a  SS-foot  mast,  operated  by  two  four-dru 
engines.  The  boxes  are  hoisted  from  scow  or  wagon  by  derrick  and  the 
contents  are  then  dumped  into  connected  double  hoppers.  These 
built  of  concrete,  have  a  capacity  of  75  tons  each,  and  are  located  ju 
outside  the  receiving  building.  After  the  boxes  are  emptied  they  a 
swung  back,  cleansed  and  sterilized  in  a  large,  deep  steel  vat.  Larj 
bucket  elevators  convey  the  garbage  from  the  hoppers  to  the  upp 
floor  of  the  receiving  building  and  deposit  it  on  conveyors,  from  whii 
all  foreign  material  is  eliminated  by  hand  picking.  The  garbage  th( 
passes  through  crushing  machines,  after  which  the  material  is  carrii 
by  a  series  of  conveyors  to  the  drying  house  and  automatically  di 
charged  into  hot-air  dryers.  In  all  there  are  ten  dryers,  eight  of  whii 
are  6  feet  in  diameter  by  40  feet  long,  and  two  are  8  feet  in  diamet 
by  75  feet  in  length. 

These  are  revolving  steel  cylinders,  to  the  interior  of  which'  a 
riveted  angles  to  keep  the  material  in  motion  as  the  drier  shells  revolv 
Each  drier  has  a  capacity  of  3^4  to  4  tons  of  wet  material  per  hou 
The  driers  are  heated  by  separate  furnaces,  which  are  equipped  wi- 
apparatus  for  burning  crude  oil.  Crude  oil  has  been  adopted  for  ge; 
crating  the  heat  necessary  for  drying,  as  it  possesses  many  featur 
that  make  it  more  desirable  than  coal.  The  daily  consumption  of 
is  about  8,000  gallons.  In  passing  through  the  driers  moisture  to  tl 
extent  of  75  per  cent  is  eliminated  from  the  garbage.  There  is  also  ; 
extensive  underground  series  of  storage  tanks,  safety  devices  ar 
pumps  for  the  storage  and  handling  of  the  crude  oil. 

The  gases  from  the  driers  are  disposed  of  by  a  series  of  fans  at 
discharged  into  three  concrete  stacks  6  feet  in  diameter.  200  feet  hig 
This  contains  a  sprinkling  system  for  the  purpose  of  furnishir 
moisture.  The  fans  force  the  vapors  through  this  sprinkling  systei 
where  for  the  most  part  the  vapors  are  absorbed  and  carried  to  tl 
river.  The  remaining  vapors  are  carried  off  in  the  upper  currents 
air,  being  small  in  quantity  and  volatile. 

The  material  from  the  driers  continuously  drops  on  a  conveyor  ai 
is  carried  to  the  naphtha-extraction  building,  which  contains  sevt 
percolating  tanks.  These  are  8  feet  in  diameter  and  16  feet  high.  Tl 
dry  material  is  confined  in  the  percolating  tanks  and  treated  wii 
gasoline,  which  separates  the  grease  from  it,  the  gasoline  and  grea: 
being  carried  to  separators  in  which  the  grease  is  separated  from  tl 
gasoline  and  the  gasoline  returned  to  its  storage  tank.  The  process 
continuous,  the  gasoline  being  used  over  and  over  again,  only  aboi 
2  per  cent  by  weight  being  lost  during  each  process.  The  garbage,  < 
"tankage,"  as  it  is  now  termed,  is  conveyed  to  the  mill  house.  Thei 
it  passes  through  four  screens,  each  4  feet  in  diameter  and  12  fe 
long,  of  varying  mesh  for  the  different  stages  of  the  process.  Tl 
tankage  is  then  discharged  into  two  48-inch  Stedman  disintegrator 
after  which  the  screened  and  ground  material  is  carried  by  conveyo 
to  the  scale  house  and  weighed  by  an  automatic  scale,  which  also  dumj 
it  directly  into  cars   for  shipment.     It   now  contains  less  than   10  p( 


Z32B 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


2:e  Reduction  Plant 


cint  of  moisture  and  less  llian  1  per  cent  of  grease.     The  grease  is  put 
in  storage  tanks,  weighed  on  tank  scales  and  pumped  into  tank  cars. 

The  hoiler  house  contains  three  253  H.  P.  Stirling  water-tul)e 
hollers.  Overhead  coal  bunkers  carry  the  coal  to  automatic  stokers  of 
the  Jones  under-feed  pattern.  Sullivan  County.  Indiana,  I'J  incli 
screenings  are  used  for  fuel.  The  steam  is  used  in  connection  with  the 
naphtha  extraction  process,  to  drive  the  pumps  .md  tin-  hoisting  engines. 

The  naphtha  storage  consists  of  a  large  ccincrili.'  vault  in  wliicli  are 
tanks  with  a  capacity  of  20.000  gallons  of  gasoline.  The  vault  is  cuv- 
efid  with  an  iron  roof,  provided  with  0])enings  on  the  sides  to  pi-nuil 
the  free  cireidation  of  air  to  avoid  the  accumulation  of  gas. 

The  plant  cost  over  $300.01X1  and  is  owned  l)y  a  slock  company 
kni'wn  as  the  Chicago  Reduction  Company.  Its  officers  are  non- 
rcident,  with  the  exception  of  its  secretary  and  general  manager.  Mr. 
Charles  Turner.  Mr.  Turner  has  been  engaged  in  the  disposition  of 
hotel  and  restaurant  garbage  of  this  city  for  the  past  fifteen  years. 
Five  years  ago  lie  invented  a  digester  which  performed  three  separate 
functions  at  one  and  the  same  time — that  of  cooking,  pressing  ami 
drying  of  garbage — without  exposure  during  the  entire  treatment.  I  be 
pri)cess  adopted  by  this  company  is  the  result  of  the  experiments  and 
experience  of  Mr.  Turner,  who  built  a  small  plant  and  operated  it  fur 
some  time  before  the  present  works  were  erected.  It  is  what  is  known 
as  the  drying  system.  The  garbage,  after  being  freed  from  foreign 
material  and  crushed  to  a  uniform  size,  is  subjected  to  a  temperature 
of  about  800  degrees.  It  is  distinctive,  being  a  combination  of  the 
features  of  other  well-known  systems,  and  the  economy  of  handling 
ami  of  operation  is  believed  to  be  greater  than  that  of  any  other  plant 
in  existence. 

The  by-products  are  grease  and  tankage.  Garliage  grease  is  of  an 
oily  nature,  and  after  the  glycerine  and  red  oils  have  been  extracted, 
it  is  useil  in  the  manufacture  of  cheap  grades  of  soaps  and  candles. 

The  tankage,  which  is  in  the  form  of  fine  powder  or  dust,  is  sold 
to  jobbers  for  a  filler  or  base  in  compounding  fertilizers.  .A  larger 
percentage  of  grease  is  secured  by  the  naphtha  process,  and  llie  fer- 
tilizer base  rendered  of  greater  commercial  value  by  reason  of  the 
grease  being  more  fully  eliminated  than  is  possible  witli  other  metbocls. 

The  sanitary  aspect  both  of  the  plant  and  tlie  method  of  collection 
and  delivery  is  deserving  of  especial  consideration.  The  process  is 
■  automatic  as  far  as  is  possible.  The  floors  are  of  concrete,  and  water 
cotmections  are  amply  supplied  for  cleansing  purposes.  The  garbage 
is  collected  and  ilelivered  daily  at  the  plant,  where  it  is  promptly  dis- 
posed of.  The  plant  is  located  north  of  and  immediately  adjoining  the 
Chicago  packing-house  district.  From  the  experiences  of  other  cities 
with  reduction  plants  this  seems  a  desirable  feature,  for.  although  odors 
peculiar  to  the  reduction  process  are  believed  to  be  so  disposed  at  this 
plant  as  not  to  be  perceptible,  yet  should  they  escape  they  could  not  be 
distinguished  from  the  various  odors  emanating  from  the  --tock  y.irds 
region. 


The  contract  between  the  city  and  the  Chicago  Reduction  Company 
was  executed  on  .August  31,  1906,  and  went  into  effect  on  November  1. 
1906.  It  provides  among  other  requirements,  for  the  final  disposition 
of  the  garbage  of  the  City  of  Chicago  for  a  period  of  \ne  years;  that 
ilie  city  shall  deliver  to  the  contractor  all  garbage  collected  in  the  city; 
lliat  all  deliveries  of  garbage  shall  be  made  free  of  cost  to  contractor 
at  its  plant :  tliat  delivery  of  garbage  shall  be  made  in  metal  boxes  so 
constructed  that  they  may  be  hoisted  by  a  crane  and  their  contents 
dumped  by  overturning;  that  before  being  returned  to  the  city  the 
boxes  shall  be  sterilized,  at  the  expense  of  the  contractor;  that  garbage 
nuist  be  disposed  of  by  reduction,  etc. ;  that  the  contractor  shall  receive 
the  sum  of  $47,500  per  year,  for  each  of  the  five  years,  provided  his 
work  be  performed  in  strict  compliance  with  the  specifications  of  the 
contract;  that  the  city  shall  have  the  right  at  the  expiration  of  the 
contract  period,  to  purchase  plant  used  by  the  contractor  in  the  per- 
formance of  its  contract,  the  manner  of  fixing  the  price  being  stipu- 
lated. 

.\l)out  .^(H)  Ions  of  garbage  are  delivcre<l  to  the  reduction  plant  daily, 
Sundays  excepted,  while  many  tons  daily  in  the  remote  districts  are 
still  being  disposed  of  in  distant  dumps.  This  is  entirely  household 
garbage,  collected  by  the  city.  Hotel,  restaurant,  boarding  house,  com- 
mission and  market  garbage  is  collected  by  private  contractors.  This 
is  dumped  in  mixed  condition  in  the  clay  pits,  with  exception  of  hotel 
swill,  so  called,  which  is  disposed  of  to  rendering  plants. 

In  conclusion,  it  can  be  properly  and  truthfully  said  that  in  the 
history  of  Chicago  there  has  been  no  contract  ever  let  that  is  of  so 
great  importance  and  benefit  to  the  health  of  its  inhabitants  as  this  one 
—of  the  disposal  of  garbage  by  the  Chicago  Reduction  Company,  and 
it  is  doubtful  if  more  than  a  small  per  cent  of  the  people  are  even 
aware  of  it.  They  know  in  a  general  way  that  a  change  in  the  separa- 
tion and  collection  has  been  made,  involving  on  their  part  more  care 
in  sorting  and  placing  in  special  receptacles,  but  further  than  that  they 
are  ignorant.  It  is  generally  known  and  admitted  by  the  city  officials 
that  no  contract  ever  let  by  them  has  been  carried  out  and  fulliUed 
with  so  little  trouble  and  friction,  and  their  conunendation,  by  which 
the  Chicago  Reduction  Company  has  so  satisfactorily  handled  so  large, 
and,  it  can  also  be  said,  so  vexatious  and  difticult.  a  contract,  has  been 
freely  and  openly  acknowledged. 

.Many  columns  in  newspapers  are  devoted  to  subjects  and  matters 
of  f.ir  less  imiiorlance  to  the  public  than  this  subject,  and  yet  little  or 
no  pulilicily  has  been  given  it.  If  for  some  unforeseen  cause  or 
accident  the  use  of  dumps  should  again  be  necessary,  it  is  safe  to 
predict  that  the  great  benefit  of  this  manner  of  disposal  would  soon  be 
appreciated,  and  a  greater  demand  and  necessity  for  its  continuance 
would  fill  many  colnnm-  in  m.iny  i--nes  of  the  daily  papers. 


;.vM'. 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


PAVING     PROBLEM      SOLVED 


Office,    279    Dearborn    Street 


WESTRUMITE 
ASPHALT 

The  Standard  of  Modern   Pavements  at  Moderate  Cost 

Most  Efficient  Asplialtlc  Cement  on  tile  Market 

Elastic  —  Durable  —  Dustless 

L.A.1D     COLD 

Never  Slippery— Excelleot  Foothold— Easy  Traction— Simple  to  Repair 

No  special  machinery  necessary  to 
apply  it.  Any  Contractor  can  construct 
Citv'  or  Country  Roads  with  WEST- 
RUMITE ASPHALT,  which  is  manu- 
factured from  those  natural  Asphaltums 
that  have  proven  successful  in  the  pav- 
ing industry  during  the  past  thirty 
}-ears. 

The  popularity  of  Westrumite  is 
well  illustrated  by  the  fact  that  towns 
which  three  or  four  years  ago  laid  a 
street  or  two  now  have  as  many  as  fif- 
teen or  seventeen  streets  paved  with 
this  material. 

Westrumite  Dust-Layer 

(Jne  for  bituminous  pa\'ements, 
wooden  blocks,  brick,  etc.  (two  and 
one-half  million  square  yards  treated 
with  this  material  in  Berlin,  Germany, 
last  year.) 

The  other  for  macadam  and  gravel 
roads. 


The  Flanagan  &  Biedenweg  Co. 


Telephone  North  218 


MAKERS  OF- 


EstablUhed   1885 


Art  Glass, 
Church  and 
Memorial  Windows 


314-316  W.  Illinois  Street 

Near  Franklin 


CHICAGO,  ILL. 


234B 


A     HALF     CENTURY      OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


BLUE    PRINTS 

Can  print  up  to  54  inches  v/ide  by  any  length 

All  of  our  Blue  Prints  are  made  on  our  automatic  machinery  by  means  of 
w  hicli  we  print,  potash,  wash  and  dry  by  one  continuous  operation.  therel)y 
producing  ])rints  of  a  lieeii  blue  color,  thorous,diIy  washed  and  free  from  stick- 
marks  or  creases.  By  this  ]>r(jcess  the  paper  is  washed  by  a  spray  of  runnins,' 
water  on  the  printed  side  only,  greatly  reducing  the  shrinkage  and  producing 
much  smoother  prints  and  less  distorted  than  when  washed  in  travs. 

WHITE  PRINTS 

Can  print  up  to  54  inches  >vide  by  any  length 

W'e  produce  very  fine  White  Prints  (Iduc  lines  cm  white  ground)  direct 
from  tracing  without  a  negative,  by  the  same  general  automatic  i)rocess. 
These  While  Prints  are  made  on  a  very  high  grade  of  jiarchment  i)ai)cr.  of 
pure  rag  stock,  which  will  retain  its  strength  indefinilely.  'I'liev  are  aI)solutely 
fast  color,  do  not  shrink  and  run  much  nmre  uniform  llian  the  ordinary  blue 
line  print  made  by  the  negatix'e  ])roccss. 

"Everything  for  Blue  Printing" 
Engineers'  and  Drafting  Room  Supplies 

The  C.  F.  Pease  Co. 


Phone  Franklin  862 


CHICAGO 

Room  410,  167  Adams  St, 


Made 

in 

Chicago 


ESSANAY 


SUPERIOR  QUALin 
Moving  Picture  Films 


I  Our  D«w  pUot  it  tbe  most  tnoJern.  bett  equipped  movinn  picture  plant  in  Americi.     That'i  why  E^sanay  films  are  best.  < 

Essanay  Film  Mfg.  Co.,  435  N.  Clark  St„  Chicago,  111. 


Sold 
all  over 

the 
World 


'.i.^U 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


Thomas  Elevator  Company 

20-22  South  Hoyne  Avenue 


JkLONG  with  the  "Half  Century  of  Chicago 
A^^  Building"  and  its  unparalleled  rapid  progress 
towards  a  city  of  the  first  magnitude,  can 
easily  be  seen  the  hands  of  the  several  staunch  and 
well  poised  business  men  who  have  been  alive  to  its 
possibilities,  and  who  have  put  their  shoulders  hard 
to  the  wheel  of  progress,  and  made  it  roll  whether  or 
not  it  would. 

We  are  all  proud  of  our  "Chicago  enterprise" 
and  her  business  men,  especially  so,  her  builders. 
The  monuments  to  their  faith  stand  on  every  city 
block,  twenty  stories  high,  and  each  day  starting 
other  new  and  greater  projects,  calling  for  other  and 
greater  engineering  and  mechanical  features  until  we 
optimists  are  appalled  at  tonnage  that  is  hauled  to 
our  buildings  in  unbroken  packages  probably  to  be 
placed  on  the  twentieth  story  in  its  unbroken  state. 
The  Thomas  Elevator  Co.  have  seen  by  the  signs 
of  the  times  that  the  future,  as  well  as  the  present, 
must  be  provided  for  with  the  means  to  meet  the 
rapid  demands  made  for  more  powerful  machinery. 
Ten  years  ago,  a  twenty-five  horse-power  electric 
double  drum  hoist  carrying  a  guarantee  of  100' i 
overload  for  ten  consecutive  minutes  was  thought  to 
be,  and  was,  powerful  enough  for  the  time.  Later, 
fifty  horse-power,  with  the  same  overload  capacity, 
have  become  necessary,  and  now  we  are  building 
them  with  1 00  horse-power  motors.  Where  will  the 
necessity  stop?  The  Thomas  Elevator  Co.  never — 
at  least  until  there  is  no  need  of,  or  demand  for,  a 
larger  plant. 

Our  silent  chain  drive  double  drum  electric  iron 
hoist  can  be  found  in  every  big  city  of  this  country 
doing  its  share  towards  the  building  up  of  a  "half 
century"  record  for  their  adopted  cities.     Therefore 


while  we  have  done  our  full  share  towards  the  "Half 
Century  of  Chicago  Building"  and  have  been  the 
principal  direct  means  of  getting  each  brick,  or  each 
stone  on  top  of  the  other,  that  have  made  these  monu- 
ments for  Chicago,  we  are  also  doing  likewise  in  the 
principal  cities  of  the  United  States. 

We  claim  to  be  the  only  manufacturers  making  a 
specialty  of  electric  hoisting  machinery  for  con- 
tractors' use.  We  were  the  first  in  the  market  in  this 
line  and  claim  more  practical  experience  in  their 
operation  than  all  others  combined. 

We  are  pleased  to  note  that  the  principal  archi- 
tects throughout  the  large  cities  are  specifying  electric 
hoists,  and  while  that  is  gratifying,  so  far  as  it  is  done, 
yet  there  seems  to  be  no  arguments  left  for  the  steam 
hoist,  and  consequently  no  reason  why  electricity 
should  not  be  made  universal.  Electric  driven  hoists 
are  capable  of  doing  anything  that  can  be  done  by 
steam  and  can  do  it  in  a  much  more  satisfactory  man- 
ner by  reason  of  its  cleanliness,  its  noiselessness  and 
its  absolute  absence  of  vibration  to  the  structure. 

Chicago  has  a  great  number  of  sky  scrapers 
erected  wholly  by  electricity,  in  which  the  sound  of 
the  steam  hoist  was  wholly  absent.  A  number  of 
others  in  which  electricity  was  used  universally  above 
the  basement.  Among  the  recent  wholly  and  par- 
tially created  structures  by  electricity  are  the  La 
Salle  and  Blackstone  Hotels,  University  Club;  the 
removal  of  the  old  and  erection  of  the  New  City 
Hall,  McCormick  Building  and  many  others  prac- 
tically all  electric.  This  only  goes  to  show  the 
signs  of  the  times,  and  the  direction  in  which  the 
finger  points,  and  what  may  be  expected  when  we 
are  called  upon  to  write  the  chronology  of  the  next 
"Half  Century  of  Chicago  Building." 


236B 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


INDEX    IN  DETAIL 

I 'a^i.-  l\(.->i(lciui.-.-- —                                                                I'ai;e 

Anicricaii    .Music    Hall 74  (ico.    IC.   Adams X^ 

jiascole  r.rid-c.  hy  J.  1!.  Strauss.  T.   l-. ''1  I'rc.liTick    I'-kIc    30 

IJuildiHL:    ( )rduianccs    l.v-)  ...                  .     •. 


Chicatro — "i  listniical"    I.' 


.Mr>.    AuL;usia    i.chinan 32 

)r.  Jnhn   A.   McCill 31 

Cleaniii.i;-.  ■"Mccliauical,"  by  C.  I'..  I",  i  )\\<-'n 1_'3  ■\||.^"  |.,,,,^.,.  |';,lnuT  20-27 

Ci)ncretc.  '■Rcinl'di-ccd."  by  Richard   !•"..  Scluiiidt .  1  IS  ■\|,.>;    ^■,^.,,    \\     i>„llnKui 34 

[•"irei^roortnt^.  I)\    j.  j.    i\in.-k\\cll 117  Julius    Ruscnwald    2S 

l-'ire  Kesistiii.u Material.  l.\    W  illiaui    I  I.  .Jaliird  .  .  1 14  I'vuuk    I).   Stnui    30 

F.uindatiMH^.'ln    IMward  C.  Shauklan.l 10"  ^''^    Mai-,i;arelha   True 3.=^ 

Krei-ht.  -.^uhuaN.-  l.y  Albert   .  ;.   W  bcclcr SS  ■^^■'""'1    l''i"l'li».^'^.  I>y   Dwi^ht    II.    IVrkiiis 7.^ 

Harbor.  ■■Chica-n."  by  JmIiu   .M  .   I'.wcu 101 

Insurance,  by   1  lerberl    I  Jarlin^tnn 5() 

liitroduetidn    O 

Illinois  Theatre    73 


.Subili\isiiius.    by     llenry    (1.    /auiler.    nl     Ki)ester 

i\.     Zander     53 

Ta.xatii  in.  by   I'rank  ( ].  1  Inyne 51 

Ta.xes.  by  lulL;ar  .M.  .^nnw 55 

Telephone,  "Subwav."  bv  .Mbert  (i.  Wheeler...  90 

Lan.l  \alues,  by  Ed-ar  M.  Snnw 50  rheatres,  by    I'.enjamin  i  I.  .Marshall h7 


Libraries  and  Museums,  b\    .\(ii-mand  S.   I'alton. 


"rat'tic.    "l'r(il)lem    of    C'iinye>tiiin."    b\-     I.     .Madi- 


Railway  Terminals,  by  C'has.  S.  l-n>si S4  son  I'ace  and  Win.  11.  I'rux  n.  Jr 40 

Railways.  Chica^-o  City   Railways  Co 124  Wall    iMuish.   -'The   Use  >>{."  by   (ieo.  T.   (iood- 

Railways.  Chieaj^o  Railways  Co 123  row    128 

Railways.  Chicago  Street  Railways 121  Water  Su]ii)ly  System,  by   |ohn  F.  Frickson.  .  .  .    94 


ADVERTISERS 

Page  Page 

.A.  Li.  Fireproofing  Co 1231'.  .\ndrews.  .\.  1 1.  &  Co 67B 

Aldis  &  Co 3()11  .\nhydrous  I'ressed  Stone  Co 1241' 

Ailing  Construction   Co i<(A\  .\rmnur  &  Co 2101! 

Allis-Chalmers    Co 155L5  Art   .Marble  Co 70U 

-American  .Air  Cleaning  Co SOI'.  .\rt    Metal   Construction   Co 17015 

-American  -Asphaltnm  &  Rubber  Co 1  ISll  .\rtesian  Stone  M   I  .inie  W  orks 1091! 

-American  Blue  Print   Paper  Co 701'.  .\.    T.  &  S.  l"e  Ry,  System 14l> 

-American  Clay  Co 1301'.  .\tlas    I'ortlaud    Cement    l'.. 1001! 

.\nierican  Crushed  Stone  Co 1321'.  .\uditoriuni    1  bitel    2231! 

-American  Cutlery  Co 701'.  .\yer  \-  I.ord  Tie  Co 1221! 

.American  Development  Co 391!  H.iird  \   W  arner 5411 

.American  E.xpress  Co 2311  llaltiniore  iv  (  )liio   Ry.  Co 101! 

American  Posting  Service I'Ull  llarber  .Asjihalt   Paving  Co 121 II 

.American  Radiator  Co 13Si;  lleardslce  Chandelier  Mfg.  Co 741! 

American  Sand  i^-  Gravel  Co 1141'.  Ilecker  C<i..  L.  A 19311 

.American  Seating  Co IS''!'.  lleckley.   M.    II.    I'. 1911! 

.\merican  Steel  &  Wire  Co 1331'.  Iledlord   Quarries   Co 10811 

.\mcrican  Trust  &  Savings  Hank 41 1'.  I'.elt  Ry.  Co.  of  Chicago.  The 2211 

.\merican  A'arnish  Co 14SI1  Pent   Co..   E.   :\I 92P. 

.\nderson.  A.  &  E '1511  Hickett  Coal  &:  Coke  Co 64P. 

.Xnderson  Pros 75 1 i  Hig   Creek    Collierv    Co 65n 


2371 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF     CHICAGO     BUILDING 


ADVERTISERS -Continued 


Page 

Bishop,    H.   A 93B 

Blome,    Rudolph    S 115B 

Bonner  &   Marshall   Co 1321! 

Booth  Fisheries  Co 2L-iB 

Bosch  &  Co.,  Henry 190B 

Boston  Store 200B 

Bournique  &  Co.,  Eugene  A 59B 

Boyd,  Lunham  &  Co 216B 

Brennan    Packing   Co 217B 

Britten  &  Ortseifen  Co 91B 

Brunswick-Balke-Collender  Co 186B 

Builders  Mill  Co 98B 

Burley  &  Tyrell  Co 192B 

Byllesby  &  Co,  H.  M 19B 

By-Products  Coke  Corporation 62B 

Calumet    Steel    Co 134B 

Cameron,  Amberg  &  Co 77B 

Carpenter  &  Co.,  Geo.  B 144B 

Carson,  Pirie,  Scott  &  Co 198B 

Carter,   W.    G 95B 

Carterville  Washed  Fuel  &  Pocahontas  Coal  Co.  .   65 B 

Central  Asbestos  &  Magnesia  Co 135B 

Central  Mfg.  District 34B 

Central  Westrumite  Co 234B 

Chamberlain  Metal  Weather  Strip  Co 173B 

Chicago  American  League  Base  Ball  Park.  .  .  .   2>7 

Chicago  Asbestos  Mfg.  Co USB 

Chicago  Beach  Hotel  Co 218B 

C.  B.  &  Q.  R.  R.  Co 20B 

Chicago  City  Rys.  Co 8B-9B 

Chicago  Fire  Hose  Co 73B 

Chicago  Flexible  Shaft  Co 148B 

Chicago  Fuse  Wire  &  Mfg.  Co 75B 

Chicago  Heights  Land  Association 55 B 

Chicago   House  W^recking  Co 69B 

Chicago  Iron  &  Steel  Works 163B 

Chicago  Lumber  &  Coal  Co 65B 

Chicago  Metal  Weather  Strip  Co 171B 

C.  M.  &  St.  Paul  Ry.  Co 21B 

Chicago   Oyster   Pail   Co 193B 

Chicago  Pneumatic  Tool  Co 161  B 

Chicago   Portland   Cement   Co 101 B 

Chicago  Railway  Equipment  Co 42 

Chicago  Railways  Co 17B 

Chicago  Reduction  Co.,  The 232B-233B 

Chicago,  Rock  Island  &  Pacific  Ry 12B 

Chicago  Sash,  Door  &  Blind  Mfg.  Co 66B 

Chicago  Screw  Co 70B 

Chicago  Stock  Exchange   Bldg 39 

Chicago  Telephone  Co IB 

Chicago  Terra  Cotta  Co 126P) 

Chicago  Union  Lime  \\'orks  Co 1241] 


Page 

Chicago  &  E.  I.  R.  R.  Co 15B 

Chicago  &  K.  W.  Ry.  Co lOB-llB 

Chicago  &  Oak  Park  Elev.  R.  R 27B 

Chicago  &  South  Haven  Steamship  Co 30B 

Citizens   Construction   Co 127B 

City  Erection  Co 92B 

Clark  Company.  C.  Everett 83B 

Clow  &  Sons,  James  B 139B 

Colburn,  W.  E 47B 

Columbus   ^Memorial   Bldg 43 

Columbus  Safe  Deposit  Co 44 

Commonwealth  Edison  Co 2B-3B 

Condron  &  Sinks   36B 

Congress  Hotel   Co 223B 

Consolidated  Casualty  Co 45B 

Cooper,  S.  T 88B 

Corn  Exchange  National  Bank 44B 

Corrugated  Bar  Co 160B 

Crane  &  Co.,  W.  B 68B 

Creamery  Package  Mfg.  Co 187B 

Crofoot,  Neilson  &  Co 76B 

Crowe   Bros 68B 

Cummings  &  Co.,  E.  A 52B 

Cummings  Foundry  Co 185B 

Curtis.  Alonzo,   Brick   Co 132B 

Cusack  Co.,  Thos.  T.  A 195B 

Cyclone  Blow  Pipe  Co 180B 

Dahlstrom  Metallic  Door  Co .  174B 

Davis,  D.   I 38B 

Decorators  Supply   Co 143B 

Dee  Co.,  W.  E..^ 114B 

Dick  Co.,  A.  B 78B 

Dodge  &  Co..  H.  B 184B 

Doherty,  Frank  E 97B 

Donnell    Safe    Co 129 

Drum  &  Co.,  A.  L 40B 

Dunfee  &  Co.,  J 190B 

Durand  Steel  Locker  Co 159B 

Dux,  Joseph 73B 

Eckart  &  Co.,  John  \\' 217B 

Eckhart  Milling  Co.,  B.  A 217B 

Edelweiss,  The   225B 

Elevator  Supply  &  Repair  Co 178B 

Essanay    Film    Co 235 B 

Fair,  The    199B 

Fairbanks  Co.,  X.  K 214B 

Fairbanks,  Morse  &  Co 182B 

Farnham  &  ^^'illoughby  Co 51 B 

Farwell   Co.,  John   V .'. 198B 

Farwell   Trust   Co 40B 

Featherstone  Foundr\-  &  ]\Iachine  Co 163B 

Fetzer,  Peters  &  Co 49B 


?38B 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


ADVERTISERS-Continued 


licl.l  .\:  Co..  .Marsluill 40 

Fisher    lluil.liiii' 59H 

l'"itz-Simons  iS;  Connell  Co..    The 281! 

l-'lanaiian  iK:   ISiedenwcij  to 234l> 

K..nl  k  Johnson  (\< 1901! 

Ford  Mt"t,r.  Co 13411 

l-'ort  Dearborn  Safety  X'aiilt  X:  llhii,'.  Co 42H 

Friestedt  Co..  L.   1' S.il! 

( ialicry.  John  J 9011 

Cihhons.   Harry   R 771! 

C.indele  Co..  Chas.  W 94H 

( loodrich  Transit   Co 30B 

Grace  Co.,  \Vm 91 B 

(jrahani  &  Morton  Transportation  Co 291! 

Cireat  Lakes  Dredge  &  Dock  Co 41!-.^!! 

(ireen   F.ngineering  Co 1721! 

( ireenelianni   Sons    4Sr. 

llaiil   .\utomatic   Clock   Co 14211 

iiamler  Boiler  &  Tank  Co 18411 

llanley    Casey    Co 13715 

Harris,  S.  H.'  The 17511 

i  lawley  Down  Draft  I'urnace  Co 167B 

Heath   John.son    Co 185B 

Heath  &  Milligan  Mfg.  Co 147H 

Heine  Chimney   Co..   The 183 B 

Heyworth.  James  () 40B 

Hil'ger  &  Co 188B 

Hines  Lumber  Co.,  Edward 60B 

Horn  Structural  Iron  Works.  W'm 181  B 

Hoyne.   Frank  G 54B 

Hunt  Co.,  Robt.  W 26B 

Hydraulic   Press   Brick   Co 113B 

Illinois  Brick   Co 132B 

Illinois  Central   Ry.  Co 13B 

Illinois  Damp   Proofing  Co..  The 136B 

Illinois  Improvement  &  Ballast  Co 117B 

Illinois  Malleable   Iron  Co 16211 

Illinois  Steel  Co 158B 

Illinois  Stone  Co 112B 

Illinois  Trust  &  Savings  Bank 42B 

Illinois  Tunnel  Co 88-90 

Im])crial  Brass  Mfg.  Co..  The 7415 

Indei)cndent  Packing  Co 212B 

Interlocking  Concrete  Construction  Co 131 B 

Jackson,  D.  C.  &  Wm.  B 162B 

Jackson,  Geo.  \V 34B-3.=^B 

James  &  Co.,  Fred  S 48B 

Jenney   Electric  Co 3711 

Johns-Man ville  Co..   11.   W 1231! 

Johnson  &  Son.  Chas 97 j! 

Johnsf>n  Service  Co 7.^11 

Kar|)en  &  IIpk..  S I'l]  |; 


Page 

Keriooi  \  Co..  W.  1) .=;2B 

Kettle  River  (Juarries  Co 1261! 

Kimbell  Brick  Co.,  S.  S 1 121! 

Kirk  iS;  Co.,  James  S 216B 

Knickerbocker    Ice   Co HOB 

Kniscly   Bros.,  Inc 16615 

Koester  &  Zander 56B-.^3 

Kuntz-Remmler  Co 22615 

Lake  Superior  Piling  Co f)71! 

Lantiuist  &  Illsley  Co 8411 

"Liberty"  Mfg.  .\ssociation 79B 

Lidgerwood  Mfg.  Co 18215 

Lindquist  &  Co..  A.  I) 6811 

Link    Belt    Co 14915 

Locomobile   Co 206B 

Locwenthal   &   Co 4715 

Looniis-Manning  F"ilter  Co 14115 

MacArthur   Bros.   Co 33B 

Mandel    Bros 203  B 

Marquette  Construction  Co 96B 

Marsh   Co l.Ull 

Marthens  Marble  Co.,  Chester  M 124B 

McCarthy,  W.   If 134B 

-McClurg  &  Co.,  A.  C 204B 

McCormick    Building    .S7B 

McCray  Refrigerator  Co 186B 

McFariand  &  Co.,  J.  C 166B 

McFell  Electric  Co 137B 

McGarry  &  Co.,  John  A 131 B 

McGillen  &  Co..  John 46B 

McGovern  Co..  M.  H 128B 

McGuire-Cummings  Mfg.  Co 28B 

McXulty  Bros,  of  Chicago.  Inc 107B 

Meacham  &  \Vright  Co lOOB 

Mentor   Building    .=i8B 

Metropolitan  West  Side  I'.levated  Ry.  Co 2715 

Miami    Coal    Co 63B 

Mills  Novelty  Co 78B 

Mississippi  Wire  Glass  Co 187B 

IMohr  &  Sons,  Jno 164B 

Monarch   Refrigerating  Co 196B 

Montgomery  &  I'unkhouser 48B 

Moore,    Benjamin    J 1451! 

Morris  &  Co 21  IB 

Morri.son  Hotel  &  Restaurant 2201! 

Moses,  C.  .\.  Construction  Co 961! 

Moulding  &  Co.,  Thomas 1 1 1 B 

National  Contracting  Co 98B 

National  Fire  Proofing  Co 10411-10515 

National  Life  Ins.  Co.  of  the  United  States 43B 

.National   Malleable  Castings  Co 45 

National  Steam  Specialtv  ('u LVil! 


239B 


A     HALF     CENTURY     OF    CHICAGO     BUILDING 


ADVERTISERS -Continued 


Page 

Nelson,  F.  P.  &  Sons  Co 97B 

Nelson  Co.,  ^^'.   P 7-1' 

New  Southern  Hotel  Co 224 L! 

Newgard    &   Co.,    Henry 1371! 

Newman,  W'm.  J 89B 

Noel  Construction  Co 82B 

Nollau  &  \\'olff  Mfg.  Co..  The 69B 

Northern  Michigan  Transportation  Co 31B 

Northwestern  Elevated  Ry.  Co 6B-7B 

Northwestern  Terra  Cotta  Co 9911 

Northwestern  Yeast  Co 171  tl 

Ogden,  Sheldon  &  Co ^OB 

Ohio  Sandstone  Co.,  The 109B 

Olsen  Bros.  &  Co 98B 

Orr  &  Lockett  Hardware  Co 71 B 

Otis    Elevator    Co 168B-169B 

Pace  &  Co 49B-53B 

Palmer  House 221  B 

Parker- Washington  Co.,  The 129B 

Paschen  Bros 681! 

Patent  Vulcanite  Roofing  Co 1331! 

Payson  Mfg.  Co.,  The 711! 

Pease  Blue  Print  Machinery  &  Supply  Co.,  C.  F.  .233B 

Pelouze  Scale  &  Mfg.  Co 191B 

People's  Gas.  Light  &  Coke  Co 18B 

Perry-Matthews-Buskirk  Stone  Co 109 B 

Pettibone,  ;\Iulliken  &  Co 311! 

Pick  &  Co.,  Albert 19311 

Pickands,  Brown  &  Co 62B 

Pope,  ^^'m.  A 135B 

Producer's  Supply  Co 130B 

Pugh  Terminal  Warehouse  Co 24B-25B 

Randolph,   Ishani    32P> 

Raymond  Concrete   Pile  Co 120B 

Raymond   Lead   Co 1481! 

Reynolds  Coal  Co 6411 

Riverview  Exposition 230B-231 1! 

Roberts  &  Oake 2131! 

Rodatz,  Jacob   93  B 

Rothschild   &   Co 201B 

Ryerson  &  Son,  Joseph  T 156B-157B 

Salomon  Co.,  Mark 97B 

Sans   Souci    Park 227B 

Sargent  &  Lundy 32B 

Sasgen  Bros 184  B 

Schoenhofen  Brewing  Co.,  Peter,  The 229P) 

Schwarzschild  &  Sulzberger  Co 209B 

Scown  Bldg.  Co.,  Wm.  J 97B 

Sears,  Rdebuck  &  Co 41 

Seftnn    Mfg.    Co 207B 

Sherman   Flavin   Marble  Co 98E1 

Sherman   House  College  Inn 219P> 


Page 

Shuman,  A.  F 135 B 

Siegel,  Cooper  &  Co 204B 

Simonds  Mfg.  Co 37 

Smith  Wire  &  Iron  Works,  F.  P 163B 

Snow  &  Co.,  Edgar  M 50B 

Snyder,   J.    W 90B 

Spaulding  &  Merrick 38 

Sproul  Co.,  E.  W 96B 

Standard  Architectural  Iron  Works 185B 

Standard  Asphalt  &  Rubber  Co 116B 

Standard   Varnish   Works 146B 

Steele-Wedeles  Co 226B 

Stevens  &  Bros.,  Chas  A 203B 

Stone  &  Co.,  H.  0 58B 

Strauss  Self-Balance  Window  Co 1811! 

Streets  Western  Stable  Car  Line 40B 

Studebaker  Bros.  Mfg.  Co 205B 

Swift  &  Co 208B 

Tablet  &  Ticket  Co.,  The 77B 

Tagney  &  Hudson  Co 196B 

Thomas  Elevator  Co 236B 

Thomas  &  Smith,  Inc 180B 

Troy  Laundry  Machinery  Co l-WB 

U.  S.  Blue  Print  Paper  Co 76B 

v.  S.  Cast  Iron  Pipe  &  Foundry  Co 38B 

U.  S.  Crushed  Stone  Co ' 119B 

Universal  Portland  Cement  Co 103B 

Van  Vlissingen  &  Co 53B 

Variety   Mfg.   Co 177B 

Vendome   Hotel    222B 

Vierling,  McDowell  &  Co 170B 

Voigtmann  &  Co 165  B 

Walker  &  Co.,  H.  H 55B 

Walsh   &  Masterson 39B 

\\'^ard  &  Co.,   Montgomery 197B 

Warner  Hotel   ....". ' 224B 

Washington  Construction  Co 94B 

Weary  &  Alford  Co 72B 

\\'ebers   Co.,    Louis 75B 

Webster   Mfg.    Co 150B 

Wells   Bros  Co 81B 

Western  Casket  &  Undertaking  Co 183B 

Western  Roofing  &  Supply  Co 133B 

W'heeling   Corrugating   Co 163B 

White  City  Construction  Co 228B 

Wieboldt,  W.  A 202B 

WWce  Co.,  The 61B 

AVilson  Co.,  A.  and  S 87B 

Winslow   Bros.  Co.,  The 179B 

\\'isconsin  Lime  &  Cement  Co 10211 

Wolf  Co.,  Fred  W 151B 

Woodburv  Granite  Co 125B 


240B 


.  n  'F 


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